For each concept, you need to be able to describe:

1. What does it mean/How does it work?

2. Why is it important/How does it fit into the bigger picture?
3. What is an example from a case study, experiment, or organism?

Unit 2 Key Concepts (10-13%)

1. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

2. Organelles enhance efficiency through compartmentalization.
3. The two types of ER
4. The structure and function of the Golgi body
5. Animal cells vs. plant cells
6. Lysosomes and cells that are more abundant in lysosomes
7. The importance of a high surface area to volume ratio
8. Fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane (phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol)
9. Cell membranes are selectively permeable—what kinds of molecules can and cannot pass
through the membrane?
10. The structure and function of cell walls
11. How does a diffusion gradient relate to passive vs. active transport?
12. Bulk transport is a type of active transport
13. Both passive and active transport often rely on proteins.
14. The direction of osmosis depends on whether the cell is in a hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic
environment.
15. How can the water potential formula help you figure out the direction of osmosis?
16. Endosymbiosis helps explain the evolution of membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and
chloroplasts)