Q1Various ways of Citing a research in an Academic writing/Scholarly Article.

Ans- A citation is a formal reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted
and obtained information from while writing your research paper. The way in which you
document your sources depends on the writing style manual your professor wants you to use for
the class [e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, etc.]. Note that some disciplines have their own
citation method [e.g., law].

Citing the works of others is important because:

1. Proper citation allows readers to locate the materials you used. Citations to sources helps
readers expand their knowledge on a topic. One of the most effective strategies for
locating authoritative, relevant sources about a topic is to review footnotes or references
from known sources ["citation tracking"].
2. Citing other people's words and ideas demonstrates that you have conducted a thorough
review of the literature on your topic and, therefore, you are reporting your research from
an informed and critically engaged perspective. The list of sources used increases your
credibility as the author of the work.
3. Other researcher's ideas can be used to reinforce your arguments. In many cases, another
researcher's arguments can act as the primary context from which you can emphasize the
significance of your study and to provide supporting evidence about how you addressed
the "So What?" question.
4. The ideas of other researchers can be used to explain reasons for alternative
approaches. If you disagree with a researcher's ideas or you believe there is a gap in
understanding the research problem, your citations can serve as sources from which to
argue an alternative viewpoint or the need to pursue a different course of action.
5. Just as the ideas of other researchers can bolster your arguments, they can also detract
from your credibility if their research is challenged. Properly citing sources prevents your
reputation from being tarnished if the facts or ideas of those cited are proven to be
inaccurate or off-base. It prevents readers from concluding that you ignored or dismissed
the findings of others, even if they are disputed.
6. Ideas are considered intellectual property and there can be serious repercussions if you
fail to cite where you got an idea from. In academe and the professional world, failure to
cite other people's intellectual property ruins careers and reputations and can result in
legal action. Citing sources as a student in college will help you get in the habit of
acknowledging and properly citing the work of others.
7. Structure and Writing Style
8. Referencing your sources means systematically showing what information or ideas you
are quoting or paraphrasing from another author’s work, and identifying where that
information come from. You must cite research in order to do research, but at the same
time, you must delineate what are your original thoughts and ideas and what are the
thoughts and ideas of others.

Procedures used to cite sources vary among different fields of study. Always speak
with your professor about what writing style for citing sources should be used for the
class because it is important to fully understand the citation style to be used in your
 paper, and to apply it consistently. If your professor defers and tells you to "choose
whatever you want, just be consistent," then choose the citation style you are most
familiar with or that is appropriate to your major [e.g., use Chicago style if its a history
class; use APA if its an education course; use MLA if it is literature or a general
writing course].
9.
10. GENERAL GUIDELINES

11. 1. Should I avoid referencing other people's work?

No! If placed in the proper context, referencing other people's research is never an
indication that your work is substandard or lacks originality. In fact, the opposite is
true. If you write your paper without adequate references to previous studies, you are
signaling to the reader that you are not familiar with the literature about the topic,
thereby, undermining the validity of your study and your credibility as a researcher.
Including references in academic writing not only defends you against allegations of
plagiarism, but it is one of the most important ways to demonstrate your knowledge
and understanding of previous investigations about the research problem. It is the
intellectual packaging around which you present your study to the reader.
12. 2. What should I do if I find that my idea has already been examined by another
researcher?
Do not ignore another author's work because doing so will lead your readers to believe
that you have either borrowed the idea or information without properly referencing it
[this is plagiarism] or that you have failed to conduct a thorough review of the
literature. You can acknowledge the other research by writing in the text of your paper
something like this: [see also Smith, 2002], then citing the complete source in your list
of references. Use the discovery of prior research as an opportunity to demonstrate the
significance of the problem being investigated and, if applicable, as a means of
delineating your analysis from those of others [e.g., the prior study is ten years old and
doesn't take into account new variables]. Reacting to prior research can include: stating
how your study updates previous studies on the topic, offering a new or different
perspective, using a different method of data gathering, and/or describing a new set of
guidelines, recommendations, best practices, or working solutions.
13. 3. What should I do if I want to use an adapted version of someone else's work?
You still must cite the original work. For example, maybe you are using a table of
statistics from a journal article published in 1996 by author Smith, but you have altered
or added new data to it. Reference the revised chart, such as, [adapted from Smith,
1996], then cite the complete source in your list of references. You can also use other
terms in order to specify the exact relationship between the original source and the
version you have presented, such as, "based on Smith [1996]...," or "summarized from
Smith [1996]...." Citing the original source helps the reader locate where the
information was first presented and under what context it was used as well as to
evaluate how effectively you applied it to your own research.
14. 4. What should I do if several authors have published very similar information or
ideas?
You can indicate that the idea or information can be found in the work of others by
 stating something similar to the following example: "Though in fact many scholars
have applied this theory to understanding economic relations among nations [for
example, see Smith, 1989; Jones, 1991; Johnson, 1994; Anderson, 2003], little
attention has been given to applying the theory to examining the actions of non-
governmental organizations in a globalized economy." If you only reference one author
or only the most recent study, then your readers may assume that only one author has
published on this topic, or more likely, conclude that you have not conducted a
thorough literature review. Referencing all relevant authors of prior studies gives your
readers a clear idea of the breadth of analysis you conducted in preparing to study the
research problem. If there has been significant number of prior studies on the topic,
describe the most comprehensive and recent works because they will presumably
discuss and reference the older studies. However, note that there has been significant
scholarship devoted to the topic so the reader knows that you are aware of this.
15. 5. What if I find exactly what I want to say in the writing of another researcher?
In the social sciences, the rationale in duplicating prior research is generally governed
by the passage of time, changing circumstances or conditions, or the introduction of
new variables that necessitate a new investigation. If someone else has recently
conducted a thorough investigation of precisely the same research problem as you, then
you likely will have to revise your topic, or at the very least, review this literature to
identify something new to say about the problem. However, if it is someone else's
particularly succinct expression, but it fits perfectly with what you are trying to say,
then you can quote it directly, referencing the source. Do not see this as a setback or
become discouraged if you discover that your brilliant idea or important insight has
already been identified by someone else. Identifying an author who has made the same
point as you can be an opportunity to add legitimacy to, as well as reinforce the
significance of, the research problem you are investigating. The key is to build on that
idea in new and innovative ways. If you are not sure how to do this, consult with a
librarian!
16. 6. Should I cite a source even if it was published long ago?
Obviously, any resource used in writing your paper should be cited, regardless of when
the study was written. However, in building a case for understanding prior research
about your topic, it is generally true that you should focus on citing more recently
published studies because they presumably have built upon the research of older
publications. This is particularly true of new or revised editions of books, unless an
older edition has unique information not carried over into newer editions. When
referencing prior studies, use the research problem as your guide when considering
what to cite.
Q2.In MS word identify the ways of making a Reference list.

Ans- Here are some general guidelines on how to lay out references for publication –
Authors should focus on recent papers and papers older than five years should not be included
except for an overriding purpose.

 Primary literature references, and any patents or websites, should be numerically listed in the
reference section in the order that they occur in the text (including any references that only
 appear in figures/tables/boxes) using the Vancouver reference style (see reference
manager or Endnote styles).
 References should be denoted numerically and in sequence in the text, using superscript. Authors
should, where possible, provide DOIs for the articles they cite.
 Authors can cite journal articles that have been submitted and accepted for publication but are
yet to be published. These should form part of the main reference section and should be
numbered accordingly.
 Information from manuscripts submitted but not accepted should be credited in the text as
“unpublished observations” with written permission from the source and should not be cited or
included in the reference list.
 Authors should avoid citing a personal communication, unless it provides essential information
not available from a public source. In this case, include the nature and source of the cited
information, using a term or terms to indicate clearly that no corresponding citation is in the
reference list. Place the source information in parentheses (the name of the person and date of
communication).
 The same format should be followed for documents available to scholars in an archive or a
depository.
 Authors can cite papers and poster sessions presented at meetings, including items that were
presented but never published and items for which any subsequent publication is unknown. If
subsequent publication is known, they should cite the published form rather than the meeting
paper or poster session.

Q3.Reference format as per APA style for various sources.

Ans- 1. APA Referencing Basics: Reference List

A reference list is a complete list of references used in a piece of writing including the author
name, date of publication, title and more. An APA reference list must:

 Be on a new page at the end of the document

 Be centred
 Be alphabetically by name of first author (or title if the author isn’t known, in this case a,
an and the should be ignored)
o If there are multiple works by the same author these are ordered by date, if the
works are in the same year they are ordered alphabetically by the title and are
allocated a letter (a,b,c etc) after the date
 Contain full references for all in-text references used

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2. APA Referencing Basics: In-Text Citation

In-text references must be included following the use of a quote or paraphrase taken from
another piece of work.

In-text citations are citations within the main body of the text and refer to a direct quote or
paraphrase. They correspond to a reference in the main reference list. These citations include the
surname of the author and date of publication only. Using an example author James Mitchell,
this takes the form:

Mitchell (2017) states… Or …(Mitchell, 2017).

The structure of this changes depending on whether a direct quote or parenthetical used:

 Direct Quote: The citation must follow the quote directly and contain a page number after
the date, for example (Mitchell, 2017, p.104). This rule holds for all of the variations
listed.
 Parenthetical: The page number is not needed.


Q4. Identify One article/research paper as per APA format and list few paragraphs in it having
in-text citation and corresponding reference.

Ans- Research paper name- Biomimicry levels as a approach to the human sustainability.

Biomimicry moves our present day ideology closer to the nature as a design inspiration to
sustainbly solve human problems.

References- 1

Lecture Notes: Biomimicry in Architecture,

Retrieved October,12,2013 from the world wide

web,http://www.worldchanging.com/local/seattl
e/archives/008117.html

2. “Biomimicry,” Buckminster Fuller Institute;

Retrieved October,12,2013 from the world wide

web,http://www.bfi.org/Trimtab/spring01/biomi
micry.htm

3. [6] “Biomimicry,” Buckminster Fuller Institute;

Retrieved October,12,2013 from the world wide

web,http://www.bfi.org/Trimtab/spring01/biomi
micry.htm
3. http://www.treehugger.com/natural-

sciences/biomimicry-breakthrough-butterfly-
wings-could-lead-to-better-solar-panels.html

.
4 Zari, M. P. (2007). Biomimetic Approaches to
Architectural Design for Increased
Sustainability. Sustainable Building Conference.
Auckland: [Personal communication].

5. Biomimicry, Retrieved October,12,2013 from

the world wide web,

http://saharaforestproject.com/concept/biomimic
ry.html

ROSHAN KUMAR
1900510810063