Chapter 9 Footings ga 92 924 922 9224 9222 923 924 025 926 93. 93.1 932 93a 934 935 936 937 938 Design Procedure Spread Footings, Footing Area. Minimum Thicknass (One Way Shear “Two Way Shear. Flexure Development of Tension Reinforcement Distribution of Reinforcement Plain Concrete Spread Footings Design Examples: Pe Supported Footings Structural Design Model Use of the Tables Pile Configuration Pile Diameter ‘Column Dimensions Effective Depth Reinforcement Design Development of Reinforcement Design Examples: References Design Tables. (PCA Concrete Design Hancbook 9 Footings By Gordon A. Fenton o-2 o~2 9-2 9-2 e-2 o-2 o-3 o-3 o-s3 o-3 ena 9-7 o-7 o-8 e-8 9-9 o-9 o-9 eon e-12 e193 o-18 9-18 G.T. Suter20 and a cross-sectional atea, A, in m2, Tables 8.3 and ‘9.4 have been derived from 195) WS. + SPS aaa — A2R + Go = 1000 funk were T aaggeif + 1000 9) 8 = 0001s Bie) on tay -o2it 2 a) ws 02+ oe be Biot 28 and te and_y_ ae the caunn cies actoa ‘dimensions in.mm and d isin mm. The parameter (2 is {derived ror Clause 13.4.4 and «ss the number of sides of the critical shear section, Note that since fg may cepend on d, Eq, (95) is generally solved iteratively Tables 8:3 and 9.4 are given in non-dimensional form in terms ofthe footing to columa area ratio and the rato di, where be = 1000 x ve mm is the effective columa dimension for, = 2.0. or columns with B > 2.0 or for ‘a. more accurate determination of d for a non-square ‘column, Eq (2.5) should be solved directly, 9.2.3 Flexure Reinforcement areas required for floxure in a tm with of footing are listed in Tables 9.5 and 9.6 as a function of the soil reaction ay, in kN? and footing projection beyond the face ofthe column or wall ai The effective depth d in mm must be known By the signer, using Tables 9.1 109.4, porto entering Tables 98.5 oF 96. The tabular values are based on the flexural requirement A= B85 10 mm (9.9) sole do Nee ‘arab 1000 ay 2.0id + 100) mm*im (minimum reinforcement, Clause 7.81) {_ 700.) fasBrdets bd) wot | ah (maximum reinforcement, Clause 10:2) Tha minimum reinforcement Is computed assuming thatthe distance between the upper layer of ste! anc the base of the footing is about 100 mm. The second con- straint ensures yield of the stoel prior to crushing of the ‘concrete In these equations both i, and { are in MPa and. the parameters u, and areas defined by Clause 10.17 ay = 0.85-0.0015K = 0.67 (2.10) By = 0.97- 0.00284; = 0.67 (any Where numerical values are not shown in the tables, the duetity constraint requirement of Clause 10.5.2 has ‘boen violated and an increased effective depth d mustbe. sed. For (@q--2y!) values less than those shown on the tables, use minimum reinforcement as specified by Clause 7.81 Note that when the cicar span to overall depth ratio (~2,/d)siess than 2, Clause 10.7.1 predicts te footing (OPCA Concrete Design Hardback o— to act as a deep beam. Although this condition has not been considered in Tables 95 and 96, it should be checked by the designer in lght ofthe diferent flexural and increased anchorage requirements of deep beams. For the flexural analysis of deep beams, Park and Pau: lay? suggest the use ofa reduced ever arm, 2, such that 41d = MiVy for dy/M =1.0 (9.12) 2=12M, for YIM =20 (9:19) where My and Vs are the moment and shear acting atthe face of the column. The required steel area ie then obtained from In the case of deep beam action, additional anchor. age requirements apply since tne arching action means. that the steel stress remains significantly higher than that. Predicted by the normal flexural model. in leu of a os- tailed analysis accountng for both the reduction in steel sess along the bar and development iength test results, itis recommended that standard hooks be provided at the outside edge of the footing whenever the spread footing acis as a deep beam, 9.2.4 Development of Tension Reinforcement When the clear cover to the reinforcements greater ‘hand where dish nominel bar ameter in mm, 3nd ven the clear spacing between basis restorthan 2, ‘han the development length spectied by Clause 122 may be used. Assuming that only sight bare il be Used ending 75 mm ‘rom tno edge of fhe footing, tien ‘he maximum bar dameter ean De found from dg « SE 20-0.07515 1000 max de = "9 45k: kokakaly where the parameters k;, kz. ky and ky are as specified by Clause 1224. For uncoated bars. normal density ‘concrete. and distance between the reinforcement and base ofthe footing less than 300 mim, ky = kz = Ka = 1.0. For No, 20 and smaller bars, ky = 0.8, oterwise ky = 1.0. Table 9:7 isis the development lengths required under these conditions fo various bar sizes. (0.18) 9.2.5. Distribution of Reinforcement According to Clause 15.4.4, a certain percentage of the total reinforcement in the short direction af ractangur Jar spread footings shall ba concentrated over a wicth ‘equal the length ofthe short side ofthe footing or equal to the length ofthe supported wall or column, whichever is greater. This percentages 100 ~ 2st) where Bis the ‘aio of the long to shor side of he footing. The remainder ofthe reinforcement sto be placed outside of his stip. ‘When itis desirable to space the bars in the short direction uniformly, to expt eid work and minimize the possibilty of error, mulply the total calculated reinforce: ‘ment area in the short direction by 2jv(B+1). 9.2.6 Plain Concrete Spread Footings Inplain or unvelntorced concrete footings, the flexural tensile stress in the concrete must not exceed fs 0.adg vi (9.16) as specified by Clause 22 6 5. Based on flexural tensile stresses, the minimum effective depth of plain concrete footing can be expressed as a function of Is projection, agin, as be = Kaa (9.17)Caleulations and Discussion: 1 Determine minimum effective depth required by one way shear for dy, = 450 kNim® ay = (25 -05)/2 - 10m (Table 9.1) d= 490mm 2, Determine required Ay afd = 1000490 = 2.04 > 2, therfbrenotadeenbeam yea = 450 KN (Table 9.5) A, = 1423 mmtimn width = 8897 mm? 3. Find maximum bar size that can be developed in distance , ~ 0.075 = 0.025 m fort, = 400 MPa, able 9.7) ax, th = No, 25 se 29 No. 20 bars in short direction (provided A, = 8700 mm) 4, Compute total footing depth (823.1-94 Clause 12.6 2) = (@)+ Yelbar dla) + (cover) use, = 600 mm Redesign as an unreinforced footing or structural plain concrete ‘5. Find the required minimum depth for ap = 1.01, Gar = 450 kNim?, {:= 20 MPa (Table 9.9), Ky #1130 (€q.9.17) hhy = Kop = 1190 mm p+ 50 = 1180 mm by two way shear | seein” (CPCA Concrete Design Handbook use ty = 1200 mm Note: since hy > a the critcal shear plane lies outside the footing. Thus shear capacity is acceptable (Clause 22.6 6), Example 9.4 —Two Way Square Footing: Minimum Depth and Required Reinforcement Determine the minimum footing thickness and re- quired inloccement for the spread footing shown. ‘Assume the footing o be square and use f; = 0 MPa, 1, = 400 MPa, and a factored soil bearing capacity of 625 kNimn®. Loading is concentric and vertically applied. ‘The column concrete strength is ¢= 40 MPa The column. 15500 mm square and supports service loads of 3800 kN dead and 725 lve. Caleulations and Discussion: 1. Required footing area 4) factored column load P, = 1.25(9800) + 1.5(725) = 5840 KN ) assume footing is o be buried so that (wy ~ w,) is negligible, ©) required footng area (€q.9.1) Ay = 58400625 = 9.34 m? hy =>) = A= 31m Provide a3.1.% 9.1 m square footing (Ay= 9.61 a) 2. Determine minimum footing thickness a) one way shear requirement ay = (G4 ~ 08)2=1.30m (69.92) Ga) = PI/A, = $840/9.61 = 810 KNIn? {Table 9.2) 6 = 718mm one way shear toy 1 | | Hl 1 1 |Example 0.5 —Two Way Rectangular Footing: ‘Thickness and Reinforcement Determine the required thickness and reinforcement for the column and footing shown “Two way shear / wibutary area Calculations and Discussion: 1. Minimum d required by one way shear for ay = 1.80 m and qy, «300 kN (Fable 9.1) d= 780mm 2. Minimum ¢ required by two way shear for AA = (66 < 30\(1.0 % 06)=23 (Table 9.3) dh, «0.78 forthe = VAs =770 mm (B= 1.67 « 20K) {6 = 0.78(770) = 600mm a0 mm 4. Compute A, eauitedin the longeecton cneck or deep beam acton ud» 18007780 = 29 > 2, threo noxmal fear eaten cual (200)3.8)2= 97240 (Tale 851 Ay = 1918 mmm 230» 1918 (Clause 72.) + 0002(2000)780 +100) (64915) mat dy = (26°(18 ~ 0075) - t000}(048 » 400) 23 Use 12 No. 25 bars @ 250 mm cle (provided A, = {6000 min*) OK 4, Compute A, required in short direction ccheak for deep beam action 2a [6 = 1200780 = 1.54 < 2, therelore doep beam atten use Park and Paulay’s reduced lever arm®> 2 =0.4id + MV) =0.41d + a2) = 0.4(780 + 1200/2) «552 mm [Rg = My/(O3 2) = 0.585 dr Dy fy 2) = O5¢1-2}%300)/4600) - 1000i(0.85 ~ 400 = $52) 234 rat (Clavse 78.1) += 0,002(46009(780 + 100) = 8096 mm? (E4.9.5) max de = (Y20(1.2 ~ 0.075) ” 1000)'0.45 * 400) 28 Use 17 No, 25 bars (A, prov = 8500 mm?) [Anchor bars at outside edge with standard hooks {ue to deep beam action} ‘5, Check short direction bar distrbution (Clause 15.4.4) pa 4604159, 525-079 ‘Agg =0.79(8096) = 6396 mm? Provide 13 No. 25 bars within central 30 m bandwidth (@ 250 mm cic ‘and 2 No. 25 bars at each end @ 350 mm cic ‘Aternatively provide A, = (2B + 1)KB096) = ‘9792 mme (or 20 No. 25 bars @ 290 mm cle throughout. 93, PILE SUPPORTED FOOTINGS 9.3.1. Structural Design Mode! Pe caps aro three- dimensional structural slements for which existing code requirements are not cleaty defined In general, ile spacings such thatthe plan size of te ple supported footng versus the footing thickness fesults in deep beam or aching acon in the footing In {his case the appropriate design approach imolvesusing thar ong of avarey of stut and tl models or Park and Paulays © reduced lever arm model. Attra review of the literatura (500, fo oxampie. references 9.1 trough 913), he following Ive design models were Wentied as possible candidates: 1) Strutand:te mode! used for reinforcement areas and anchorage requirements only. Etfective foo ing depth is governed by one and two way shear ‘equrements (Clauses 11.3 and 13.4). Pile and column areas are governed by bearing stress requirements of Clause 10.8. Park and Paulay’s reduced lever arm model for reinforcement areas. wih) anchorage require- ments according 10 the srutard-te model Etlecive feating depth is governedby eno and wo way shear requirements (Clauses 11.3 and 124). Pil and column areas are governed bythe bear ing svess requirements of iause 103 ‘Siruvand-tie madel used fr reinforcement areas and anchorage requrements. Eiectve footing septhis governed by one and two way shear requlremants (Clauses 11.3 and 13.4) as well as, by bearing stress limtaions according fo Adebar el al. °°, Pile and columa areas are also {governed by the same bearing siess imiatons {inereased ple and column areas allow de- creased efectve depths to some extent) Sttutandé-te model used fc reinforcement areas anchorage requirements, effective fecting depth and ple and column areas (Clause 11.5). 2 a 4 (PCA Concrete Design Handbook 8-7{valid he load is not concentric orititis known thatthe Bile cap is relatively flexble or piles have markedly ferent axial stitnesses.n the pile cap tables, the factor (W.-W) is assumed to be negligible compared to P,and so has been ignored ‘The shape and size ofthe footing o: ple cap is usually determined on the basis o he required pile spacing. This dimension would normally be specified by the soll eng eer to avoid overload ofthe soll mass under the footing. Inthe pile cap tables, a pile spacing of three times the pile diameter. center to center, has been assumed. 9.3.4 Pile Diameter noe the pile cap configuration nas been established, the factorec column load. Ps divided by the number of piles to obiain the effective pie reaction, Qy-= Py/Np. The pile diameter, dg, must be computed such thatthe bear- ing stress at the 109 of the pile is less than the stress alowed by Adebar etal. °° f= 010.6% + 6upei 21) where a (2.228) \ he) =0.23(/*-1) (9.220) 8 at] ( and the ratio Aviat is the same as that used in Clause 40.8.1 with A; = Ap, the pile area. The rato hs Jb, s the height to width ratio of the compression sirut ‘acting between the pile and the column, In all cases, the pile is assumed to be circular in cross-section so that the pile areas Ay « 0.25nd2 and (Pe 98 Nay 7 7a whenever d > 3dp/4, where eg is the minimum distance between the pile center and the edge of the footing. In the pile caps, the edge distance ey is selected as the ‘greater of 400 mm of 2d, 80 that the YAg/Ap factor is ‘ever lass than 4.0 (giving «= 1), Note that this attempt to maximize c sometimes results in quite large edge distances, but the alternative would be quite large pile iameters. it was felt that minimizing the required pile diameter is better than minimizing the edge distance. ‘Adebar®® suggests that he height to width rato heb, for ples may be approximated by dd, Since both d and p are unknown at this point in the calculations (the footing dimensions depending on the pile spacing which is assumed to be 3dg). the rato did is initially approxi- mated as being 2.5 (giving = 0.5). The actual bearing stress over the pile must be rechecked once d has been estimated for the footing. it, at this point, d< 2.5dp, then the bearing stress check may fail and d will have to be increased Using «= 1.0 and b assumed to be 0.5, the bearing force over the pile is imited by pr = 06 (0.6, + BV) A, (9.24) trom which the minimum pile diameter can be found as. RO, x 1000) mpe(0.616 + SVE) for Ope in kN and fz in MPa, Pile diameters listed in the tables have been rounded up to the next higher 50 mm with a minimum of 200 mm. Bearing stresses acting within the pile itself must be chacked by the designer. Note that the pile diameter is chosen here on the basis of allowable bearing stresses over the pie, and not fon the basis ofloads and pile capacity as provided by the (9.23) 4p nm (9.25) PCA ConereteD geotechnical engineer. Since this choice also aects the pile spacing and thus the pile cap dimensions, it is ‘admittedly a questionable approach, but is necessary in the absence of a complete geotechnical description of the site (which wouldlead 1a much more complicated and extensive tables). 9.3.5 Column Dimensions The column dimensions, Ne and b, shown in the ple ‘cap tables are arranged in 3 groups of two for each factored column load, P,. Each group of two corresponds. toatixed column aspect ato, bin, and the fst element gives the minimum column area required to salisty Ade- bars bearing stress limitations (see Eq. 9.21), ‘The second element of each of the 3 groups is ob- tained ftom the frst by incrementing h by 200 mm, The. Column aspect ratios used are as folows; for the square pile caps (N,=4, 5, and 9), beh, was sotto 1/1, 72, and 2/1. For the non-square pile caps, be ‘he was Set to 1/1 372, and 2/3. Al! column dimensions are rounded up 19 the next Gosest 10 mm, For the computation ofthe allowable column bearing stress, the height to width ratio heb, 18 approximated by 2alhgy, where hy = vhgb,. is an éfective column dimer: sion In that the column dimensions must be known prior to finding d (for one and twa way shear calculators), the allowable bearing stress computed using Eq. (9.21) was ‘obtained under the assumption that ¢ = 1500 mm which almost alvays ensures that « = 1 and = 1. The column bearing stress is then rechecked after @ has been est mated and d is increased it Eq, (8.21) is violated, This generaly results in column gimensions which are the minimum allowed by Eg. (3.21), somotimes at the ex- nse of increased effective depths. Note that no provision has teen made in the compu- tation of the minimum column dimensions. hx befor transier of load by continuing compression dowels (even though these may be present). This is primarily in ac- knowledgement of the fact that the strut-and-tie model Used here limits the compressive stress in the conerele sivuts and nodal regions ard thatthe compressive struts vil not ikely ie along the compression dowels. Bearing stresses acting within the column itself must be checked by the designer. Continuing compression dowels pro- vided to satisfy bearing stress viclations in the column itself should alsa be avoided unless the effect they have ‘on the stut and tie geometry is accounted forin a rational fashion, 2.3.6 Effective Depth ‘The effective depth, dlisted in the pile cap tables for various combinations of factored column load ‘and column dimensions are derived as the maximum required by: 1) one way shear of footing corner (dagonel shear fblane) due to reaction of a single pile, as shown in Figure 9.1 and as cequired by Clause 13.¢.6.2. The resulting required effective depth is limited to being Jess than that value which would cause the shaat ‘section to intersect the column plus 50 mm.One way ‘shear around pile groups has been ignored in the pile ‘cap tables and must be investigated on an individual basis by the designer, Examples of such potential shear sections around pile groups are shown in Figure 34 2) two way shear of footing due to reaction of a single Bile located along the side of a footing, as shown in Figure 82 and as requred by Clause 13.4.2. For ign Hanebook s—9It should also be noted that the effective dapths listed In the pile cap tables ae the minimums required by shear and bearing considerations and do nat nacessarlly cor respond to the optimum design. Often, using increased effective depths results in less te reinforcement (unless the tie reinforcement is governed by minimum reinforce ‘ment requirements of Clause 7.8.1), which in some casesmay lead toa more economical design and a better structural elament. Since the costs associated with the Materials and construction are not considered in this Handbook. the minimum depth criteria is used 10 estab: fish the tabulated values. 8.3.7 Reinforcement Design ‘tor inding the effective depth according to shear and bearing requirements, the fctng i checked to see ift acts as adoop beam. The crferen used is provided by Park and Pauay® if. VM = 70 then the footing atts. a6 a doep beam end a sutane-e mode is used {orth reinforcement dasign; otternse normal flexural theory i used. Al ple caps presented nthe tables wore found to act as deep beans under this eterion anc \Viare te factored moment and snearorce acting athe face of tho calm {in the drecton giving He largest value of VM) computed under the assumption that he Die reaction, Qe, aes at ho centroid ofthe pe ine case normal Rexral ation, tne design ofthe {ootng flows very ceselythe design of spread footings utined in provous secon. Normal foxural ection ‘ight be found when the fooing Ie sunported on a arge ‘umber of pls. Whon te ootng acts asa deep beam, the reinforcement must be provided inthe form of tos spanning ‘rom pie tpl as show in each pile ca tase ‘This reiforerment esto te te truso model ogetior Figure 9 ilusrats the satan te model used to btn the requited einforoement areas. The indhsval compressive struts are assumed to point conservatively atthe column ports forthe ectangularorquaro plo aps (Np= 2.45.6 8, and), that. ata pont 2 of the way’ between the column center andthe colunon face(s) closest othe ple (measured in the two coord nae drecons when the pie located cagonly fom the column). For the nonectanguar ple cans (Ry and 7}, te compressive struts ae located at he eesost compression point tothe pile on the perimeter ofa cirle of radius min (he boi centered at the column center. These choices ensure that the force system remains as symmetric as Possible, allowing the forces tobe computed.on the basis of the analysis of a reduced number of struts. The tie reinforcement eequirements for the square pile caps (N, = 4. 5. and 9) will thus dtfer somewhat in the two coordinate directions when the column isnot square. is, Suggested that to reduce possible placement errors, the higher tie reinforcement requirement be used in both directions, where appropriate For al the pile caps considered, the individual ples have one compressive strut and ties in at most two directions acting aver it and the te forces can be evalu- ated separately at each pile to satisty statics. Figure 9.6 shows the truss geometry in a vertcal plane along the ‘compressive strut and in plan view, The compressive force in the strut is guen by Fy = (tid) Qy, and the horizontal components given by f= [om (9.26) For two tle forces acting at horizontal angles @ and 8. and Fy acting atthe horizontal angle 8. te ts forees. are given generally by tan 82 cos Fy =F (9.278) "= Fh) sin, ~ tan cos 8 | Fy = Ff Se Ha 08) 2 * P| singe —tan a; cos A | Formany othe pile caps. y=0 and 6 =1n/2,in which cease equations (9.27) reduce to Fr, =F 00s (9.28a) Fr,=Frsinge (9.280) (Once the total tie force Fr has been determinad for an individual tie, he roquired reinforcement area is (9.270) 1000%Fr ie eh, where F isn KN and i in MPa, (2.29) onTo provide for additional ductity in the footing, use 7-20M bars @ 60 mm in each tle contered over the piles and 6-20M bars @ 180 mm in each direction ‘istrbuted in the region between ties. 4, Plla cap thickness ‘y= 1.Sd + 150 = 950 + 1.5(20) + 150= 130mm. Use = 1150. mm 5, Summary of Design ies Example 9.7 — Design of 9 Pile Cap Determine the footing thickness and reinforcement requirements for the symmetric 9 pile footing supporting ‘a rectangular column as shown. Given afaciored column load of $000 kN. use {: = 20 MPa and f, = 400 MPa (CPCA Concrete Design Handbook Caleulations and Discussion: 1, Determine minimum required etfective dept, 6 (Table 9.172) for P(= $000 KN, hy = be= S10 x 760 < provided 550% 850, select d = 1250 mm (governed by bearing under column) See note in Example 9.6 2. Check shear around ple groupe An inspection of the pile cap configuration indicates that one way comer shear ofthe three piles in any of the pile cap corners will not occur singe the column intersects the critical shear section. Similar, the two ‘way cftical shear section around any two outer piles also intersects the column cross-section so this mode of allure is unlikely. Thus the selected etfectve depth ‘d= 1250 mm is acceptable Semegow bone 9-13itt, = 600mm then Ap =9500 x 2450. 8575 ~ 410° mime ‘80 that VAQIA, = 4.72 (€9.9.22a} 2 =0.38(6.72 ~ 1) =1.23 = 1.0, use 0 (Ea. 9.220) prose’ = 1)=tifd >1240mm assume Bot (€q.921) allowable fy = 0.6(0.6120) + 6,0) = 23.3 MPa Provided t, = (7500 1000V(350 x 1100) 485 MPa <23.3 MPa, OK Note: since the colurmn bearing stress must be re: ‘checked again once d has been determined. tis not actually necessary to check it at this point in this ‘example. This step wouid normaly only be performed {io estmate the minimum column area, # required Minimum effective depth from one way shear at corner pile, dy (Clause 15.3) vy (Cause 134.62) by = 202ey + 05hor +d] = 2280 + cy Vy = 1000 < Qy=1.25 ¥ 10°N Vs = Wake VE Bods = a (0.61520 (2290 + 6s) dh 6834 6 + 6145y04) (Clause 11.3.5.2) a = 260/(1000 + ds zor (Clause 11.3.5.1) =02 ‘equating = Vjgives 8145+ VETS + 42.6811. 252105 22.685¥.) 112.mm, soved tert (vg = 0.1231) check for intersection of diagonal shear plane with column 1 oa = Selby — Rew by —b)—20Be4 — hen = 892 mm < dy = 1112. mm [choose d; = dey + 50 = 942 em rca sr ston Ss oA, fone f uA (PCA Concrete Design Handbook Micimum effective depth trom two way shear at edge ple, de (See Figure 8.2) (Clause 13.4.3.1) by = 2105+ Ren +d) = 2(700 + 310 + dp) = 2020 + 26) (Clause 13.4.4) Vp =042 0606 bade 26704403 « 54200%, 42 (Clause 13.4.4) Dg = 02(1 + 2B.) = 0.211 +2)=0.6 2+ 0,d2ib, (ag=3in his case) 204 equating V;= V; gives dg = Sita NERO + 416.9670441 2507 ® 216.3672) = 410 mm (Q4=0.4) Minimum effective depth from one way shear at column, dy check in long direction (Clause 11.3.2), by = 2450 mm (Clause 11.3.5.2) Vi = Wai de ME bp ds = 6573 yas Vy = H@Qp)=2.5 x 10%r here 18 the faction ofthe pile ouside the etic ‘shear section; (solved iteratively since both V; and ws depend on 6) checkin short direction (Clause 11.3.2) bbe. = 3800 mm (Clause 11.352) Vi = Wah de WE ba ds = 9391 vets Vi = 11805) =3.75 * 10% where ris the traction of the pile outside the critical shear secton: 1 4 yb) 65 eye re a 380 ° 200 since r=0 fords = 587 mm, the long direction governs (shear section is outside piles in short direction)28 Fr, = Be, = o.ss2x 108 N Fry _ 0.940% 10° «te = or ° Ae B54,” (0.85800) ~ 765mm 190 i E--Z) 350 a | FO @ ws Fry _ 0.892% 10° ° Bet, 7 (@.B5x400, ~ 564r0r" 1 Total footing depth (assume 20M bars) Wad 5d, + 150» 1080 + 1.5(20) + 150=1210 mm use y= 1250 mm 12.Chack minimum reinforcement (Clause 7.8.1) intong direction Ay = 0.002(2450)(1250) = 6125 mm? > 2A, = 5880 mm? Use As, « 6125/2 = 3063 mm? in short direction cya = 0.002(3500)(1250) = 8750 mm? > 2A... 4683 mm? use A,, = 87505 ~ 2817 mm? 13. Anchorage requirements available f4 = eg + 0.5d, ~ 75 = 700 + 175 ‘800 mm 0, nthe long direction, use 11 - 20M bars in each of ‘wo tes (provided A, = 3900 mm? per ie, required fq = 644 800 mm, Ok) in the short direction, use 10 - 20M bars in each of three ties (provided A, = 3000 mm per tie) To provide for additional ductity in the footing, inthe long direction use § -20M bars @ 60 mm in each of two ties centered over the piles and 4 - 20M bars @ 120 mm cistributod between tho tie. In the short irecton, use 8 -20M bars @ 60 mmin each of three ties contored over the plies and 3 - 20M bars @ 160 mm in each of the two regions between tes. B= 14. Summary of design vee th) et] um tert pe a = ’ in Te “ aTable 9.2 Effective depth d required by one-way shear action on spread footings {= 30 MPa Par Beraton __Values of eective depth dia mm ‘p (m) (kim?) [0.20640 060 0.80 100 420 740 160 480 200 220 too [160 150 150 150 150 158 185 211 208 264 291 350 | 150 150 150 150 186 223 260 207 gaa 390 445, | 200 | 180 150 150 187 233 280 353 300 458 526 598 250 | 150 150 165 220 276 337 409 484 565 @st 743 300 150 150 188 25 316 S04 47a S68 G54 765. O72 | 950 | 150 150 208 278 357 446 542 644 752 868 987 151 227 203 985 494 599 712 891 986 1087 #50 180 169 244 929 429 «597 51 772 900 1094 1174 500 150 178 259 354 481 576 698827 962 1109 1250, 550 150 192 273 976 489 GIT 799.875 1017 Hed 1317, 600 150 191 288 396 S16 S43. 77 918 1065 1218 1375 850 150 189 288 415 599 672 att 967 1109 1266 1407 700 350 206 311 432 S81 698 Bt2 902 1148 1908 1473 750 380 213 922 448 S81 722 870 1023 1169 to48 1514 800 150 220 333 462 G00 744 895 1052 1214 1281 1551 850 150 205 343 476 O17 764 919 1078 1249 1411 1504 800 150 231 359 488 632 789 940 1102 1260 1440 tote 850 150 236 361 800 989 1124 1203 1465 1641 1000150 281 369 816 978 1144 1315 1489 1660 1100150250 34 B44 1010 1180 1353 1520 1710, 1200 150 258. 997 869 1037 1210 1996 1565. 1747 100 150 266 409 890 1062 1257 14315 1596 1400 150 272 420, 908 1063 1260 1440. 1622 1500 150 278429 926 1101 1260 1452 1648 se: Goto eeece cy « 040 a nan chee. Nom eect spt eben colar seseng 1) Sera shea roquremaris Covste aa TE 2) imam dose reqaramona aus 1971 (OPCA Concrete Design Handoook 1246 1366 1470 1558 1636 1703 1761 ata 1859 1900 1007 1970 2000 2028 2076 216 215 2181 22082 o-19Table 9.4 Effective depth d required by two way shear action on spread footings supporting eolumns with aspect ratios not exceeding 2.0 OMPa ‘a footing areain me, ‘A, = column area In m? Fr oreules, polygonal, orrectanguar columns with aspect ratios not exceeding 2.0, use hy + square coluran tn = etcal shear section V/A Values of footing fo colurnn arearatio.Ay/ Ae er ihe - i (kim?) “OS 06 07 08 09 10 14 12 13 14 18 16 17 18 19 20 300 417 530 855 730 935 109 126 144 163 182 209 225 249 279 208 304 150 285 362 446 S37 636 741 B54 974 110 124 198 153 168 105 202 219 200 220 278 342 411 485 566 651 742 829 941 105 116 128 140 153 167 250 180 228 279 985 996 461 530 604 G82 764 85.1 943 104 114 124 195, 300 154 194 237 285 336 391 469 51.1 577 G47 720 797 87.7 962 105 114 350 125 170 208 249 293 540 391 445 502 562 626 623 762 836 S12 99.1 s, ,800 124 152 185 222 261 303 248 995 446 499 555 61.4 676 741 BOB 879 ASO 110 138 168 201 236 274 314 35.7 402 450 501 554 60S 667 728 79:1 500 101 127 154 184 216 250 287 328 967 41.1 457 505 556 608 664 721 550 942 117 143 170 200 231 265 30.1 339 379 421 405 512 580 61.1 654 600 882 11.0 193 159 186 215 267 280 315 352 991 492 475 G20 SET BIS 650 892 103 125 149 174 202 231 262 295 329 366 404 444 426 52.0 575, 700 788 977 118 141 165 190 218 247 277 31.0 344 380 418 457 49.8 541 750 75! 929 112 183 186 180 208 233 263 293 925 359 395 422 470 511, 800 7.48 887 107 127 148 171 196 222 249 278 309 341 375 410 406 ‘41 850 689 850 109 121 142 164 187 212 238 265 294 325 957 390 425 461) 900 663 B17 964 117 136 157 179 203 2268 254 282 311 941 373 406 441) 950 640 787 948 112 181 151 172 195 218 244 270 298 327 357 Jag 422) 4000 619 761 915 108 126 145 166 187 210 234 260 206 914 349 37.4 405) 1300 Set 715 G88 101 11.8 196 158 175 196 218 242 265 202 519 347 977) 1200 554 677 810 955 111 128 145 164 184 205 227 250 274 299 926 953 1300 5.28 644 770 908 105 121 138 185 174 194 214 236 259 282 207 333 1400 507 617 795 865 100 115 131 148 165 184 203 224 245 268 291 315 1500_488 593 7.06 829 9.60 110 125 141 158 178 194 213 294 955 27.7 300, ow Conse estes ac 0.80 has bean alain bl ves. Ces wath aspect aes ite ran 20 neta coneceed Gon wai Sone Aso ini aphasia 18 meat be Scat» 80 [SPCA Gonerate Design HancbookTable 95(b) St f | sede? | kN) “00 so &oo to bo 00 1000 1209 103 {600 1200 200 200 00 200 2200 000 $500 ‘000 ‘00 5200 | S00 | seco &s00 4000 7500 = Sel weas shawn abate on en nd risirum enbrcemert agate 50 sie 13001350 1398 1350 ead 1619 1997 3899 2308 2190 2522 2408 2ou7 2792 3620 2421 4303 4081 5093 4778 5010 5519 2000 7787 gate 600 1400 1400 1539 1810 2086 2967 2654 3284 3861 4506 5186 5906 6675 7508 8408 ous Par Values of in mm? required in @ 1 m wich of footing 025 50 1450 1472 1730 1692 2259 2530 2087 3666 4268 4099 5561 6260 To02 7798 eee 2614 650 1500 +500 1500 1657 1907 2160 2818 2946 3aa1 4057 4646 5260 590 581 7298 063 8886 675 1550 1550 1550 1590 1828 2071 2316 2818 3335 3859 4422 4996 6218 6874 7565 228 10386 700 1600 1600 1600 1600 1757 1988 2223 2701 3188 3698 4201 4761 5321 5902 6507 74 7807 9652 tevaton (mm) 1650 1700 1650 1700 1650 1700 1650 1700 1691 1700 1913 1949 2137 2058 2594 2497 3063. 2945 3545 3408 4040 3875 4850 4359 5077 4087 5621 5370 6186 5900 e772 64a, 7385 7016 9052 8545 10994 10275 1750 1750 1750 4750 178 1985 2406 2836 3275 ee PA, ON) 100 +800 1e09 1800 1800 1818 2322 2735 3158 1850 1900 2000 1850 1809 2000 4850 1900 2000, 4850 1900 2000 1850 1800 2000 1855 1900 2000 2245 2172 2041 2642 2555 2398 3046 2944 2761 9725 3687 3459 3941 3129 4188 4658 5144 5646 6159 6690 8106 9678 4027 4877 4938 sae 5008 6399 772 9168 3880 3745 3504 4ait 4158 Saad 4781 4578 4272 5201 5008 4666 5683. 5447 5058 6136 5897 5478 7973 7072 6540 8724 8331 7683 12820 11473 10783 10200 9696 8860 ‘oui sutinan ctr ntaced sacar ec dan mune reseed as Clause 103.2) (GPCA Gonerete Design Handbook 12 11856 11200 10146 13781 12896 11546 —— 725780775 800825 “850900 B50 7000 1750 1800 1860 1900 zoo 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2260 2600 2048 5253 3648 4007 4372 4744 sit 6098 m2 ares 9019 10531 200 zen 220; Boo ea 2200 a0 2 20 oer za, ata 3440! a8 ue dace aie to ces vei | 644 | ol 13096 11895 10862 13259 12080 14842 18393 485 14ga8' Clause 78, Where mural vues ar ot shown regure ie oakTable 9.6(b) Steel areas per 1.0 m width for spread footings. = 30 MPa, = 400 MPa HCE TET gen Pum, ke) Pan lesson ‘Values of A, in mm? required in a 1 m width of footing _ am) 600625650. G75” 700725750 7715 G00 635s) 0609501000] ‘400 1480 1500 1556 1600 50 1700 1750 1800. 1860 1600 2000” 2700” 2200 {400 1450 1500 1560 1600 ses0 1700 1750 1800 1850 1800 2000 2100 2900 1515 1451 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1780 1800 1880 1800 2000 2100 2200 1777 1701 4632 1868 1600 1650 1700 1780 1800 1860 1800 2000 2100 2200 dos2 1954 1873 1799 1731 1668 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 2000 2100 2200 2310 2208 2117 209 1955 1883 1818 1754 1800 1860 1900 2000 2100 2200 2801 2467 2569 2288 2181 2100 2025 1955 1881 1880 1900 2000 2100 2200 3133 2992 2069 2745 2030 2598 246? 2061 zo62 208 2199 2014 2100 2200 3692 8528 Sa73 5232 S109 2004 2074 2779 2670 a5eT 2509 2300 2229 2200 $280 4077 3698 5727 3576 9437 9900 9190 080 2979 2009 2110 2558 2420 5445 5143 4877 4600 4809 4299 4057 2097 9749 S813 407 3970 3261 30B4 2889 2735 8155 5802 SiGe S217 4971 4749 dodo 4065 4187 G0H2 9809 S767 S643 S420 3204 3080 8897 6485 G125 S510 5529 5277 So4D O42 4052 4470 4917 4169 4000 STO1 3862 3368 2400} 7673 Tiad 6782 Gi2i 6102 5817 S660 5927 S115 4901 4741 A578 A4o2 41a6 9009 3580 ze00 | 3409 704 7451 7os1 5890 6370 Gaee Sez2 S008 S070 S172 4908 4819 51d 260 4042 2800 | 9352 8709 8167 7702 7296 6937 6616 6327 6066 5827 5608 S407 5220 4886 4595 4338) 3000 | 10272 9503 #900 8375 7919 7518 7162 GB40 G54 262 6062 S881 5527 S263 4086 A667, 3600 |12918 11785 10003 10181 9572 9048 8560 G169 7819 7491 71e2 E920 6559 6224 S639 3500 4000 | 13223 12211 11382 10707 10120 9607 9154 G749 984 BOSE 7749 7214 6756 5055) 4500 | 14577 13489 12595 1179 11194 10572 10076 9699 9204 8872 8238 7658 7201] 5000 14596 13608 12769 12091 11486 r0Bd9 19472 10049 9297 8668 8120) 5500 18670 146411 13736 12001 12945 11776 11268 10396 S668 9049) £000 16684 15565 14622 19897 19157 12557 11540 10708. 9906, 6500 | 17579 16411 15446 14690 19829 12705 1178 10971 7000 Joana ¥7219 t62t8 15372 19089 12087 1197, 7500 9184 17959 16994 15911 200 19681 18693 16713 500 20515 18213 | 3300 19894 9500 2st “10000 1000 | St sta own atc on ena a inayat racuremens (ioe 7. ere urea valves av shown gute tases ‘ud stn ov ovr sented Sean oases Soom a mat ead ase Sse 1.52) (CPCA Concrete Design HandbookTable 9.10(a) Two pile supported footing, 1; = 30 MPa, fy = 400 MPa a 4 Cem 10mm oh bd Sh Ae (KN) (emem) (ram) | (onm)_(emem) (mm) (mm) (mmm) _(mam) (moe?) 00 200 200/ 300 1400 800 200 400 768 400 400/300 1400800200 400 7584 200 300/300 1400800200 400 768" 400 600} 300 1400 800200 400 768" 300 200/300 1400 800 200 400 768" s00___390| 300, 1490 _00_200 400__7688_1; +000 210] 4201750 1000 500 i200" 2 | 410| 400° 1750 1000 250 500 1160" | 300} st0° 1750 1000 250 500 1180" 500 1750 1000 250 500. 1160° | 200 1750 1000 250 500 1160° 330 490° _1750_1000__250._780_500_1160* 1500 260260 +1780 1000” 250 500. 1660" 460450 1759 1000 250 230 340 6408 1750 1000 250, 430 650, 640% 1750 1000 250, seo 210] 6408 1750 1000 250 520__a50| gaa®_1750_1000__250. [000-900 s00-;-700 “23001200 300 600 21128 3696" | 500 500 7008 2100 1200 300 600 2112" 3696" | 250 370/700" 2100 1200 300 900 600 2112" 696 | 450 680| 710 2100 1200 300 900600 2136* 37384) 360__240/ 700° 2100 7200 300 900 600 21128 36a 560" 370 700% 21001200 990 900 600 2112" 39 2500 330°~380 750° 24501400 a50 1050 700 2604* 4557") 530 530 750° 2450 1400 350 1050 700 2604* 4557" 270 400 750% 2450 1400 350 1050 700 2604" 4557" 470 70. 7408 2450 1400 350 1050 700 2576" 4508" #10 270, 7408 2450 1400 350 1050 700 2576" 4508" 610 410 | 750° 2450 _ 1400 eo 1950. 700. Bonet ss8 7 3000 360-360] 780" 2800 1600 300-3072" 576° Seo S00 780° 2800 1600 400 1200 600 Sore! sare® 300 440 7808 2800 1600 400 1200800 3072" 5376" 500 750 770° 2800 1600 400 1200 800. 3040" 53208 440 800. 7a0 2800 1600 400 1200 800 3072" 376" 40___430 77052800 1600 400 1200800 9040" 5320 | Gomes ly ten etar a 2 gees 2m show @ pe 3 frees tnay nen @ cokan 4 Svrecy 2 shee @ clu 5 Gowned oy pe Ceanrg eee, ¢ Soon yore bes sas 500 1640 500 1640" 500 1640% 500 1640° 2870" | 500 1e40*_2azc | (CPC Conerote Design HankookTable 9.11(a) Three pile supported footing, | 20MPa, , = 400 MPa a en hy ec Le) (omen) (mm) enemy (mmm) (mm) (mem) (mum)_(mem)_(mmn) | 760 200” 200 | s20" 1400 1320 200 © 600400 400 #00 300-1400 «1320-200 600400 200 300 30014001320 200 © 600400, 400 600 300 14001320 200 © 600 400. 300 200 | 300 1400 1320 200 © 800400. __-500__390_|_300,__1400_1920 290. _600__400_776% 1500 -260~«260:+| «500 1750 «+1650 250 «750 500 460 460 | 4008 1750 1650 250 750 500, 210 aio | Sto" ©1750 1650 250750500, 410 620 | 400° 1750 1650250750500 320 210 S00 «1750 1650250750 «500 1374" 520___950_| 400% 1750 1650250750 500_172" 2060-960” 3807908 1750 1650250750 ~—<500~—1809* 560 560 | G40? 1750 1650 250 750 «500 «1657° 200 430; 7308 1750 1650 250 750-800 «18998| 490 740 | 408 1750 1650250 «750500 1 450 900 | 700° 1750 1650 250750500 | 50430 | 640 17501650259 750 $00_ 1657 | 3000 400~—«400~» 820% 2100 1980 300-900 00 600 | 700° 2100 1880 300 © 900600 330 490 | 800° 2100 1980 300 900600 330 800 | 700° 2100 1980 300 900 600, { 500-340 | 8308 $2100 1980 300 900600 7oo___470_| 7108 2109 1980 _300__900__600 3750 440440] @B0" 2450 2310 950 1050 700 40 640 | 750° 2450 2310 360 1050700 350 520 | 870° 2450 2310 350 1050700 550 830 | 750° 2450 2310 350 1050700 | 5a 360 | 900 2450 2310 350 1050-700 740___490_| 740° 2450 _2310 350 1050 _700 W500 480460" | 920° 2800 26404001200 800 660 660 | 780% 28002640 400 1200 800, 370 560 | 910 2800 2840 400 1200800, 570 a0 | 7805 2800 2840 400 1200800, 570 380 | 940% 2800 2540 400 1200 800, 77510 | 799% 2800 2640 400 1200 __@0__9136” * wea ave govared oy Cure 78.5 {powered ty sneer @ 0 2 gona 2a saa @ le 2 fovernby Says’ @ cole 4 Gonemad 2a Soar @ cana = Sowrnadby ota eang arose ° Sovaredy eu baihg sbsce (CPCA Concrete Design Hardback 9-29