Problem Based Learning

Assignment

Submitted by

Roll Number: 19ES31

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

Bachelor of Engineering

in

MAIN BRANCH

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
JUNE 2021
 >>Assignment (19ES31): <<PBL

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
Department of Electronic Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. Qurban Ali S/O /`D/O Muhammad Sajan bearing a
Roll No. 19ES31 has carried out project report work of the Measurement and
instruments in 3rd Semester, 2nd Year of his/ her B.E degree program during the session
2021 .

__________ ------------
Subject Teacher: Sir Aamir Ali Patoli Dated

Q.1 It is required to operate a solenoid valve using a microcontroller based

system. The Solenoid valve has two opening position A and B, the valve
open at position A at a voltage of 0.4125 (scaled) and at position B at a
voltage of 2.0625V (scaled). Design a binary weighted DAC that can be
used to perform this task. You cannot use a reference voltage higher than
5V.

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Solution:
Open position A at a voltage = 0.4125
Open position B at a voltage = 2.0625

By connecting multiple input to the negative terminal of the operational amplifier, we can
convert the single input circuit from above into a summing amplifier or to be more precise, a

Vout = - (VIN( a)+ VIN(b))

Vout = - (2.0625 + 0.4125)

Vout = - 2.48 Volt

3 bit DAC Characteristics.

Rf Rf Rf
Vout = − [ R3
Vc+ Vb+
R2 R1 ]
1 KΩ 1 KΩ 1 KΩ
Vout = − [ 1 KΩ
Vc +
2 KΩ
Vb+
4 KΩ
Va ]
1 1
[
Vout = − Vc + Vb+ Va
2 4 ]

3 bit Binary weighted D/A converter output

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Digital Inputs Vout formula Vout

C B A 1 1
[ Vc+ Vb+ Va
2 4 ]
0 0 0 0x5+0x5+0x5 0

0 0 1 0x 5 + 0x5 + ¼ x5 -1.25

0 1 0 0x5 + ½ x 5 + 0x5 -2.5

0 1 1 0x5 + ½ x5 + ¼ x 5 -3.75

1 0 0 1x5 + 0 x 5 + 0x5 -5

Resolution = Vrf / 2n
Here Reference voltage = 5 Volt
N = 3 bit
We know that 23 = 8
Resolution = 5/8 = 0.625
Resolution = 62.5 %

62.5% of valve opening for a 1 bit change.

The resolution of 4_2_1 binary weighted digital to analog converter will produce an output
voltage change -1.25 volt per 1 bit

Q. 02 An optical encoder is connected to a wheel of a robot vehicle to measure its

angular speed. If the optical encoder dic has 180 hole and 5 revolution are produce in 30
seconds. Compute the resolution of the Optical encoder in degrees and the speed at
which the robot vehicle is moving.
Data:

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N = 180 hole
Revolution = 5 revolution complete 30 seconds
Resolution?
Angular Velocity?

Resolution = (360/N) 0

Resolution = (360 / 180 ) 0

Resolution = 2 0

Speed = (2 π n /NT )

Speed = 2π x 5/ (180 x 30) π =180

Speed = ((2x180) x5) / (180 x 30)

Speed = 10/30

Speed = 0.33 degree / second.

Q. 03 An ultrasonic proximity sensor is used in a parking assist system in a smart car. A

pulse is transmitted towards an object, time taken by ultrasonic pulse to return back to
the transmitter is 200 m s. Calculate, how far is the object from ultrasonic sensor?
Where the speed of sound is 340.29 m/s.

Solution:

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Data:
t = 200ms
S = 340.29 m/s
How for is the object from ultrasonic sensor ( d ) = ?

Distance is equal to the speed times time.

d=S.t
d = 340.29 m/s . 200 ms
d = 340.29 m/s . 0.2 s
d = 68.058 meter

68.058 m object from ultrasonic sensor.

Q.04 Design a thermistor based digital temperature measurement system with the
following condition.
a. ADC is a 8 bit with a 5 V reference
b. The thermistor specification are R = 5KΩ at 90 0F , PD 5mW/ 0C and has a slope
between 90 0F and 110 0f of -8 Ω / 0C.
c. The design should be made so that 90 0f gives 6EH (11010)

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Solution:
This is so typical of industry, a mixed unit problem. To Summarize:
ADC: 5.00 ref, 8 bits.
Thermistor: 5.00KΩ at 90 0F with PD = 5 m W/ 0C and a slope of -8Ω/0C
Requirement: 90 0F to give 5AH out and 110 0F to give 6EH out
We first set up the self heating limitation. Each bit represents 1 of so let’s try a
restriction that sef heating should be a tenth of that or 0.1 of which is 0.056 0C. Ok,
P
∆T= so,
PD
P< P D ∆ T =( 0.056 ) ( 0.005 )=0.28mW

Then, using P = I2R at 90 of we can find the maximum current as,

1
1 /2
Imax=[ P /R ] 2 =[ 0.00028/5000 ] =240uA

For signal conditioning we will use the thermistor in the feedback of an

op amp circuit. The equation for the signal conditioning can be found
from the two requirements given and the equation for the ADC,
At 90 oF
VrefN (5.00 )( 90 )
V L= = =1.758 V
2n 256
At 110 oF
( 5.00 ) ( 110 )
V h= =2.148 Volt
256
The thermistor resistance is 5.00 KΩ at 90 0f , At 100 0f we find the
Ω
( )
resistance from 5000− 8 ℃ ∇ T ( ℃ )
Or
R110 =5000− 8 ( ℃Ω )( 110 ℉ −90 ℉ ) ( 59 )=4911 Ω
The current is to be kept below 240 uA so we use an inverter wit -1 volt
fixed input and 10 KΩ input resistance. Since the feedback current and
input current are the same we are assured the thermistor current will be
about 100 uA. The outputs from this circuit at the two limit will be,
At 90 0F:

( RR )Vin=−( 10000
V a =− T 5000
) (−1)=0.500V
At 110 0F:

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4911
( 10000
V a =− ) (−1 )=0.4911 Volt
The op amp circuit is developed from, 1.758 = m (0.5000) + Vo
2.148 = m (0.4911) + Vo
Solving, m = -43.82 and V0 = 23.67 Volt
VADC = 43.82 (0.5401 – Va)
The circuit below shows how this is provided by a differential amplifier.

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