CHAPTER 1

OVERVIEW

1.1 Introduction
Today the main issue related to pollution is Garbage Overflow. It creates
unhygienic condition for the people and also creates a bad smell in the surrounding which
leads to spreading of some deadly disease & human illness. To avoid all such situations
we are going to implement a project called IOT Based garbage monitoring system.
Implementation is done with the help of IOT concept. The Internet of Things (IOT) is a
concept in which surrounding objects are connected through wired and wireless networks
without user intervention. Objects communicate and exchange information. In this system
multiple dustbins are located throughout the city, these dustbins are provided with
sensors which help in tracking the level of the garbage present inside the bins and a
unique ID will be provided for every dustbin in the city so that it is easy to identify which
garbage bin is filled. When the level of the bin reaches the threshold limit, the device will
transmit the information to the main server and also the local garbage collector. Once the
bins are full then user will not be able to access the bins. The status of the bin is accessed
by the concerned authorities from their place with the help of Internet and an immediate
action will be taken to empty the garbage present in the filled bins.

1.2 Aim of the project

This project is designed and a prototype is built for an automatic dustbin that can
automatically open the lid when it detects the people who want to throw out their trash. It
can also detect the level of the trash that is present inside the dustbin. If the dustbin is full
of trash at that certain level, the lid will not open even when there are people who want to
throw out their trash. The dustbin is provided with a sensor which helps in tracking the
level of the garbage inside the bins and a unique ID is provided for every dustbin in the
city so that it is easy to identify which garbage bin is filled. When the dustbin is filled, it
sends messages using a Wi-Fi model to the main server and also a garbage collector
person to empty the filled dustbin. The message is sent along with the time at which the
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dustbin has been filled. When the dustbin is emptied it again sends a message to the main
server along with the time at which it is being emptied. This will help the authorities at
the main server to monitor the work performance of the garbage collector. Further this
will provide necessary data such as how many bins are to be installed at one particular
location.

1.3 Methodology

When a user approaches the dustbin the ultrasonic sensor detects the person and
the servo motor is triggered which in response opens the lid of the dustbin. After the
dustbin gets filled then the red LED gets ON and two messages are sent with the help of
Wi-Fi module which gets connected to the local municipal hotspot, one message is sent
to the local garbage collector using the IOT device IFTTT. This message is sent on the
mobile phone of the local garbage collector. The second message is an update on the
main server using the IOT platform Thingspeak. Both the messages are sent when the
arduino triggers the Wi-Fi module which in response sends both the messages
simultaneously. When the garbage collector has completed his work of cleaning the bin
then one message is sent to the main server using thingspeak.

Fig1.1 Functional Block diagram

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1.4 Significance and applications

 This implementation of smart garbage Bin, gives a solution for unsanitary

environmental condition in a city.
 This implementation of Smart Garbage collection bin is done using internet,
Ultrasonic sensors, arduino nano and Wi-Fi module. This system assures to send
message, notification and status to the main server when the garbage level reaches
its maximum.
 If the dustbin is not cleaned in specific time, then the record is sent to the higher
authority who can take appropriate action against the concerned contractor.
 This system also helps to monitor the false reports and hence can reduce the
corruption in the overall management system.
 This reduces the total number of trips of garbage collection vehicle and hence
reduces the overall expenditure that is associated with the garbage collection.
 It ultimately helps to keep cleanness in the society. Therefore, the smart garbage
monitoring system makes the garbage collection more efficient, the use of solar
panels in such systems may reduce the energy consumption.
 This dust bin model can be applied to any of the smart cities around the world. A
waste collecting and monitoring team which is deployed for collection of garbage
from the city can be guided in a well manner for collection.

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 CHAPTER 2

IDEAOLOGY

2.1 Introduction

“Smart garbage monitoring system” In this project mainly Solid waste

management is done which is a big challenge in urban areas for most of the countries
throughout the world. An efficient waste management is a pre requisition for maintaining
a safe and green environment as there are all kinds of increasing waste disposal. In this
project a smart bin is located in every locality to collect all the waste. Once the waste is
collected and the bin is filled, it sends a message to the garbage collector to empty the
filled dustbin. There are many technologies that are used for waste collection as well as
for well managed recycling. The Information gathering is big and cumbersome. The
concurrent effects of a fast national growth rate of a large and dense residential area and a
pressing demand for urban environmental protection create a challenging framework for
waste monitoring. The complexity of context and procedures is indeed a primary concern
of local municipal authorities due to problems related to the collection, transportation and
processing of residential solid waste. Today the garbage collection is manual which takes
a lot of efforts and is time consuming. In this project humans and vehicles are used to do
that work and here we are using automatic technique to detect garbage level in Garbage.
Garbage is a global problem that affects all living beings. A study from Grow NYC
shows that 80% of the world's solid waste is produced in the United States of America.
Also, 70% of its trash is used once and 45% is buried or burnt, such waste is paper,
plastic, etc. A lot of places like universities, downtowns, subways, and malls have
different containers for specific kinds of waste. Unfortunately, there are people who do
not place waste in the containers. For this reason, in our project the lid of the bin opens
automatically as the user approaches it. This is done with the help of a Ultrasonic sensor.
Most of garbage is buried or burnt or even kept in places to which it does not belong. Big
volumes of garbage are thrown away and the methods used to store it causes air, water,
and soil pollution. Continuous increase in population is increase in waste generation.

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Waste generated in India is in the range of 200-870 grams per day and its rate is rising by
about 1.3% per capita per year in India. In addition to this, some portion of waste is burnt
openly on dumpsites or streets.

2.2 Methodology

In the proposed system smart dustbins are installed at various locations in a

locality. The smart dustbins are designed in such a way that when a user approaches the
bin to use it, the ultrasonic sensor detects the user and triggers the servo motor. In
response to this the lid of the bin opens automatically. The lid remains open for a few
seconds and then shuts. Three LEDs are placed inside the dustbin which defines the
status of the bin and indicates the level of garbage inside the bin. There is a Wi-Fi module
present in the bin which is connected to the local municipal hotspot. When the bin is
filled then a message is sent to the main server. Also another message is sent to the local
garbage collector reminding him to empty the filled dust bin. When the local garbage
collector empties the bin then again a message is sent to the main server that the bin has
been emptied.

Fig 2.1 Architecture of the system

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 The main server is a database which has all necessary information related to the
frequency of bin getting emptied and the delay made by the local garbage collector in
empting the dustbin. This necessary information helps in monitoring the work and
performance of the local garbage collector. The local garbage collector is the authority
which is in charge of empting the filled bins.

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 CHAPTER 3
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1 Introduction

According to the Hong Kong Government, around 6 million tonnes of municipal

solid waste (MSW) is generated in the city every year and worryingly, with our
consumption-led lifestyles, this figure is set to rise. Of course, monitoring all this waste is
costly, logistically difficult and time consuming for the government and we have to pay
the price in our taxes!

This problem is not unique to Hong Kong either. Cities around the world are
desperate to find solutions which can reduce the strain of waste management. One of
those solutions is a new type of bin – the smart bin – which leverages the Internet of
things (IOT) to provide a much more efficient way to monitor and manage waste. In this
chapter, we will look at the working of smart dustbins and how smart bin technology is
revolutionizing waste management by reducing costs, easing logistics and improving the
environment for everyone.

Smart dustbins are an intelligent waste monitoring system. They have wireless
ultrasonic fill-level sensors embedded inside which detect how full the bin is and then,
through the IOT, this data is sent to a cloud-based monitoring and analytics platform. On
the basis of this data, waste collection services can optimize their routes and frequency.

Smart dustbins can also use a solar-power to monitor trash which in comparison
to electricity or a battery is a renewable source of energy.

Smart dustbins are also a perfect solution for Asian cities. With the high density
of people and traffic issues which are typical in this part of the world, the introduction of
smart bins would make a significant impact.

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 Smart dustbins are not just suited to busy city environments either, they can also
improve waste monitoring in any area where there is a large volume of human traffic,
including theme parks, malls, campuses, hospitals and transport hubs, to name just a few.
They are also useful in more remote locations, such as parks, campsites and beachside
areas, where data on bin fill-levels would allow collection services to only travel out
when needed.

3.2 Smart dustbin description

A smart dustbin consists of following hardware components

 Arduino NANO
 Wi-Fi module ESP8266
 2 Ultrasonic sensors HC-SR04
 Servo motor
 3 LEDs
All the above hardware components are interfaced with the Arduino NANO.

3.3 Working

There are 2 ultrasonic sensors in the smart bin. One of the ultrasonic sensors is
used to check the level of trash present inside the dustbin which is placed on the lid of the
bin. This ultrasonic sensor is interfaced along with the LEDs to the arduino such that
depending on the level of depth available in the dustbin the LEDs function. When the
dustbin is empty, it is indicated by the green LED. When the dustbin is partially filled
then the orange LED glows to show the indication. When the dustbin is completely filled
with trash then the red LED shows the indication. The second ultrasonic sensor is used to
identify and detect the person who wants to use the dustbin. This sensor is interfaced with
the arduino such that when a person approaches the dustbin as close as 30cm the sensor
detects it and the controller triggers the servo motor which in response opens the lid of
the bin.

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 When the bin is filled completely then the arduino nano triggers the Wi-Fi
module. This Wi-Fi module then sends alert messages to the main server which is the
thingspeak webpage. At the same time another message is sent to the local garbage
collector on his mobile phone asking him to empty the dustbin. This message is sent from
the Wi-Fi module as it gets connected to the local municipal hotspot and uses IOT
platform called IFTTT to send this message. After the local garbage collector cleans the
dustbin then a message is sent to the thingspeak webpage which updates the time at
which the dustbin got cleaned.

Fig 3.1 Flowchart

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3.3.1 Internet of things (IOT)

The Internet of things (IOT) is a system of interrelated computing devices,

mechanical and digital machines provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability
to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction. The Internet of Things, or IOT, refers to the billions of physical devices
around the world that are now connected to the internet, all collecting and sharing data.

Fig 3.2 IOT (1)

Internet of Things (IOT) describes an emerging trend where a large number of

embedded devices (things) are connected to the Internet. These connected devices
communicate with people and other things and often provide sensor data to cloud storage
and cloud computing resources where the data is processed and analyzed to gain
important insights. Cheap cloud computing power and increased device connectivity is
enabling this trend.

IOT solutions are built for many vertical applications such as environmental
monitoring and control, health monitoring, vehicle fleet monitoring, industrial monitoring
and control, and home automation.

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 Fig 3.3 IOT (2)

3.3.2 Thingspeak

ThingSpeak is an IOT analytics platform service that allows you to aggregate,

visualize and analyze live data streams in the cloud. ThingSpeak provides instant
visualizations of data posted by your devices to ThingSpeak. With the ability to execute
MATLAB code in ThingSpeak you can perform online analysis and processing of the
data as it comes in. ThingSpeak is often used for prototyping and proof of concept IOT
systems that require analytics.

At a higher level, many IOT systems can be described using the diagram below.
On the left, we have the smart devices (the “things” in IOT) that live at the edge of the
network. These devices collect data and include things like wearable devices, wireless
temperatures sensors, heart rate monitors, and hydraulic pressure sensors, and machines
on the factory floor.

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 Fig 3.4 Thingspeak and IOT

In the middle, we have the cloud where data from many sources is aggregated and
analyzed in real time, often by an IOT analytics platform designed for this purpose.

The right side of the diagram depicts the algorithm development associated with
the IOT application. Here an engineer or data scientist tries to gain insight into the
collected data by performing historical analysis on the data. In this case, the data is pulled
from the IOT platform into a desktop software environment to enable the engineer or
scientist to prototype algorithms that may eventually execute in the cloud or on the smart
device by itself. An IOT system includes all these elements. ThingSpeak fits in the cloud
part of the diagram and provides a platform to quickly collect and analyze data from
internet connected sensors.

3.3.2.1 Key Features

ThingSpeak allows you to aggregate, visualize and analyze live data streams in the
cloud. Some of the key capabilities of ThingSpeak include the ability to:

 Easily configure devices to send data to ThingSpeak using popular IOT protocols.
 Visualize your sensor data in real-time.

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  Aggregate data on-demand from third-party sources.
 Use the power of MATLAB to make sense of your IOT data.
 Run your IOT analytics automatically based on schedules or events.
 Build Prototype and build IOT systems without setting up servers or developing
web software.
 Automatically act on your data and communicate using third-party services like
Twitter.

3.3.3 If This Then That (IFTTT)

If This Then That, also known as IFTTT is a freeware web-based service that
creates chains of simple conditional statements, called applets. IFTTT is the free way to
do more with hundreds of the apps and devices. IFTTT helps you connect all of your
different apps and devices. It brings services together into Applets. An Applet connects
two or more apps or devices together. It enables you to do something that those apps or
devices couldn't do on their own. Applets are composed of triggers and actions. Trigger
tells an Applet to start, and actions are the end result of an Applet run.

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 CHAPTER 4
COMPONENTS
4.1 Microcontroller
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems
products. Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in
addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single
chip. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in
microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are
critical.
The Intel 8051 is Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (µC) which
was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the 1980s
and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of enhanced
devices with 8051-compatible processor cores that are manufactured by more than 20
independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies and Maxim
Integrated Products.
The Arduino Nano is the little brother of the Arduino Uno, and shares most of its
functionality. The main difference other than its smaller size is the USB port, with the
Nano connecting to your computer through a micro USB cable. It’s a perfect micro
controller to learn hobby electronics and programming on, and its size makes it excellent
for building into projects which require a small form factor.

4.1.1 Features of Arduino Nano

It has similar functionality to the Arduino Uno, but in a DIP module package and
works with a Mini-B USB cable. The Mini-B USB cable is included. This board is a
Arduino clone which is perfectly compatible with the Arduino IDE. The features of
arduino nano are,

 Automatic reset during program download

 Power OK blue LED

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  Green (TX), red (RX) and orange (L) LED

 Auto sensing/switching power input

 Small mini-B USB for programming and serial monitor

 ICSP header for direct program download

 Manual reset switch

4.1.2 Technical specifications of the Arduino Nano board

The technical specifications of the Arduino Nano board are as follows:
 Microcontroller Atmel ATmega328
 Operating Voltage (logic level): 5 V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12 V
 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20 V
 Digital I/O Pins : 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 8
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
 Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 2 KB used by bootloader
 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 Dimensions: 0.73" x 1.70"

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 Fig 4.1 Arduino Nano

4.1.3 Powering the Arduino Nano

The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V
unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin
27). The power source is automatically selected to the highest voltage source.

Fig 4.2 Pin Description

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4.1.4 Pin Diagram

Fig 4.3 Pin Layout

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 Pin No. Name Type Description
1-2, 5-16 D0-D13 I/O Digital input/output port 0to13
3, 28 RESET Input Reset (active low)
4, 29 GND PWR Supply ground
17 3V3 Output +3.3 Volt Output
18 AREF Input ADC reference
19-26 A7-A0 Input Analog input channel 0to7
27 +5V Output or +5V Output
Input +5v Input
30 Vin PWR Supply voltage
Table 4.1 Pin Description

4.2 Ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04)

An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance of a target

object by emitting ultrasonic sound waves, and converts the reflected sound into an
electrical signal. Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the speed of audible sound (i.e. the
sound that humans can hear). Ultrasonic sensors have two main components: the
transmitter (which emits the sound using piezoelectric crystals) and the receiver (which
encounters the sound after it has travelled to and from the target).

Fig 4.4 Ultrasonic sensor

In order to calculate the distance between the sensor and the object, the sensor
measures the time it takes between the emissions of the sound by the transmitter to its

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contact with the receiver. The formula for this calculation is D = ½ T x C (where D is the
distance, T is the time, and C is the speed of sound ~ 343 meters/second).

4.2.1 HC-SR04 Sensor Features

 Operating voltage: +5V

 Theoretical  Measuring Distance: 2cm to 450cm
 Practical Measuring Distance: 2cm to 80cm
 Accuracy: 3mm
 Measuring angle covered: <15°
 Operating Current: <15mA
 Operating Frequency: 40Hz

4.2.2 Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Configuration

Pin Pin Name Description

Number
1 VCC The VCC pin powers the supply typically with 5volts.
2 Trigger Trigger pin is an input pin. This pin has to be kept high for
10us to initialize measurement by sending US wave.
Echo pin is an output pin. This pin goes high for a period of
3 Echo time which will be equal for the time taken for the US wave
to return back to the sensor.
4 Ground This pin is connected to the ground system.

Table 4.2 ultrasonic sensor pin description

4.2.3 Applications

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  Used to avoid and detect obstacles with robots like biped robot, obstacle avoider
robot, path finding robot etc.
 Used to measure the distance within a wide range of 2cm to 400cm.
 Can be used to map the objects surrounding the sensor by rotating it.
 Depth of certain places like wells, pits etc can be measured since the waves can
penetrate through the water.

Fig 4.5 Ultrasonic sensor pin description

4.3 Servo Motor

A servo motor is a rotary actuator or a motor that allows for a precise control in
terms of the angular position, acceleration, and velocity. Basically it has certain
capabilities that a regular motor does not have. Consequently it makes use of a regular
motor and pairs it with a sensor for position feedback.

The servo motor is most commonly used for high technology devices in the
industrial applications like automation technology. It is a self contained electrical device
that rotates parts of machine with high efficiency and great precision. Moreover the
output shaft of this motor can be moved to a particular angle. Servo motors are mainly
used in home electronics, toys, cars, airplanes and many more devices.

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 Fig 4.6 servo motor

Positional rotation servo motor is the most important servo motor. Hence it is also
the most common type of servo motor. The shaft output rotates in about 180 degree.
Additionally it includes physical stops located in gear mechanism to stop turning outside
these limits to guard the rotation sensor. These common servos involve in radio
controlled water, ratio controlled cars, aircraft, robots, toys and many other applications.

4.3.1 Principle of working:

Servo motor works on the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) principle, which
means its angle of rotation, is controlled by the duration of pulse applied to its control
PIN. Basically servo motor is made up of DC motor which is controlled by a variable
resistor (potentiometer) and some gears.

4.3.2 Mechanism of servomotor:

Basically a servo motor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses position

feedback to control its motion and final position. Moreover the input to its control is a
signal (either analogue or digital) representing the position commanded for the output
shaft.

The motor is incorporates some type of encoder to provide position and speed
feedback. In the simplest case, we measure only the position. Then the measured position
of the output is compared with the command position, the external input to controller.
Now if the output position differs from that of the expected output, an error signal
generates. This then causes the motor to rotate in either direction as per need to bring the

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output shaft to the appropriate position. As the position approaches, the error signal
reduces to zero. Finally the motor stops.

4.3.3 Working of servomotors:

Servo motors control position and speed very precisely. Now a potentiometer can
sense the mechanical position of the shaft. Hence it couples with the motor shaft through
gears. The current position of the shaft is converted into electrical signal by
potentiometer, and is compared with the command input signal. In modern servo motors,
electronic encoders or sensors sense the position of the shaft.

We give command input according to the position of shaft. If the feedback signal
differs from the given input, an error signal alerts the user. We amplify this error signal
and apply as the input to the motor, hence the motor rotates. And when the shaft reaches
to the require position, error signal become zero, and hence the motor stays standstill
holding the position.

The command input is in form of electrical pulses. As the actual input to the
motor is the difference between feedback signal (current position) and required signal,
hence speed of the motor is proportional to the difference between the current position
and required position. The amount of power require by the motor is proportional to the
distance it needs to travel.

4.3.4 Controlling of servomotors

Usually a servomotor turns 90 degree in either direction hence maximum

movement can be 180 degree. However a normal servo motor cannot rotate any further to
a build in mechanical stop.

We take three wires are out of a servo: positive, ground and control wire.  A servo
motor is control by sending a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal through the control
wire. A pulse is sent every 20 milliseconds. Width of the pulse determines the position of
the shaft.

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 For example, a pulse of 1ms will move the shaft anticlockwise at -90 degree, a
pulse of 1.5ms will move the shaft at the neutral position that is 0 degree and a pulse of
2ms will move shaft clockwise at +90 degree.

Fig 4.7 pulse in servo motor

4.3.5 Applications
 Robotics: At every joint of the robot, we connect a servomotor. Thus giving the
robot arm its precise angle.
 Conveyor belts: servo motors move, stop, and start conveyor belts carrying
product along to various stages, for example, in product packaging/ bottling, and
labelling.
 Camera auto focus: A highly precise servo motor build into the camera corrects a
camera lens to sharpen out of focus images.
 Solar tracking system: Servo motors adjust the angle of solar panels throughout
the day and hence each panel continues to face the sun which results in harnessing
maximum energy from sunup to sundown.

4.4 Light emitting diode (LED)

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 A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light
when an electric current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most
LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength. The output from an LED
can range from red (at a wavelength of approximately 700 nanometers) to blue-violet
(about 400 nanometers). Some LEDs emit infrared (IR) energy (830 nanometers or
longer); such a device is known as an infrared-emitting diode (IRED).

An LED or IRED consists of two elements of processed material called P-type

semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. These two elements are placed in direct
contact, forming a region called the P-N junction. In this respect, the LED or IRED
resembles most other diode types, but there are important differences. The LED or IRED
has a transparent package, allowing visible or IR energy to pass through. Also, the LED
or IRED has a large PN-junction area whose shape is tailored to the application.

Benefits of LEDs, compared with incandescent and fluorescent illuminating

devices, include:

 Low power requirement: Most types can be operated with battery power supplies.
 High efficiency: Most of the power supplied to an LED or IRED is converted into
radiation in the desired form, with minimal heat production.
 Long life: When properly installed, an LED or IRED can function for decades.

4.4.1 Applications

 Indicator lights: These can be two-state (i.e., on/off), bar-graph, or alphabetic-

numeric readouts.
 LCD panel backlighting: Specialized white LEDs are used in flat-panel
computer displays.
 Optoisolator: Stages in an electronic system can be connected together without
unwanted interaction.

4.5 Wi-Fi Module ESP8266

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 ESP8266 is an UART-Wi-Fi transparent transmission module with ultralow
power consumption, specially designed for the needs of a new connected world. It offers
a complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution, allowing it to either host the
application or to offload all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application
processor.

ESP8266 has powerful on-board processing and storage capabilities that allow it
to be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs
with minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree
of on-chip integration allows for minimal external circuitry, and the entire solution,
including front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area. ESP8266 Serial
Wi-Fi Wireless Transceiver Module is suitable for Uno, Mega 2560 and Nano.

Fig 4.8 Wi-Fi module ESP8266

The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP
protocol stack that can give any microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network. The
ESP8266 is capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking
functions from another application processor. This module comes with AT commands
firmware which allows you to get functionality like arduino Wi-Fi shield, however you
can load different firmwares to make your own application on the modules' memory and
processor. It’s a very economic module and has a huge and growing community support.

This module has onboard 80 MHz low power 32 bit processor which can be used
for custom firmwares. This also means that you can host small WebPages without any
external controller. The ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth
co-existence interfaces; it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work under all
operating conditions, and requires no external RF parts.

ESP8266 is transforming the world with its low cost and high features which
makes it an ideal module for Internet of Things (IOT). It can be used in any application
where you need to connect a device to your local network or internet.

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 The ESP8266 Module is compatible only with 3.3V logic level and will not work
directly with 5V devices (for both serial and GPIO access). You need a 3.3V compatible
device or you will need to convert the levels before you use it.

4.5.1Features
 802.11 b/g/n
 Integrated low power 32-bit MCU
 Integrated 10-bit ADC
 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
 Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units
 Supports antenna diversity
 Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz, support WPA/WPA2
 Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes
 Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices
 SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR Remote Control, PWM, GPIO
 A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval
 Deep sleep power <10uA, Power down leakage current < 5uA
 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)
 +20 dBm output power in 802.11b mode
 Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C
4.5.1 Pin Function

Pin Name Description

1 1. UART_TXD, sending
TXD 2.General purpose Input/output: GPIO1
3. Pull down is not allowed when start-up
2 GND GND
3 CU_PD 1. Working at high level
2. Power off when low level is supplied
4 1.It should be high level when power on, hardware pull down is not
GPIO2 allowed
2. Pull-up by default
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 5 GpIO16 External reset signal, reset when low power is supplied; Work when
high level is supplied
6 1. Wi-Fi status indicator
GPIO0 2.Operation mode selection
Pull up: Flash boot, operation mode
Pull down UART download mode
7 VCC Power supply (3.3volts)
8 RXD 1. UART_RXD receiving
2. General purpose Output/Input; GPIO3

Table 4.3 pin description of ESP8266

The ESP8266 module works with 3.3V only, anything more than 3.7V would kill
the module hence be cautions with your circuits. The best way to program an ESP-01 is
by using the FTDI board that supports 3.3V programming. One commonly problem that
every one faces with ESP-01 is the powering up problem. The module is a bit power
hungry while programming and hence you can power it with a 3.3V pin on Arduino or
just use a potential divider. So it is important to make a small voltage regulator for 3.31v
that could supply a minimum of 500mA. One recommended regulator is the LM317
which could handle the job easily. A simplified circuit diagram for using the ESP8266-01
module is given below

In the below circuit diagram, the switch SW2 (Programming Switch) should be
held pressed to hold the GPIO-0 pin to ground. This way we can enter into the
programming mode and upload the code. Once the code is released the switch can be
released.

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 Fig 4.9 Power supply to ESP8266

4.5.2 Applications
 IOT Projects
 Access Point Portals
 Wireless Data logging
 Smart Home Automation
 Portable Electronics
 Smart bulbs and Sockets

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 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

5.2 Results

This successful implementation of smart garbage Bin indicator, gives a solution

for unsanitary environmental condition in a city. This implementation of Smart Garbage
collection bin using internet, ultrasonic sensor, Wi-Fi module and Arduino nano. This
system assures to send mail notification and status on the main server and the local
garbage collector when the garbage level reaches its maximum. If the dustbin is not
cleaned in specific time, then the record helps in monitoring the performance of garbage
collector and appropriate action can be taken against the concerned contractor.

Fig 5.2.1 Dustbin is empty

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Fig 5.2.2 The bin is partially empty (Left), the bin is completely filled (Right)

Fig 5.2.3 when the sensor detects a user

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When the bin gets filled then a message is sent to the local garbage collector and the main
server.

Fig5.2.4 message sent to main server and local garbage collector

This system also helps to monitor the fake reports and hence can reduce the
corruption in the overall management system. This reduces the total number of trips of
garbage collection vehicle and hence reduces the overall expenditure associated with the
garbage collection. It ultimate helps to keep cleanness in the society. Therefore, the smart
garbage monitoring system makes the garbage collection more efficient, the use of solar
panels in such systems may reduce the energy consumption. Such systems are vulnerable
to plundering of components in the system in different ways which needs to be worked
on. These dust bin model can be applied to any of the smart cities around the world. A
waste collecting and monitoring team which is deployed for collection of garbage from
the city can be guided in a well manner for collection.

5.1 Scope for Future Work

The main aim of this project is to reduce human resources and efforts along with
the enhancement of a smart city vision. We have often seen garbage spilling over from
dustbins on to streets and this was an issue that required immediate attention. The
proverb “Cleanliness is next to god and clean city is next to heaven” inspired us to
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conceptualized the project. Smart dustbin helps us to reduce the pollution. Many times
garbage dustbin overflows and many animals like dog or rat enters inside the dustbin.
This creates a bad scene. Also some birds are also trying to take out garbage from
dustbin.

This project can avoid such situations. And the message can be sent directly to the
cleaning vehicle instead of the contractor’s office. Swatch Bharat Abhiyan (English:
Clean India Mission and abbreviated as SBA or SBM for "Swatch Bharat Mission") is a
national campaign by the Government of India, covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns,
to clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country. In our system, the Smart
dustbins are connected to the internet to get the real time information of the smart
dustbins. In the recent years, there was a rapid growth in population which leads to more
waste disposal. So a proper waste management system is necessary to avoid spreading
some deadly diseases.

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 REFERENCES

 http://www.arduino.cc
 http://www.digi.com
 http://www.purelink.ca/en/technologies/related-technologies.php
 http://datasheet.octopart.com/A000066-Arduino-datasheet-38879526.pdf
 https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2018/10/introduction-to-hc-sr04-ultrasonic-
sensor.html
 https://components101.com/ultrasonic-sensor-working-pinout-datasheet
 https://engineering.eckovation.com/servo-motor-types-working-principle-explained/
 https://circuitdigest.com/article/servo-motor-basics
 https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/light-emitting-diode-LED
 https://www.sparkfun.com/products/13678
 https://www.electronicwings.com/sensors-modules/esp8266-wifi-module

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