chapter x! Za Isometric Drawing and Gradient Hatch Rendering AXONOMETRIC DRAWING The forms of axonometric drawing are isometric, dimetric, and trimetrie, as shown in Figure 12-1. The trimetric form has the most pleasing ap- pearance because each of the three axes uses a different scale, Dimetric ‘uses the same scale on two axes, and isometric uses the same scale on all three axes, Isometric drawing is the axonometric drawing form covered in. this book. ISOMETRIC DRAWING Isometric drawing is commonly used to show how objects appear in three dimensions. This drawing method is a two-dimensional one that is used to give the appearance of three dimensions. It is not a 3D modeling form such as those that are covered in later chapters. In 3D modeling you actu- ally create three-dimensional objects that can be viewed from any angle and can be placed into a perspective mode. objectives ‘When you have completed this. chapter you wl be able tee Make isometric drawings to seal from ‘two-dimensional drawings. SNAPSHjoio Use the Cert oF F5 keys vo change ‘rom one isoplarie to another Use gradient hatch paterns to render Isometric drawings 23FIGURE 17-1 ‘Axonometric Drawing Forms FUL SCALE: run SHE Fun. sone ISOMETRIC ru sone ¥ 3/4 Sen ae OMeTRIC FUL SeNE ir Spt SOME s/s some TRIMETRIC You can make isometric drawings quickly and easily using AutoCAD software. Once the proper Grid and Snap settings are made, the drawing itself proceeds with ite diffi culty. The three isometric axes are 30° right, 30° left, and vertical Tutorial 12-1: Fundamentals of Isometric Drawing Seven isometric shapes are drawn in this exercise to aoquaint you with the fundamentals of making isometvic drawings using AutoCAD. We will begin with a simple isometric box so that you can become familiar with drawing lines on an isometric axis, All seven of these shapes are drawn on the same sheet and plotted on one 8-1/2" x 11” sheet. When you have completed Tutorial 12-1, your drawing will look similar to Figure 12-2. Step I. Use your workspace to make the following settin 1. Use SaveAs... to save the drawing with the name CH12-TUTORIALL 2. Set drawing Units: Architectural 3. Set Drawing Limits: 11', 86" (be sure to use the foot symbol) 4, Set Snap for an isometric grid, as described next: Prompt Response Command: ‘TYPE: SN Specify snap spacing or [ON/OFF/ Aspect/Style/Typel <0'-0 iA": ‘TYPE: S a4 Pare Il: Two-Dimensional AutoCADFIGURE 12-2 Tutorial 12-1 Complete i Prompt Response Enter snap grid style [Standard/ Isometric] - ‘TYPE: I (I for isometric) Specify vertical spacing <0'-6">: TYPE: 1 (if 1” is not the default) When you want to exit the isometric grid, TYPE: SN and then TYPE: ‘S, then TYPE: S again to select the standard grid, Keep the isometric grid for this exercise. 5. Set GRIDDISPLAY: 0 6. Set Grid: 3” 7. Create the following Layers: LAYER NAME COLOR LINETYPE UNEWEIGHT Adfurmiso-r Red Continuous Default Adfurmiso-g Green Continuous Defaule 8, Set Layer A-furn-iso-g current. 9. Zoom-All. DRAFTING SETTINGS DIALOG BOX When the isometric 1” snap and 3” grid are set, and GRIDDISPLAY is set to 0, the Draft- ing Settings dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 12-3. Grid and snap settings can also be made using the Drafting Settings dialog box. (Chapter 12: someric Drawing and Gradient Hatch Rendering 405FIGURE 12-3 ‘Drafting Setings Dialog Box 90 150. 30 D2 210 330 =30 270 -90 POLAR COORDINATES FOR ISOMETRIC ORAWING 1 FIGURE 12-4 Shape |: Drawing the Isometric Rectangle SHAPE |: DRAWING THE ISOMETRIC RECTANGLE Drawing shape 1 (Figure 12~4) helps you become familiar with drawing lines using iso- metric polar coordinates. Step 2. Draw the right face of an isometric rectangular box measuring 12" x 16” x 30” using isometric polar coordinates, as described next: Prompt Response Command: Line (or TYPE: L) Specify first point: D1 (Figure 12-4) (absolute coordinates 1’7-1N6, 4” 11"—this isan isometric snap point) 26 Part lt Two-Dimensional AutoCADPrompt Response Specify next point or [Undol. TYPE: @30<30 Specify next point or [Undol. TYPE: @12<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: TYPE: @30<210 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: TYPE: C Step 3. Draw the left face of the isometric rectangular box, as described next: Prompt Response ‘Command: (Repeat LINE) Specify first point: D1 (Figure 12-4) (OSNAP-Endpoint) Specify next point or [Undo] TYPE: @16<150 Specify next point or [Undo], TYPE: @12<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo}: TYPE: @16<330 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Step 4. Draw the top of the isometric rectangular box, as described next: Prompt Response Command: (Repeat LINE) Specify first point: D2 Specify next point or (Undo} TYPE: @30<30 Specify next point or [Undo] TYPE: @16<-30 Specify next point or {Close/Undol: SHAPE 2: DRAWING ISOMETRIC ELLIPSES When using polar coordinates to draw lines in isometric, you can ignore Isoplanes, [so planes are isometric faces—Top, Right, and Left. Pressing two keys, Ctrl and E, at the same time toggles your drawing to the correct Isoplane—Top, Right, or Left. The fune- tion key F5 can also be used to toggle to the correct Isoplane. Shape 2 (Figure 12-5) has a circle in each of the isometric planes of a cube. When drawn in isometric, circles appear as ellipses. You must use the isoplanes when drawing, isometric circles using the Ellipse command. The following part of the exercise starts by drawing a 15" fsometric cube. FIGURE 12-5 D4 Shape 2: Drawing an Isometric Cube Ch b2 (Chapter 12: Isometric Drawing and Graclent Hatch Rendering an28 Step 5. Draw the right face of a 15” isometric cube using direct distance entry, as described next: Prompt Response ‘Command: Toggle to the right isoplane (PRESS: F5 until appears) and CLICK: Line (or TYPE: L) Specify first point: DI (absolute coordinates 6°3/4", 53") Specify next point or [Undo] With ORTHO ON, move your mouse upward 30° to the right, and TYPE: 15 Specify next point or [Undol: Move the mouse straight up, and TYPE: 15 Specify next point or {Close/Undo|: Move the mouse downward 210° to the left, and TYPE: 15 Specify next point or {Close/Undol: TYPE: C Step 6. Use the Mirror command to draw the left face of the isometric cube, as described next: Prompt Response ‘Command: Mirror (or TYPE: MI) Select objects: D2,D3,D4 (Figure 12-5) ‘Specify first point of mirror line: DI (be sure Ortho is ON) (OSNAP-Endpoint) Specify second point of mirror line: D5 (PRESS: F5 to be sure you are in either the right or left isoplane) Erase source objects? [Yes/No]: Step 7. Complete the top face of the isometric cube, as described next: Prompt Response Command: Toggle to the top isoplane and CLICK: Line (or TYPE: L) Specify first point: D6 (OSNAP-Endpoint) Specify next point or [Undo Move the mouse upward 30° to the right, and TYPE: 15 Specify next point or [Undo Move the mouse downward 330° to the right, and TYPE: 15 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: ‘command will not prompt you with Isocircle as one of the options NOTE: If you do not have the isometric snap style active, the Ellipse ¢" for the command, (NOTE: Select Ellipse-Axis, End if you select from the ribbon. ie ¢y Ellipse-Center or Elipse-Arc does not allow you to draw an isometric ellipse. 5 Parc lt Two-Dimensional AutoCADStep 8. Draw an isometric ellipse (6" radius) that represents a circle in the LEFT ISOPLANE, as described next: Prompt Response Command Ellipse Axis, End(or TYPE: EL) Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Are/Center/Isocincle} TYPE: I Specify center of socircle: OSNAP-Mid Between 2 Points First point of mic: D1 Second point of mid: D6 Specify radius of fsocircle or (Diameter! PRESS: the F5 function key until the com: mand line reads , then TYPE: 6 When you type and enter D in response to the prompt “Specify radius of Isocircle or Diameter:”, you can enter the diameter ofthe citcle, The default is radius. Step 9. Follow a similar procedure to draw ellipses in the right and top isoplanes. Be sure to specify Isocircle after you have selected the Ellipse command, and be sure you are in the correct isoplane before you draw the ellipse. Use F5 to toggle to the correct isoplane. When you have completed this part of the exercise, you have the essentials of iso- metric drawing. Now you are going to apply these essentials to a more complex shape. Isoplanes, use direct distance entry with Ortho ON to draw lines. Just move your mouse in the isometric direction and TYPE: the num- ber that tells AutoCAD how far you want to go. You may choose to ‘watch the dynamic display of distance and polar angles and simply pick the desired point. Q TIP: After you become familiar with isometric angles and toggling to ‘Chapter 12: sometric Drawing and Gradient Hatch Rendering a9FIGURE 12-6 Shape 3:Drawing a Chair With Etipses That Show the ‘Thickness of a Material 430 SHAPE 3: DRAWING A CHAIR WITH ELLIPSES THAT SHOW THE THICKNESS OF A MATERIAL Step 10. Draw the right side of the front chair leg, as described next: Prompt Command: Specify first point: Response ‘Toggle to the right isoplane and CLICK: Line (or TYPE: L) (be sure Ortho is ON) DI igure 12-6) (pick a point in the approximate location (9'-7/8",4"11"] shown in Figure 12-2) axe Tro | p19 oi 06 | Pare Two-Dimensional AutoCADPrompt Response ‘Specify next point or [Undo With Ortho ON, move your mouse straight down 270° and TYPE: 1'5 Specify next point or [Undol: ‘Move your mouse upward 30° to the right and ‘TYPE: 2 Specify next point or (Close/Undo]: Move your mouse straight up 90° and TYPE: 1'5 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Step 11. Draw the left side of the front chair leg, as described next: Prompt Response. Command: Toggle to the left isoplane and CLICK: Line (or TYPE: L) Specify first point D2 (OSNAP-Endpoint) (Figure 12-6) Speeify next point or {Undol: Move your mouse upward 150° to the left, and ‘TYPE: 2 Specify next point or {Undo} Move your mouse straight up 90° and TYPE: V5 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Step 12. Draw the chair scat, as described next: Prompt Response Command: Line (or TYPE: L) Specify frst point: D1 (OSNAP-Endpoint) (Figure 12-6) Specify next point or [Undo Move your mouse 150° upward to the left and TYPE: 1’4 Specify next point or [Undo] Move your mouse straight up and TYPE: 2 Specify next point or (Close/Undo]: Move your mouse 330° downward to the right and TYPE: 1'4 Specify next point or (Close/Undo]: TYPE: C Command: (to begin the Line command) Specify first point: D1 (OSNAP-Endpoint) Specify next point or [Undo] ‘Toggle to the right isoplane and with Ortho ON, move your mouse 30° upward to the right and TYPE: 1’3 Specify next point or [Undo] Move your mouse straight up and TYPE: 2 Specify next point or [Close/Uindo]: Move your mouse 210° downward to the left and TYPE: 1/3 Specify next point or [Close/Undol: (to end the Line command) Command: (to begin the Line command) Specify first point: D3 (OSNAP-Intersection) Specify next point or [Undo] ‘Toggle to the top isoplane and with Ortho ON, move your mouse 30° upward to the right and TYPE: 1/3 Specify next point or {Close/Undo]: Move your mouse 330° downward to the right and TYPE: l’4 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: ‘Chapter 12: Isometric Drawing and Gradient Hatch Rendering al42 ‘Step 13. Copy the front leg to the other three positions. 1. Using the Copy command, select the lines of the front leg. Use D5 (Osnap- Endpoint) (Figure 12-6) as the base point and D6 (Osnap-Interseetion) as the second point of displacement. 2. Using the Copy command, select both legs on the right side. Use D7 (snap-Endpoint) (Figure 12-6) as the base point and D4 (Osnap- Intersection) as the second point of displacement. 3. Use the Trim and Erase commands to delete any unnecessary lines. Step 14, Use the Line command to draw one of the upright posts, and use the Copy command to copy it to the other position. Follow the dimensions shown in Figure 12-6. Step 15. Draw the 1" x 4" x 12” piece containing the three holes, as described ext: Prompt Response Command: Line (or TYPE: L) Specify first point: TYPE: FRO Base point: CLICK: D8 (OSNAP-Intersection) (Figure 12-6) : TYPE: @2<.90 Specify next point or [Undol. TYPE: @1<210 Specify next point or (Undol} TYPE: @12<-30 Specify next point or [Close/Undo}: ‘Comtnand: Toggle to the left isoplane, and with Ortho OFF, Ellipse Axis, End (or TYPE: El) Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or {Arc/Center/Isocircle] TYPE: I Specify center of isocircle: TYPE: FRO Base point CLICK: D9 (OSNAP-Midpoint) : TYPE: @2<-90 Specify radius of isocirele or [Diameter] ‘TYPE: 1 Cotnmand: COPY (or TYPE: CP) Select objects: CLICK: the ellipse just drawn Select objects: Specify base point or [Displacement] CLICK: D10 (OSNAP-Endpoint) Specify second point or : CLICK: DI (OSNAP-Endpoint) Specify second point or {Exit/Undo] : Step 16. Trim the copied ellipse so that only the part within the first ellipse remains. ‘Step 17. Copy the hole described by the ellipses 4” 330° downward to the right, and 4" 150° upward to the left. Step 18, Draw a 4" line straight down from D10 (Endpoint) and a 12" line 330° downward to the right from the end of the 4" line. Step 19. Draw a 12" line 330° downward to the right from D11 (Endpoint). Pare lt Two-Dimensional AutoCADFIGURE 12-7 ‘Shape 4: Drawing a Shape ‘That Has a Series of lsomet- ric Elipses Located on the Same Centerline Step 20. Use the Move command to move the 1” x 4” x 12" piece and three holes 210° downward to the left 1/2" Step 21. Trim to complete the drawing. SHAPE 4: DRAWING A SHAPE THAT HAS A SERIES OF ISOMETRIC ELLIPSES LOCATED ON THE SAME CENTERLINE Shape 4 (Figure 12-7), similar to a round table, will help you become familiar with rawing a shape that has a series of ellipses located on the same centerline. Five ellipses must be drawn. The centers of two of them, the exiretne top and bottom ellipses, can be located by using endpoints of the centerline. The following part of the exercise begins by drawing a centerline through the entire height of the object. ‘Step 22. Begin to draw a shape containing several ellipses of different sizes located ‘on the same centerline by drawing the centerline, as described next: Prompt Response Command Line (or TYPE: L) Specify first point: D1 (1'11-7/16,1'4-1/2) Specify next point or [Undo]: TYPE: @24<90 Specify next point or [Undol. 24 01m i —— Ae? 0a 14 DA D1 D3 2 ‘Chapter 12: sometrc Drawing and Gradient Hatch Rendering 433‘Step 23. Draw five ellipses: 1. Toggle to the top isoplane and use Endpoint to locate the center of the uppermost isometric ellipse on the endpoint of the vertical line. Draw it | with a diameter of 24”, 2. Draw a second 24”diameter isometric ellipse by copying the 24” ellipse 1-1/2" straight down, 3. Draw the 14"-diameter ellipse using the bottom Endpoint of the vertical line as its center. Copy the 14"-diameter ellipse 1-1/2" straight up. 4. Draw the 2"-diameter ellipse at the center of the copied 14”-diameter ellipse using Osnap-Center to locate its center. NOTE: Although Osnap-Nearest can be used to end an isometric XY line on another line, the pe is not exact. A more exact method is to draw the line beyond where it should end and trim it to the cor- rect length. Step 24. To draw the 2" column, toggle to the right or left isoplane (the top isoplane does not allow you to draw vertical lines using a mouse if Ortho is ON), Turn Ortho (F8) ON. Draw a vertical line from the quadrant of one side of the 2"-diameter ellipse to just above the first 24"-diameter ellipse. Draw a similar line to form the other side of the column. Step 25. With Ortho (F8) ON and toggled to the right or left isoplane, draw vertical lines from the quadrants of the ellipse segments to connect cach side of the top and bottom ellipses, as shown in Figure 12-8. Step 26. Use Trim and Erase to remove unneeded lines. The drawing is complete as shown in the lower right corner of Figure 12-7 SHAPE 5: ISOMETRIC DETAIL WITH ROUNDED CORNERS ‘The fifth drawing (Figure 12-9) in this exercise is a shape that has rounded comers. Rounded corners are common in many items. In two-dimensional drawing, the Fillet FIGURE 12-8 Shape 4: Drawing Tangents 10 the Elipses QUADRANT QUADRANT 34 Pare It: Two-Dimensional AutoCADFIGURE 12-9 92 Shape 5: Isometric Detail with Rounded Corners command allows you to obtain the rounded comers quickly and easily. This is not so in. isometric. Drawing Shape 5 will help you become familiar with how rounded corners must be constructed with isometric ellipses. Step 27. Turn Ortho and Snap ON, and toggle to the top isoplane. Draw an 18" x 18” square shape in the top isoplane (Figure 12-9), as described next: Prompt Response Command Line (or TYPE: L) Specify first point: D1 (ona grid mark) (511, 3°3) Specify next point or [Undo] TYPE: @18<30 Specify next point or [Undo} TYPE: @18<150 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: TYPE: @18<210 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: TYPE: C Step 28. Copy the 18” x 18" square 4” down: 1. Copy the front two edges of the square to form the bottom of the shape. Copy using @4<270 (4” is the depth) as the polar coordinates for the sec- ond point of displacement. 2. Draw lines connecting the top and bottom edges. (These lines are for refer ence only. You may skip this step if you choose.) Step 29. Draw a 2" radius ellipse in the top isoplane, as described next: Prompt Response Command: Ellipse (or TYPE: EL) (toggle to the top isoplane) Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or (Arc/Center/Isocircle] ‘TPE: I ‘Chapter 12: Isometric Drawing and Gradient Hatch Rendering 435