Chapter 3 - The Second Law of Thermodynamics

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM
CHAPTER 3
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
1. Thermodynamic cycles
2. The second law of thermodynamics
3. Carnot cycle
1
Lecturer: Dr. Phan Thanh Nhan
1. Thermodynamic cycles
Thermodynamic cycle is a series of thermodynamic processes
transferring heat and work, while varying pressure, temperature and
other state variables, eventually returning a system to its initial state
Reversible cycle is a set of reversible processes that

return to the initial state 2
The Reversible Process

Reversible Process: a
process that once having
taken place can be reversed
and in doing so leaves no
change in the system or the
surroundings
+ quasi-static processes
meant that each step was
slow
3
Factors that Render Processes Irreversible
• Friction
• Unrestrained expansion
• Heat transfer through a finite
temperature difference
• Mixing of two different
substances
4
Clockwise thermodynamic cycle: Heat engine
 Heat engine: A system that operates in a

cycle and performs a net positive work and a
net positive heat transfer. The substance to
which and from heat is transferred is the
working fluid.
5
Heat transferred from high temperature reservoir (at TH) = QH

Heat transferred to low temperature reservoir (at TL) = QL
QH
W  QH  QL
W
thermal efficiency ηt QL
W QH  QL QL
t   t  1
QH QH QH
Note that 0 ≤ ηt < 1;

typical values :
 for automobile engines: ηt ~ 0.25
 for coal-fired power plants: ηt ~ 0.35
 for combined cycle gas turbine plants: ηt ~ 0.60 6
Counterclockwise thermodynamic cycle: refrigerator and heat pump
 Refrigerator and Heat Pump: A device

that operates in a cycle that requires work
and accomplishes the objective of
transferring heat from a low-temperature
body to a high temperature body
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Heat transferred to the surroundings (at TH) = QH

Heat transferred from low temperature space (at TL) = QL
QH  W  QL
Refrigerators
Define coefficient of performance :
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Heat transferred to the surroundings (at TH) = QH

Heat transferred from low temperature space (at TL) = QL
QH  W  QL
Heat pump
For a heat pump, the objective is to supply
heat to a warm space from cold
surroundings; in this case, the energy sought
is QH and the coefficient of performance  is
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2. The second law of thermodynamics

The Clausius Statement:
No heat pump can be operated without

external work input.
It is impossible to construct a device that

operates in a cycle and produces no effect
other than the transfer of heat from a
cooler body to a hotter body (see figure at
right)
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The Kelvin-Planck Statement:
No heat engine can be operated by a

single heat reservoir.
It is impossible to construct a device

that will operate in a cycle and produce
no effect other than the raising of a
weight and the exchange of heat with a
single reservoir (see figure at right)
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3. The Carnot Cycle
If the efficiency of ALL heat

engines is <100%, what is the most
efficient cycle we can have?
Assume that we have a heat engine
operating between two reservoirs
that remain at constant
temperatures and that every process
in the cycle is reversible.
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The Carnot cycle consists of 4 basic processes:

1. A reversible isothermal process in which heat is transferred to
or from the high temperature reservoir
2. A reversible adiabatic process in which the temperature of the
working fluid decreases from TH to TL
3. A reversible isothermal process in which heat is transferred to
or from the low temperature reservoir
4. A reversible adiabatic process in which the temperature of the
working fluid increases from TL to TH
Note that if the Carnot Cycle is reversed, it is a refrigerator.
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we define this absolute temperature scale

in terms of TH and TL
Thermal efficiency ηt of Carnot cycle

QL TL
t  1 t  1
QH TH
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Reversed Carnot Cycle
• Coefficient of performance of Refrigerators work as reversed Carnot

cycle:
TL

TH  TL
• Coefficient of performance of Heat pump work as reversed Carnot cycle:
15
Be healthy and stay safe

See you on the next chapter!
16

Chapter 3 - The Second Law of Thermodynamics

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HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM

THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

2. The second law of thermodynamics

Reversible cycle is a set of reversible processes that

The Reversible Process

Factors that Render Processes Irreversible

Clockwise thermodynamic cycle: Heat engine

 Heat engine: A system that operates in a

Heat transferred from high temperature reservoir (at TH) = QH

Note that 0 ≤ ηt < 1;

Counterclockwise thermodynamic cycle: refrigerator and heat pump

 Refrigerator and Heat Pump: A device

Heat transferred to the surroundings (at TH) = QH

Define coefficient of performance :

Heat transferred to the surroundings (at TH) = QH

2. The second law of thermodynamics

No heat pump can be operated without

It is impossible to construct a device that

The Kelvin-Planck Statement:

No heat engine can be operated by a

It is impossible to construct a device

3. The Carnot Cycle

If the efficiency of ALL heat

The Carnot cycle consists of 4 basic processes:

we define this absolute temperature scale

Thermal efficiency ηt of Carnot cycle

Reversed Carnot Cycle

• Coefficient of performance of Refrigerators work as reversed Carnot

• Coefficient of performance of Heat pump work as reversed Carnot cycle:

Be healthy and stay safe

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