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    Nuclear Engineering and Des journal homepage: www. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Nuclear Engineering and Design Isevier.com/locate/nucengdes sign 208 (2016) 41-50 Nonlinear analysis of pre-stressed concrete containment vessel (PCCV) using the damage plasticity model Ahmad Shokoohfar'*, Alireza Rahai* it Enginvering Ami Kabir Univers of Technology, Hae, eran 15875412, ram HIGHLIGHTS * This paper deseribes nonlinear analyses ofa 1:4 scale model ofa (PCV), * Coupled temp-disp. analysis and concrete damage plasticity are considered. * Temperature has limited effets on correct failure mode estimatio ‘Higher pre-stessing forces have limited effets on ultimate radial displacem * Anchorage details of liner plates leads o prediction of correct aire med. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Done ‘ake ston Received 30 une 2015 Received in revised form 20 October 2015 ‘Accepted 13 December 2015, ‘ible online 7 nary 2016, ‘This paper describes the nonlinear analyses ofa 1:4 scale model ofa pre-stessed conerete containment vessel CCV)-The analyses are performed under pressure and high temperature effects with considering anchorage details fine pate. Te temperature-time history ofthe model test isconsidered asan input boundary condition in the coupled cemp-displacement analysis. The constitutive model developed by ‘Chang and Mander 1994) is adopted inthe model asthe basis forthe concrete stress-strain elation. To trace the crack patter of the PCCV coneree faces, the concrete damage plasticity mode is applied. This study includes the results ofthe thermal and mechanical behaviors ofthe PCCV subject to temperature loading and internal pressure a the same time. The test result ae compaced with the analysis results. The anaiyss results show thatthe temperature has litle impact onthe ultimate pressure capacity af the CCV. To simulate the exact failure mode ofthe PCCY, the anchorage details of the liner plates around ‘openings should be maintained in the analytical models. Also the fallure mode of the PCCV structure ‘A Engineering mechanics hasa'c infuenced by hoop ten 1. Introduction ‘he pressurized water reactor (PWR) protective containment consists of a pre-stressed concrete structure which is lined with steel plates anchored to the inner surface of the concrete. Struc- tural damage in the PCCV containment causes serious problems for social health and! safety, therefore the PCCV as a protective structure should be designed to resist high pressure and temper- ature conditions such as the loss of coolant accident, explosions and earthquakes (Kwak and Kim, 2006). The main line of defense ‘around a reactor to prevent escape of radioactive material is the containment vessel (Davie etal, 2014). In particular, PR accidents highlight the necessity to conduct experimental and numerical Corresponding author. Tel: 98 00190218330 Ema odes atau Rabal) np fn ol org/101016) nucengdes 2015.12010 (0020-5493/6 2015 Elsevier BY All ights reserve, \donspre-stressng force variations, “© 2015 Elsevier BV. All rights reserved studies to evaluate the safety of these structures Amin etal, 1993), Recently, the incidents following the Great East Japan earthquake in 2011, where a loss of cooling t the Fukushima Dai-ich plant led tothe overheating of several reactors and the release of radioactive ‘material, have again raised questions as to the safety of PWR con- tainments (IAEA, 2011). seties of comprehensive experimental and analytical studies have been conducted to assess the struc- tural response and safety index of the PCCV structures under severe interna pressures (Fib Bulletin, 2001), Experimental studies suchas the 1/14 scale model of Gentilly-2 in Canada (Rizkalla et al, 1984), the 1/10 scale model of Sizewell-Bin the UK (Iwidale and Crowder. 1991), the 1/4 scale model of Ohi-3 in the US (Hessheimer et al. 20032), MAEVA mock up in France (Kevorkian et al, 2005) and 1:4 scale model of the BARC Containment (BARCOM) test model in India (Parmar etal, 2014) focus on the ultimate capacity pressure. ‘The experiments are costly and time-consuming, so the develop- ‘mento the numerical models o investigate the nonlinear behavior a ‘A. Stotooia, A. Rabat Nuclar Eien and Design 2982016) 41-50 ‘of the PCCV is inevitable (Kwak and Kim, 2006). These numerical assessments usually perform as part of a Roun Robin Analysis program and have two phases include pre-test studies to predict the failure mode and post-test analysis to precise computations. ‘The containment integrity researches at Sandia National Laborato- fies and Bhabha Research Centre can be regarded as representative ‘numerical studies (Parmar etal, 2014; Hessheimer and Dameron, 2006). In spite of numerous numerical studies on the PCCV behav- ior under internal pressure (Yonezawa etal, 2002) still there is no accepted analysis method that considers all geometric complexi- tiesand material nonlinearities. This paper illustrates the numerical study on the NUPEC(NRC 1/4-scale model of a PCCV containment of the Ohi-3 power plant. ‘The consideration of concrete material nonlinearity is more ‘complicated than tendon and reinforcement steel in FE models. ‘There are many constitutive models for the nonlinear response of concrete suggested in the literature, Plasticity, damage mechanics ‘and the combination of them generally are used as main concepts ff concrete material models. However, the strain split into elas- ticand plastic parts describe unloading and path dependency well, but also the reduction ofthe unloading stiffness can't be described in plasticity models. in contrast, damage mechanics models are based on the concept ofa gradual reduction ofthe elastic stifness while they are often unable ta describe permanent deformations. ‘The combination of isotropic damage and plasticity to improve their capabilities leads to the concrete damage plasticity (Grassi cet al, 2013). The plastic-damage model in this research is based on the models proposed by Lubliner et al. (1989) and Lee and Fenves (1988), [Noh et al. mainly focused on finding the effects of high tem- perature and pressure on the PCCV using the axisymmetric and three-dimensional model. The saturated steam condition and the Station Black-out ($80) loading condition were studied using mod- iffed Drucker-Prager’s concrete failure criterion. The investigation, results indicate that the temperature increase the liner plate aver- age train, but has significant effect an the overall response(Noh et al, 2008), Zhang et al.(2014) evaluated the structural integrity of CPR1000 PWReontainment under five typical steam explosion scenarios, The thermo-mechanical model was applied to study the influence of the thermal loading, They found that the maximum depth of the ‘racks due to thermal effects is small compare with the thickness ff the wall and the integrity of the concrete containment is still censured, Zhen et al. conducted nonlinear elasto-plastic analysis for PCCV tunder the utmost internal pressure considering the coupled effect (of LOCA (loss of coolant accident) temperature. The results shov that the LOCA temperature distribution is strongly nonlinear along, the shell thickness a the early time. The numerical analysis results showed that the maximum moment occurs at Gh after LOCA and the strain of PCCV under LOCA temperature is larger than the fone of no temperature under elasto-plastic analysis (Zhou et al. 2014). ‘The main idea of this paper is an assessment of nonlinear behavior of the PCCV due to high temperature condition and the liner plate geometric properties. For this study, the fully coupled thermal-displacement analyses are performed under a saturated steam condition, which is a loading condition within the range of temperatures that does not change material properties. To simulate the exact failure mode ofthe PCCV, the anchorage details ofthe liner plates around openings should be maintained in analysis models, Although the pretressing force decrement rise the displacement at low pressures but this effect gradually reduced by increasing the internal pressure loading. The analysis results show that the ‘temperature has no significant effect on the ultimate pressure capacity 2. Experimental program. As part ofa Cooperative Containment Research Program, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) conducted teston the 1/4scale model of the pre-stressed concrete containment vessel (PCCV) of a real ower plant in Japan, Ohi-3 (Fig. 1)(Hessheimer etal, 2003). ‘The PCCY test model was designed ro simulate the response of the prototype under high pressure accurately. Thus the probable prototype failure modes could be reproduced in the test model. ‘The major part of the experimental plan was performed at two levels of the Limit State Test (LST) and the Structural Failure Mode ‘Test (SFMT) to estimate the inner pressure that causes structural instability. The building was built out of approximately 300mm, thick pre-stressed concrete. 108 circumferential and 90 vertical tendons were implemented in he PCCV cylindrical wall and spher- ical dome. ‘The unbounded tendons were anchored in two buttresses at ‘opposite sides of containment. Reinforcement rebars were placed ‘on both inner and outer faces of the wall along hoop and vertical directions, The entire inner surface of the vessel was covered with the steel liner of 1.6mm thickness. In the vicinity of personal airlock and equipment hatch open- ings, the liner was thicker, tendons were deviated and more reinforcement was also applied to prevent stress concentration (Ghavamian etal, 2007) ‘The final test sequence for the PCCV model is shown in Fig. 2. ‘The design pressure, Py. forthe PCCV model is 0.39 MPa. After sev- eral loadings close to the design pressure Py to ensure the efficient system functionality and checking the leakage rate, the final test ‘was carried out to blow the vessel up to the ultimate capacity First, the PCCV model was pressurized up t0 2.5 Py (0.98 MPa) tO investigate the leakage process. However. the liner tears caused t0 leakage and tensile concrete cracking, but the structural integrity of containment is slightly changed (Ghavamian et al, 2007). ‘To fulfill the test objectives with respect to observing large inelastic deformations and witnessing the structural failure mode, it was required Co continue the loading steps to record of tendons break events, {As the pressure increased, evidence of leakage was visible by increasing wetting of the concrete surface and eventually the vessel burst due to several hoop tendons rupture as illustrated in Fig. 3 (Dameron et al, 2003), 3. FE modeling of containment ‘The geometry of the containment fas been considered iden- tical to what has been illustrated in Fig. 2. The reinforcement is ‘modeled exactly with respect to real construction details. The base of the PWR containment is considered fixed. The surface pressure is applied over the inner surface ofthe liner uniformly. ‘The PCCV model has been meshed with 3D stresselementC3D8R (continuum three dimensional reduced integration eight nodes), Moreover, there have been some linear wedge elements of type 306 and quadratic tetrahedral elements of type C3D10M at the ‘openings and top of spherical zones, respectively. Linear triangular elements of type 53 has been used for the liner covering the inner surface of the pre-stressed concrete ‘To perform the thermal-displacement analysis, the elements have been transformed into thermal-stress ones: C3D8RT, C3DST, CSDIOMT and $3T. The reinforcing and tendon steel has been ‘modeled using 2 nades three-dimensional truss elements (T3D2) of length 1000 mm throughout the containment along the horizon tal and vertical directions. There are total 109,033 elements in the present model with 121,406 nodes, see Fig. 4. A Shook A Root Nac Energon Desig 298 (2016) 41-50 © ameter ston enone (ase, <5 NS) 8 : 4s 2 wosengvau| 2566 nemo] ee sae | Asma o ; oO Tae DOT anes ites Samant design pressure Structural Functionality Test. (05 P,) Structural Integrity Test (1.125 Py) (09?) Integrated Leak Rate Test 1 ‘Time (hrs) Fig. 2, PCV Pressurization Pan Sequence not to scale(Hesheimer eal, 20035) Considering the short-term losses of the pre-stressing force in tendons, the values of 896 MPa and 1250MPa have been assigned as the stress type of initial condition to the circumferential and meridional tendons, respectively. To investigate the role of the pre-stressing force in the PCCY structural behavior, tendons pre- stressing force have been reduced by averagely 25 percentin some analysis cases. Fig 1. eometrc properties af the 1:4-cale PECV mal (Hesseimer el, 2002, ‘ig 3. POCY Model after the Sructua lure Mode Test (Dameron ea, 2002) 4, Constitutive material modeling, ‘The uniaxial constitutive model developed by Chang and Man- der is adopted in the present numerical study as the basis of the stress-strain concrete relation. This constitutive model is an advanced, rule-based, generalized, and non-dimensional model that simulates the behavior of confined and unconfined, ordi- nary and high-strength concrete in both campression and tension (Orakcal et al, 2006). The envelope curves of this model are defined by the intial slope E,, the peak coordination in compres- sion (ff, &2).the peak coordination in tension (,¢:)and the shape ‘A. Stotooia, A. Rabat Nuclar Eien and Design 2982016) 41-50 ig. Complex tendon configuration medeling(Hesseiner eal, 2003), ‘stress, f, ‘Tension Not to seale strain, ¢, Fig. 5. Compression and tension envelopes of Chang and Mander model (Orakeal rel 2006) parameter , see Fig. 5. The Tsai's equation is applied to define the ‘compression and tension envelopes (Orakcal etal, 2006): fe =fy(@)i = Bz (©) a Se =f (©): EF Bee") Q Inthe equations above y(s) and 2() are the non-

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