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    5 views264 pages

    Sách Kinh Tế Vĩ Mô - Mankiw - Scan

    Uploaded by

    Minh Nguyen Duy

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    Nhiovg ngudi dich + - NGUYEN VAN NGOC, Cir nhan Kinh 18 hoc, dich céc chuang: 4,2.3, 5, °7, 16 va oiai thich thuat ng NGUYEN VAN CONG, PTS. Kinh 18, dich cde chung : 6,7, 8, 15 HOANG VAN HOA, PTS. Kinh 18, ich cde chung : 9, 10, 11 HOANG YEN, PTS, Kinh 18, dich cc chang : 12, 13, 14, 16. TRAN DINH TOAN, Thac sTKinh té phat trign, dich chuong 4. Ngueihigu dinh NouyEN VAN Neoc Dich te nguyén bin = N. GREGORY MANKIW Harvard University MACROECONOMICS Second ediion WORTH PUBLISHER * New York 3.235 ERS 00-01-08 LOI NOI DAU Hién nay. ngay cang c6 nhiéu nguai mong muén hoc tép va nghién ‘cuu kinh té vi muc dich van cung vao cOng tac phan tich, hoach dinh chinh séich kinh 16 va hoat dong kinh doanh. Trén th) truting sach cle chung ta da xuat hién nhiéu cudn sch nu kinh t& hoc, kinh té vi m6, kinh t& vi md, v.v... Tuy nhién, 36 luang tén sach, tac gid van con qué it i so vai chiing Jogi phong pha va da dang 6 céc nudc phucng Tay. Hon nniza, khong phdi tét cd cc cuén sch hién dang luu hénh déu dép ing duoc yéu céu cila sinh vién, can b6 nghién ctu va nhdng ngubi lam cong téc thy tién, néu xét vé phuong dién dich thud, phuang phap irinh bay, keét cau, néi dung v.v. Cudn sch ma chiing {67 gidi thiéu vai ban doc c6 tua a8 “Kinh 16 vi mo" I m6t trong ahiing cuén giéo khoa ndi tiéng nhat vé kinh t& vi ms. NO da nhén cuge gidi thudng trao cho cuén kinh té vi mé hay nhét. Tac gid cuén sacn nay I Gregory Mankiw, gido su truting dai hoc Ha-vot. Ong 1 mot trong nhing nha kinh t& vi m6 tr8, dai dign xudt sde cho trying phai Keynes mdi. Cuén sich duge gido su ciia 350 trang dai hoc 4 27 nue ding fam sach giéo khoa vé kinh t& vi m6. Cho dén nay, nd a duge dich ra 6 thir tiéng (Ove, ¥, Nhét Ban, BS Bao Nha, Tay Ban Nha va Nga). ‘Ngay tir lén xust ban déu tién, cuBn sich 8 duac dng ééo ban doc, ‘ae biBt sinh vién cdc chuyén nganh kink t6 va quén tri kinh doanh, nhiét {it hoan nghénh. Cuén sich dupe dénh gid cao tnudc hét vi nb chi ra mét pphuong phap ligp cn mai trong kink té vi m6. Cac cudn giéo Khea truyén thing VB kinh t& vi m6 thutng tép trung trinh bay ly thuyélt v8 cae bién dong kinh t6 ngan hn, vi diéu nay tao ra co sd Iy thuyét dB hiéu duoc ‘mus tidu, c6ng cu, co ché, tac d6ng cila chinh séch tai chinh va tin 16 Tuy nhién, phutong php tiép cén nay khéng gidp cho sinh vién higu duoc toaa dién énh huréng cia nhiéu chin séch khée nhau, nhu tac dOng cla ching (i tang trang kinh 16, 1) 16 that nghiép tr nhién, 1am phat kinh pién va ng chinh phi. 86 gidi quyét mau thudn trén, tac gi da tim cach vat duoc sit hai hoa gia cac chi d& ngén hen va dai han trong kinh 16 vimé. Mot uu diém quan trong khac cla cutn sch fa, trong khi thita nhén vai tr ndi cia nhing ¥ tuBng, phuong phap tidp cén ma Keynes va tru@ing phai Keynes m3i si? dung, nd da thanh céng trong vige kau nd, he thong hnoa nhidu déng gop quy bau cia céc nha kinh 16 c6 didn, tn o6 din va 6 din mei L6i vn trong sang, chat ch, cd dong va khuc triét cdia tac gid cong 14 mol uy diém eda cusn sach. Tuy nhién, du nay lai gay khong Mt Kho than cho cong tac bién dich. 08 dm bao chat lugng ban dich 8 mic cao rindt, ching ti d8 tép hop duge mt d6i ngu bién dich cb tinh dO ngoai ngit va chuyén mén. Tat cd dich gid déu 1a cin b6 giang day co kinh nghiém cilia BG mén Kinh t& vi md, truéng Bai hoc Kinh té Quéc dan Ha Néi, nhiéu nguéi dé dugc di hoc tap va nghién cuu d Anh va My. Sau khi hhoan thann ban dich, chung 161 da t6 chic thio lun ting chuong va sta hoa nhirg diém chura chinh xac. Tuy nhién, vi nhiéu ly do, chéc chén ‘ban dich cia chung (6i cén nhiéu thiéu sot, rt mong duge ban doc gop va bé sung. Theo chung ti, cuBn sich nay c6 thé ding lam tai ligu tham khéo uy bau cho giéng vién va sinh vién kinh {8 6 ca truting dai hoc, of 6 be dai hee vé sau dai hoc. Ban doc d8 hoc qua mot khoa co ban vé kinh 18 vi mé cb thé dé dang hiéu dugc ndi dung cuén sach. Nhung ban doc in déu tian lam quen voi mén kinh (6 vi m6 s6 gép kho khén nhiéu hon trong vide Mah h6i cac Wy thuyét, mé hinh trinh bay trong cuén sich. Tuy inhign, I rinh bay dudi dang bai gidng, vila cn ké. 16 gich, via co nhiéw tinh hudng, vi dy minh hoa cu thé, chac chan sé giam nhe khé khan cla cae ban Gido sw VO BINH BACH myc Luc Phan I MG DAU (Chuung 1 - Khoa Kini (é vi mo 1.1. Tai sao phi nghin eu mon kinh A vi mo? 1.2. Cie nh kinh tar duy shu thé no? 1.3, Noi dung eta eusn ste Chuong 2 - $6 tieu kind té vi mo, 2.1. Phin dn gid tr a host dg kinh 1: Téng si phim trong nude 2.2. Phin én gid sinh boat: Chis gi tiga ding 2.3. Phin doh tinh tng that nghigh: TY Te that nghigp 2.4, Kel Iwan: Ti ede chi gu thdng ke kinh dn mo hin kind Ws Phan Il NEN KINH TE TRONG DAI HAN Chuong 3 - Thu nap quée dan: Sin xudi, phan phd va phan bé 3.1. Sin xust hing héa va dich vu 3.2. Phan phi thu nkap quoe din cho efe han 6 sin xuat 3.3, Nhu edu v2 hing ha vi eh vu 3.4, Trang thsi can bing va i suit 3.5. Ket loan . Chuong 4 - Tang teudng kinb 1 4.1. Tleh Igy te bin 4.2, Mite wy bin cong thsi vang 43. Sir gia Ging din 6 4.4. Tiga bo cing nghé 4.5. Tietkigm, ng oong vt chin il kind CE Trang 10 10 4 2 4 39 4“ 46 30 sh 33 “3s 8 80 88 a9 100 107 Mw us 4.6. Ket lugn : Vaux ra ngodi pham vi me hinh Solow Phy lye: Céich tinh guide ting trum kink 1 Chiuomg 5 - That nghiep 5.1. Mave, tin dupe vige Iam vi t He that ngigp ty nhien 5.2 Stn kigin vige im v8 Unit nghigp tam thoi 53. Tinh cing nhse cia tea luong the 1S va tit nghigp cha vite 544. Cle dang tht nghitp 5. Ket lug Chirong 6 - Tién (¢ va lam phat 64. Tea Bgl? 6.2. Lf thuyét 8 luong ttn 16 6.3. Tae die tft: nguon thu te vige int 464, Lam phst ya Ii sus 6.5. Lai su danh neha vi nhu chu v8 tien Ue 6.6. Nhitog 16 tht XX boi ea Iam phat 6.7. KSt Ivan: Sy phan doi e6 din Phy Iye : Anh huimg'ea cung ting ttn 1 Hig ta ‘V8 tong lai do voi me gi. (Chuang 7 - Nén kinb 1 mi 7.1. Leng voi vA Ring héa que 7.2, TiS kim va du ws trong mén ki 6 ahd v8 md eta 73.75 gid hoi dosi i 7.4. Nube MY véi tu eéch nba kinh 16 Ion vi mi cta Pha tue : Non kin 1 Un va mi ea Phin TIT NEN KINH TE TRONG NGAN HAN Chung 8 - Gi6i thieu nhung bién dong kinh té 8.1, Syke ahau gida ngin han va dai haw 8.2. Téng eau 3. Téag cung 8.4. Chinh sch én din kink ws 8.5. Kei uaa Trang 120 126 132 133 135 be Ist 135 156 162 169 m 175 180 186 190 193 195 198 221 ns 2s 236 27 240 243 249 255 Trang Cuong 9 Téag cbt at 9.1 Th tong ng av dng 1S 260 9.2 Th ting tn 8 tng LM 9.3, Ketan: Trang hi cn Bing gf Ban x Chuong 1¢ - Téng cau IT 283 10149 in ng Kn Big hn 1S - LM 2 102 Mo bin IS-LM vl sh yw ag au 21 103, Dy sy os 295 104 Kenta 302 Chaong 11 -Téng cung 306 1.1, Bom st ag cng 07 1.2. Lam pit th neigp¥8 ng Pils x20 113. Ge a ng ht in eb 8: Kin 1 oe Keynes mol 31 11. Kat aan 37 Chong 12 - Cue tran tan vé chin sch kin t€ vi mo xi 121 Chi sh ei dg ay ng? 32 | 122 Chih sidh 60 doe tye ign theo Gy te hy hy neh? 39) 123, Kean: ach dah ei ach log th gi it dah 39 Phy ue : Tinh bs abst va su din 46; gida lam phét va thal nghigp 362 Chuang 13 Nén kinh t€ mé trong ngin han 365 13.1, Mo sink Mundell-Fleming 365 12.2, Non kinh if nh vA md eit tong dit kign gid Noi doi thé nb 369 13.3. Nem kin nko vat mi etn trong du kign 1} gid hoi dosi eS dah 373 13.4. Non thd i hay 6 dinh 4 gis Si dos? 380 1,5. Mo hinh Mundell-Fleming vi mie gi thay 46 136. Kat an 385 Phy ue + Mo bin agin hea v8 nbn kin tn v8 mo ita 39 (Chuong 14 - Ly thuyét chu kj vé kinh doanb thye té 395 14.1, Nem xét a i kinh w treng didu kign gis 396 4 14.2. Mo bi cha Ky Kinb down tge 18 a8 1.43, Cube tran lug xung quanh I thot v® chu kj kiah doanh thu ts 134 Ket loan Phin IV BAN THEM VE NHUNG CO SOKINH TE VI MO NAM SAU KINH TE VI MO huang 15 - Tieu dang IS.L EM Keynes vit him tt dang 15.2, Lisher#) v8 sy Tua chon gids ee tht ky 15.3, FModiglani 9 gid thuyet vong di 15.4, Mriedman vis gi thuyet thu nap ihuing xuyen 155. Ket tut hhuong 16 - Ban ve vin dé ng chinh phi 16.1, Quan digm tray thing v8 ng chinh phi 16-2, Quan dién es Ri-edc-lo v8 ng chinh phi 163. C6 tin tadn éuye chinh xe tham hyt ngan sich khong ? 164. Ket wan fhucng 17 - Diu te 17. Daw ws 66 dinh vo kinh dean 172, Dau tw vio nh 173, Dau tw vio hang ton kho 174, Ket Wan hhuung 18 - Cong va clu vé 18.1, Cung dng tion 18 18.2, Nhu etuve ttn 18.3, D6i mai hi chin va sy gin tang ca ban te 184. Ket Ioan hich thuat mgt Trang 408 410 413 44 as aig a1 436 4a 4s 447 49 458 462 465 466 a7 481 485 439 489 498 505 306 510 PHAN I MO DAU Phén | cia cudh séch nay giéi thiGu voi ban doc b6 mén kinh 6 vi md. Chuong 1 gidi 46p vain dé tai sao kinh t8 vi md Iai 18 mot bG mon koa hge hap dan va quan trong; né giai thich nhi'ng céng cy dye c&e nha kinh t@ van dung dé phan tich nn kinh t6' va tém t&t noi dung ca cugn sch nay. Chung 2 trinh bay nhing dang s6 ligu duge cdc nha kinh t8 va hoach dinh chinh sch sif dung 48 nghién ctu nén kinh 18. CHUONG 1 KHOA KINH TE Vi MO Khoa hoe ehiing qua ci ti su chat toe ming uc tating thucng ni A.Anh-xtanh 1.1. Tai sao phai nghién cutu kinh té vi mo? Tai sao thu hap hign nay Iai exw haan mite nim 1950 vir ta 10 nam 1950, né Iai eao hm mie many 1900? Tai sao img mute o 4 Fe lam phit eao, tong khi te uc Hie duy tf duge gi ea Gn dinh? Nesyen nkan no din d&n tinh trang suy thos {ink din «tie nhiing thsi ky thu niip giim va that nerigp tang = vi nha meee {fs va dung nhing ehiah sich ndo d8 giam bt in suit v3 nh chat nghicm trong etn cchiing? Kinh té vi mo - bo man khow inh t6 vai tr edeh mot tng. {né tim eich gid dip whing vin de nay v? nhieu vin dé tien quan DC doi. Nhumg ching ta s8 nhdim khi ket lun Ring nitn kinh t6 o6 kha nang thoa min shu clu gip doi, vi s6 lugng cia moi mac hing duge sin xu ra vin nhu eG. Cae nha kinh t€ goi gi tr hing héa va dich va tink bing gi hign hinb I GDP danh nghia teu tt hom dé phn Sink phic toi Kinb t€ phat vi dich vu cia nn kinh t¢ va khong bj Anh hung b6i nhiing thay d6i cia gis'ed, Dé dat duye muc tieu ny, ese nh kink t& sic dung GDP thre #2: N6 duos dinh nghia {rj hing ha va dich vu tinh thee gid e6 dink. Khi tinh GDP thye 16, nguii ta phi vi du nim 1987. Sau d6, nguii ta sir dung. gid nam 1987 dé ing hin va dich vu khie nhaa va edng chung Isi. Trong vi du ve nn cia ching ta, GDP thye « eta nam: 1994 Ia x Heong.erm| 1904 inh’ ding sin lvgng hing hia ai hon mot nam e: ddinh i inh te iso tans) [6 yee [Hg mgt) Am 1995 Bi Tung tw, GDP tye t€ cia c= [840 « tans) (oem, tango) opr iwc’ = (Spar x gs") + (Ear «Ses i i cam kings, GDP dg bi dog tn iy sang nn Be chido stay i ci, Vy, GDP th pin sin mg cn Kh ih 31 bing dong do la trong nam co s6 (trong truiing hop nay la nim 1987). Xét cho cing, hd ning cia x4 hoi trong vige dip ting nhu cau cho ede thanh vicn cia né phu thude vio luong hing héa vA dich vu duce sin xuit ra, va GDP thyc t€ 18 chi tigu t6t hon GDP danh nghia trong vi¢e phiin Anh phic Ioi kinh t. Chi sé digu chinh GOP ‘Tu GDP danh nghia va thue t, ching ta e@ thé tinh duge chi tieu thong Ke thit 3: chi sO dieu chinh GDP. Chi s6 digu chink GDP, con duge goi Ii chi s6 digu chinh gid ‘ngim dinh cia GDP, duge dinh nghia 1 7 is = GDP danhnghia Chi s6aitu chin Gop = SOF Canhnt Ni vay, ci s0' diéu chink GDP ta 4¥ 1g gita GDP danh nghia va GDP tue 1 ‘Dé hida 19 hon GDP danh ngbia, GDP thye tf vi chi s6 digu chinh GDP, ching te hay tr Iai xem xét nn kin té chi si xust mot oa hang ha 14 binh my. Vio bit ky nim io, GDP dank nghia cing bing t6ng s6 ttn chi ra dé mua bénh my trong mim 445, GDP thue # chin bing s6 6 bin my duge sin xual trong nim d6 nha véi gis teinh my eta nam co si nio di. Chi s0 dit chiah GDP 1 gis txinh my nam dé so vei si inh my nam e9 88. ‘Song ofc nitn kinh t¢ hien nay sin xuat nhieu loai hing héa. GDP danh ngbva, GDP thue t€ va chi s5 dieu chinh GDP téng hop nhieu gid cd va lugng hang khic nhau. Hay xem xét nda kinh té sin xusitt4o va cam. Neu ky hieu P [a gid mot loai hing, Q 1 luo hing va chi s6 ma "87" him ¥ nam 1987 duye coi fa nam eo s6, thi chi $6 ditu chinh GDP duge tinh bing céng thie Chi s6 dieu chink GDP = Cue X Qued + Pea x Qe) (PE x Qed + PEn X Qe) ‘Tit s6 cia cong thie nly {a GDP danh nghie va mau s6 Ia GDP thye ts. Ci GDP dan nghia va thyc t du o6 thé duve coi 18 it cba mgt gi6 hing hda; trong trum, hap niy, 6 hing ha bao gim luong tio va eam hign duge sin xudt ra, Chi s6 ditu chinh GDP cho phép ching ta tich GDP dan ng thinh 2 phn: phdn phi da luong bang va phn pin inh gid, Tae la GDP éanh neh GDP thye t x Chi s6 ditu chink GDP GDP danh nghia phn dh gid ri béng 1ién eva sin emg ma nén kinh t€ 130 va GDP the :é phan dnh Khoi hang sin phi «nie sin lug duce dlink gi theo sid 6 inh (cia nam ca sé). Chi sé digu chink GDP pin dnh gi cia me don vi sin haong igh hink so véi gid cia nd wrong ndm ee 36: 32 AG Cac thanh té cla chi tieu Clie nha kinh t va hoach dinh chinh sich khong chi quar ttm 16. ng sén Iugng hang hoa va dich vy eda nen kink tS, ma edn quan tim dein vain de phan phi sin Iugng niy cho nhing mue dich sis dung kiée nhau. Tai khosin quée din phan chia GDP thinh bon thin (6 lon: * Tie dang (C) Daw ww) * Mua hang eda ehinh pid (G) Xuat Khu rng (NX) Bai vay, nou ky higu GDP 1a Y, ehidng ta e6: Y=C+1+G+NX GP ti tdng cia tidu ding, daw ty, mua hing cia chinh phi va xustkhiu rong. Méi do la GDP duye xép vin mot trong bd thinh 16 tren, Phuong inh my 1 mgt ding nh thie ~ ngs 96 ludn luda ding do eh din nghia ec bign 6. N6 age oi I ong nh thie ea 4% Rod che mkdp qude dn ‘Tieu ding bao gom hing héa va dich vw ma efe bO gia Sinh mua. N6 dage chia thanb ba'bo phan chi yéu: hing mau hong, hing au ben va dich vu. Hang mau bng 18 hang ebi ton tai trong thd gian npn nhu thye phim va quin do. Hang lau Ben TA ‘ning a ta trong thd gian di nhu 9, t vi. Dich vu bao gm céc cing vie phuc vw ‘cho ngudi tigu ding do ei e8 nan vA doan nghi¢p thge ign nhu eft te, khém benb, ‘Dau tu bao Om cic hing ha duye mua dé ding trong twong lai. Dau ty eding duge chia thinh ba nhom nh: dtu ts e8 dinh vao kinh doanh, dau ts 6 dinh vio nha 6 va au ‘urvio hang fon kho. Dau tw e6 dinh vio kinh doanh fi vige mua sim nk may va thist bj ‘mdi cla doanh nghigp. Dau tued djnh vio nha dla vige mua nha moi cia ho gia din vA rnguii cho thue nha, Diu tw vio hing fn kho 18 mde tang Gn kho hing héa cia doanh nghigp (néu hing ta kho gid xudng, dau tw vio hing tn kho mang dy Am). Mua hang ciia chinh phit 18 nhing hing hoa va dieh vu ma chinh phi Lién banig, chinh quyén ede bang va dia ghuong mua, Thanh 15 ndy bao gdm thiet bj quin sy, dudng usc 1 va dich ve ma vien che cia chinh phi: cung cdip. N6 khong bao gom cfc khodn chuyéin giao thy nbp cho ef rhin, vi du ttn bio hiém va trg cap xi hoi. Vi nhirug Khon tie nay ebi bigu tht su tii phin b6 thu nhap hign e6 va khong duge thye hign trong qué ‘inh trap dai hang hda va Uich vu, nén ching khong pha fa bo phan cia GDP. ‘Thigh 10 eu elng, xuatkhdu ring, tinh dén quan hg buon bin vi ee nude Khe. Xuai ku rong fi ghd ti Wing héa va dich vu duye xuat kh sang ale nue khde tet i gis uy hang hia va dich vy ma agudi nue ngodi cung edip cho chung ta, NO biéu thi 3 KTyM 33 hin chi tigu rong ei nue ngoai dé mua hing hoa va dich vu eta ching ta vi kam D tang thu nbap cia ede aha sin xual trong nuvi PHAN BOC THEM Di tw la gi? Khai nigm dau tr doi khi gay ra sw Hin lon doi vi nbn ngudi mi tip sie wi ‘mon kinh t€ vi mo. Su Kin Ion niy sinh vi cai e6 vé fa dw tr eda ea nhdn Lar khong Pha’ daw tw cia nn kinh 16 vi te exch moe tine she: id sir ching ta quan sis thy bai sw kign sa day: © Ong Smith mua sagt ngoi nha say dimg 100 nam wud day dai la Victoria, * BA Jones xay dung mot ngoi nh’ him dai moi toanh, Teng dau tw 8 day Fi bao nhies:? MOL ngOi nh’, hi ngoi nha hay Khong ed ngoi ha nao ei? Khi quan sit hai giao dich nity. ede nha kinh ( vi md chi tink ngoi nh cia ba Jones vio du tu, Giao dich eia ong Smith khong tao ra FeO; nh mai eho nga kink te: 16 cai tdi phan pho ngOi aha hign es. Vige mua nh cia ‘ap Smith fa daw tu doi v6 ng Smith, nhung la 1 sy edt gidm cia tw eta aguas bin ngoi na. Nguye Iai, ba Jones 43 bi sung them mot ngoi nh mi cho nin Kinh t6, ngo: nhd nav cia ba dage coi 1h «fa We ‘Tuong ty eh vay, ehiing ta hay xem xét hai sw igh sau * Merrill mua ciia Lynch 5 trigu do ta e6 phigu IBM tren thi trating ching khodin Lynch Niu Ose. * General Motor bin 10 trigu do ta €6 phic eho cong ching va sir dung s ttn 46 4 xy dumg mot nha miy 6 10 mi 6 day, dau tr 1a 10 trigu do la, Trong giao ich thit nhat, Merrill duu we vito od phisw IBM, con Lynch gidin dau tr, khong c6 su dy tw ni trong nn kinh ted, Newoe xi, General Motor sis dung mot phir sin Iugmg hang héa va dich vu eéa nen kinh te dé b6 sung vao khoi lug tw bin cba minh; boi vay nhit my méi cia n a aw te Cuy téc chung 1a nhimg hanh vi ma eti ti phan phi thi sin hign e6 gia ede ec nnhan hong due coj a di tr d6i v6. itm kinb te, Kis niém daw tw trong kinh t€ v1 ‘mo gin v6i vige tao ra ty bin mdi eS 34 NGHIEN CUU TINH HUONG 2-1. GDP va cde thin t6 cia né ‘Vio nim 1992, GDP cia My t6ng cong Ia 6 nghin tj. Con s6 nay hin dein mie bit ner khong thé toring tug nd. Ching tae6 thé lam eho né a8 higu hon beng céch chia cho s6 din efia MF vio nim 1992 la 255 trigu nguii. Bang eich nay, ching ta ob duye GDP dw ngubi - hay mite chi ticu bink quan cia mot nguel MF. Con s6 ray [23,298 9 In vio nam 1982, Ching ta sit dung chi tigu GDP niy nhw the no? Bing 2-1 cho thy hai phitn ba trong 96 46, hay 16.036 do la/dau ng, duce chi cho titu ding. Diu tu 1a 3.016 do liu ngudi, Mua hang cia ehinh phi I 4.365 do la/daw nguai, trong a6 6 1.236 do la chi cho qude phdng ea Chinh phi Lien bang. Bing 2-1. GDP va ede thank t6 eda ehi tidus 1992 eee oe Téng Béu nguidi (ty 46 tay (ata) ‘Tong sin phiim trong aude (GDP) 5.950,7 23.298 Tiéu ding 4.095,9 16.036 Hang maw hong 1.2908 5.054 Mang tau ben 480.4 L881 Dich va 2.3247 9.102 Bau wu 770.4 3.016 ‘Diu tur e6 dinh vio my méc, thigt bi 548.3. 2.4147 aw ur e6 dink v20 ahi 217,7 852 au tw ton kho 44 7 ‘Mua hang ciia chirh phii Lig 4.365 Lign bang 4492 L759 Quse phdng 315,8 1236 Ci fink vue kh 13,4 552 Bang va dia phuong 65,8 2.607 Xadt khdis rong = 304 19 Xuiit khidw 636,3 2.451 Nhap khiw 666.7 2.610 Newin: Rs Thay ng Ms 4T sue 35 ‘Mot cé nhin binh quan mua 2.610 do ta hing héa nhap kh tir nue ngodi va sin ‘ud 2.451 d6 Ia hing xudt khdu sang cic nude khse. Nhw vay, xust khiu rong mang dau am. Vi tku duge it tién hom tir vige bin hang cho ngudi nut ngodi se v6i 36 tien chi ra dé mua hang héa nude ngoai, cho nén ching ta phi thanh ton phiin chenh lech bing céc khoiin vay ng ngudi nude ngodi (hose bin mot $6 tii sin cia ching ta di). ‘Vio nam 1992, mot ngudi My binh quan vay cia nuse ngoai 119 do la GDP va GNP ‘Téng san phim trong nude phan dnb tng thu nhap ciia moi agudi trong mot nn kin t€. Nhung néi m9t céch cu thé, khéi ni¢m "moi ngudi" bao giom nhting ai? C6 tinh nhing ngudi My Lim vige 6 nude ngodi va ngw nude ngoti lam viee tren dat Mj khong? Dé tei loi ning cau hoi ay, ching ta hay phan biet tng san phiim trong nude Wi chi tieu thing ke gin chat voi né Fa tdag sin phim quo dan, * Téng sain phim trong nude (GDP) 18 téng thu nhap kigin duce trong mucic. NO bao gdm ci thu nhap ma ngudi awe ngodi kiém duye trong mnie, nhung khong bao gdm thu chap ma ngudi dan trong nue kiém duge & nude ngodi * Téng sda phdm qué dan (GNP) fa t6ng thu nhap md ngia cin mot nude (ghia 1a cong dan cia mot nude) kiém duve. Né bao gm cd thu nh§p ma ngudi din mot nude kkigm duge & nude ngodi, nung khong bao gm thu nhip ngudsi nue ngoai kiém duve G trong nvée. Hai chi tieu v8 thu nhap nay khe nhau, vi mt ci nhan e6 thé kgm duve thu ahap & mot nuse, nung Iai fd edng dan ei muse khie. ‘Dé higu duve sy khie nhau gia GDP 1a GNP, ching ta hiy new ra mot sé vi du Gia sir moe cong dan Me-hi-cd sang Mj lao dong trong mét thoi gin. Thu kiem duge 6 My {a bo phn GDP cia My vi khoén thu nhap nay kigi duye & nue MJ. ‘Nhung khoin thu nhgp nay khong phi 14 b0 phn GNP cia Mj, vi nguvi cong din ‘khong mang quée tich My. Twung:ty, n¢u cong dan Mj latn vige Mé-hi-co, thu nhap cca anh ta 18 bp phn GNP cia My, nhung Khong phai li bo phan GDP cia M5. ‘Trong da sO truimg hop, ngudi ta khong cin phan biet git GDP vi GNP. Vi haw het dan cu kiém phdn lon thu nhap cia ho & nude minh nen GDP vi GNP khong khic ‘shaw nbige Lim. True day, cdc nhit hoach dink chinh sich My sit dung GNP Lam ui ‘ieu chi yéu dé phin énh thu nbap cia nén kinh t€, Nhung vio nam 1991, BO Thums ‘mai MY chuyén sang sir dung GDP. Xét ten tobn thé giGi, GDP In chi tieu duye sit dung nite how, 36 Cac chi tiéu khac vé thu nhap Hg thing ti Khodn thu nhap quo dan cdn bao gdm cae chi tidu kde eda thu nap. Ching kiée nau mot chit so vi dinh nghia ve GDP va GNP. Ditu quan trong la ching ‘a phi biet ce chi tieu nay, vi e&e nha kinh t€ va bio cht thutmg née ti ching. Ching ta 68 thé xc dinh mei quan he gia cfe chi téu Khe nhau v8 thu nbp bAng cfch xuit phat tir GNP, sau d6 kh trir cdc lugng khée nhau, Dé c6 chi tidu sm phim

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