A. H. APCEHTbEB, H. 10. BYKHH, B. A. MHPOHEHKO YCTOHYHBOCTb BOPTOB H OCYIIEHHE KAPbEPOB Aonyujeno Muxuctepcreos eoeuezo a cpeduezo ehéeyuaapnoeo oGpasosanus CCCP 6 xavecree yeeénuxa OAK eTYOERTOG BY308, OOYTAOMUXCA NO CReKUGALHOCTH 0209 «Texhoscaus te KOMMABKCHOR MeXOHESGYUR orxpoTrod paspaborxu mecropoocdenui nonesitex uoKOnaE MoLX? MOCKBA «. f B esete «Ocnosinx Hallpanaenui akoHOMMUeCKOrO UH 5 columabHoro pasantis CCCP na 1981—1985 ronw w ia neptog qo 1990 rogae wn XI natarerke npelyeMatpupaer- cH Aaapnefiee passurne NanGonee adipexrusnoro or- Kpbirore croce6a nOGbM NomeabX HeKONaeMEX Ha oC- J HOBE IMPOKOFO BUELpPeHNA NporpeccuBuei: Textonoruit uo FopHroTpancnoprnoro obopynoRaHHn Goanmoit enuimnunoil MoumocTH, Pactymue maciraém go6nun nosesnbix j HEKOUACMBIX I HHTeHCH@nKaNNA pabor ma Kappepax obycAoBanBaior HenpepHByee yReanuenne ray6uuni rop- NbIX pa6oT Bee BOapacTalolNuMH TeMmaMt, ] C poctom ray6inrs Kapbepes yReluuBactcA 1 BLICO- Ta Hepa6ounx GopToR, a ceqoBateabHo H onacHocTh Hx neopmaunu, [ostomy ofecneuene yeroliuusoet# 6op- j TOR Kapbepa ABANeTCH OLIUM H3 OCHOBIBIX BONPOCOR npH oTKpbITOM crocobe paspaGborKy, Ta6a, 11, pre. 83, cracox aur. — 36 naan. PenenseutTH: - Kadenpa paspaOorky MecTopoxaciinit OTKPLITHIM cno- co6om CrepaaoncKoro oper Pig (Mr) i i. . eéa308 e H apo, A-p Text. NayK Popunie mwxenepar 7OmKUD sHaTD MeTOyL pacuera j yeroiiuweecrh Goptos 1 oTBanoR Hu METOLb OGecHedenna MX yeToi4HBOCTH B Mpolecce sKcnayaTaNuN Kappepa, Tak Kak UsMenCHne yrla Torallicnus Gopta ray6oKoro Kappe- ] pa ta 1° pener K naMeHeHIO o6beMa BCKPLMITNHIX pador Wa MHAHOUb Ky6uIeCKAX Metpos, B To xe BpeMa 3a- SbICHHe STOTO Yria MOKeT IpMBecTH K KaTacTpodmue- | CKOMY ONOASHIO GopTa HM cepbesiHoMy Hapymenmo paGorn Kapbepa, M3-3a eposruocrnoro XapaktTepa sani o cnolicrBax MaccuBa ropHbix NOpOA pH pacuerax yeroit- | WHBOCTH HeOGXOANMO TINATeIbHO olneNHRaTD YpoBenh «2 PRcCKa MPUNHMaeMbIX pemenni. A Tak Kax Gopra Kapbepa ‘hopmupylores: noerenenio 10 mepe ero yriy6Kn, nyxHo i TAKKE YVTHTBIBATL (bakTop Bpemenn, -_ 2504000000—216 He MeHCe Bayknoe 3Haveline HMeerT ocyllenHe Kapbe- 043(01) — 82 45—82 ai Tag i 245 © Msaateancrso, «Hespar, 1982 Pubix MogeH, TAK Kak BOAONPUTORH He TOARKO MetraloT IY Sex, |04 3 fHOPMANbIOH SKcHAyATaUn OSOpyoBAaHA, HO H oTpiilta- TeIbHO CKasbiBaloTeA Ha YCTONIHBOCTH OTKOCOB, Bee ati Bonpocti ocacmalored B Tpeauaraemoi Kyure, Wanucaniol Wa OCHOBe MHorouleTHero ONHITA YTCHHA Kyp- ca ¢¥eroimmeocrs Gopros wu ocyuleHHe KappepoB> B JlenmnrpadcKom ropnom HNCrHTYTe, OTACIBULIX PaspaboTaK ABTOPOB Mf HMEIONLNXCH JUTepATyPULIX UCTOTIHMKOB, A. HW. Apcentsennim nanucanbt: mpemucnosue, 2, 5.2, 5.6, 5.9, H, 10. Byxunsm—3.2, 3,4, 3.5, 5.1, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.7, 5.8, 6.10, 6 2 8; A. HW. Apcentsesum u H, 10, Byku- uum — 1, 3.1, 3.38, 3.6, 4 4 7; B. A. Mapoxenxo—9, 10 w 11, i “a “a a a oe 4 a 1 —w PASJIEN 1 JLE®OPMALIAH BOPTOB KAPbEPOB HU OTBAJIOB 1, ®@H3HKO-MEXAHHMYECKHE CBOMCTBA FOPHBbIX TOPOn, 1.1, OBLIHE MOJOKEHKA IIpu go6nue MomesHHIxX HWCKOMAeMBIX HMCIOT eNO Cc TOpHbIMu WoOposaMM, CBolicTBa ‘KOTOpHIX sHayHTenbhHO BansiOT na asipipeKTuBnocrs, GesonacnocTa H cnocobn NpOHSBOCTBa ropHHx pabor, [px PopMHpoBaHHA Kappep- Oro IPOCTPallcTBa H MPOBCAEHHH OTKPHITHIX H MO3eMHbIX TOpHbIx BHpaGOTOK NOABIAIOTCH OONAKeHHbIe NoBepx- HocTH ropibly 1opoa. BosanKaer neo6OxoxHMocTh crpororo yueTa 3akoHuOMepnHocTell BsauMogelicrBua ciocoboB BbIeM- kW co cBolictBaMH Nopox za o6ecneyonasn Geszonacnol 1“ adbexTusHol paGoTH Kapbepa, T. @. NOABAReTCH HeoOxo- AMMOCTh paCKPEITHH B KaxKLOM KOHKpeTHOM cjlyyae pyHkuaH Q=F(GM), (1.1) rae Q—mNapamerpn ropiof BbipaGoTKH (momagp ce4e- nas, (bopMa, yron oTKeca u ap.); G—noKasaTetbh MeTo- hos yKperrenna o6namKennh ropubix mopon; M—csoi- cTBa MaccHBa TOPHBIX Mopor. Zita oGecneyennn GesonacHom paéoter alozel nm 060- PyYAOBANNa Bg Kapbepe weoGxoqMMO NMpHmanaTh ero Gop- TaM H yctylaM yrabi orKoca H tpopMy, odecnedHBaiomue HX yeroiuBoctp, IIlpH weposMoxnoeru (uau mestppextupnocTu) obecne- NCHHA eCTCCTBEHHON yCTONuMBOCTH OTKOCOB Tepon Heab- XOQUMO NpPHMeNaTh HCKyceTBeHUBIe cnocobbhl yKpenmenua oonaxennit. Ecrecrsennaa ycroitmocth orkocon onpeferserca COCTOANNCM H CBOCTBAaMM roplore MaccHBa, B KOTOPOM pasBHBaloToA TopHble paGoTH, H SaBHCHT B OCHOBHOM OT era TPeMUHOBATOCTH.ee ZO Eu NnOpod, B 3aBICHMOCTH OT TPelNHopa- TOCTH MOKCT GbITh KMAccHpPULUpoBa at i soe tot: (PuLUpOBAl Ha TeTbipe cHeTe- a@—cnerema omnoro tena (pre. 1.la), Korda B Mae- CHBe HMCIOTCA TOJbKO HeGONbIINC TPM, He coeqH- Halouecd Apyr ¢ APyFOM, HM era MOKHO paccMaTpHBaTE Kak cioumnyio cpezy; 6—cneréMa neckoapxnx tea (pue, 1.1,6), Korma Tpe- TUN WaCTHIHO COeAMTeEND! Apyr ¢ APyroM, HO oTAebMBE WacTH He NOJMHOCThIO OTACMENBI Apyr OT Apyra U CBAs MOCTHKAMH 3 UWeMelTupyromero MaTepnaa; @—cucreMa MITorix Ten B CKaTBHX Topozax (pyre, 1.1,@), Korga MacCcHB COCTONT m3 OTICIDHBIX O1OKOR, pas- e@MeHHLIX TPeuUNTAMM MoLoOGHO cyxoh KiALKe U3 MOTHO NpHruanmix KaMiel; 2—cHcreMa MHODHX TCT B PBINIMIX Nopomax (puc. 1.1.2), Korga MaccHB COCTONT U3 MHOPHX scpCH MH KYCKOB, HeMOTHO MPHrHanNbIX Apyr K Apyry. Cacayer iMcTh B BHAY, YTO roplad uopeya odaaqaer coBepmentiO HHbIMH CROHCTRaMH, “eM TopiDlii MaCOHB. (no TOpUbIX MOpo! Cuctemn Tel B MaccHBax 1, J, Mioanepy) . Pure. 7 kn | oon Ls B uwacrommlee BpeMa lWaKkotTeHoO MOTO epemennit 0 cROfcTBAN TOPHbIX TOPO Kak CHIOWMO CPeLbl, H COBCEM WenocTaTONnO AAWHbIX O cpolicTBax ropHora MaccuBa, L2. TWIOTHOCTHBIE CBOHCTBA TOPHbIX NOPO!, [laotnocrnuie enolicrpa o6ycaonaenbl nelicTRHeM Ha HOPOLL PpAaBHTANMONHOrS MOsst B3emmu, Onn nogpasze- agiotes Wa coOcTBeHNo rpaBHTalMonHne WH CTpyKTYpHEIc. Yuoununii sec Yo (B H/m*) —sTo oTnomenue Beca 3anumaemoMy 9ToH (ba- rpepnoit cpaant Py K o6bemy, 30, Vy =e 12 Yo Ve (1.2) Mocxornky sec Pr=mg, re m—Macca, g— yekope- ime cuodomoro Waenis, Yo 3aBIICHT OT YCKOpelNA CBO- Gomnoro TakeHWst B NYHKTe OMpenencnuA M He ABTAETCH, taku oGpasoM, WapaMetpom BemlecTBa B cTporo usaie- cxom embicne. Ho p TeximeckHx pacucTax u3MeHeHHeM yexopemnst cBosoniioro NazerHs obLIMIO TMpeNe6peraloT, PaccmMaTpHBad YAeIbHMit Bec Kak KoneranTy ropioli nNoOposnl, YVaeapnaa Macca — STO OTHOMeHHe MACChl TReplOl hasnt m, ropuoh MOpomyl K o6bemy, 3atiMaemomy 9TOlL Tpepmon cbasoi, Vy Be Ve 8 (1.3) TlitoTHoctTh xapakTepHsyeT OTHOITeHHe oGmef Mac- ent Qxmesof, rasoo6pasioll # tBepaon a3) Topix Mo- pox m K galmMaeMomy oGbeMy Vv i= = Ra (1.4) B orawine oT yaelbHoro Beca NAOTHOCTh ABAACTCH Kolcrantol RemlecTBa B cTporo *usuTecKkOM CMLICWTC. Kosppruucst mopneToctTu (opucrocth) (B % ) xapaktepusyer oTnommenne o6beMa Op 8 TOPHBIX noepowax Vy xk o6memy o6beMy, 3annMaeMoMy sto Topono;, V, =! 100), 5 t= 10 (1.5)Tax wax Va=—V—V;, = se aa 100 (1.6) TW = (i— ag] 100 , (1.7) n= (I~) 100 =( —+,) 100. (1.8) Han6onee pacnpoctpanena xapaxrepnernKa nopoa, Na3biBacMan BAKHOCTLIO TO Macce: Peas . (1.9) tae P—macca BwaxHoro Ob6pasua (ecrecrBenuam Bmank- HOCTh HAM BAaKHOCTh, Npuobperemnad B pesyuLTaTe BLI- ACPKMBANHA O6pasiia B oOllpesenenuwx ycenOBNAX), Kr; Py—Macea Boaqynro-cyxoro o6pasia (Tak HaanBaemaa wocrosutas Macca), Kr. Tlocrostuof macco cunraercn Macca mocae BBICYILH- BaHHs| Dp Temmepatype 105°C. Tipu atom pacxoxzenue MCKLY [BYMS NOCIELVIONHMI BSBeCIUABAHHAMM He NOMKTO NPCBLUAaTh TPexXKpaTHON OWNOKH BaBeUIMBanHa. Takum o6pa3oM, Macca BOsjyHoO-cyxoro obpasia oToaRMecTBAA- erca ¢ Maccoft cKeiera rpyita, Kpntepnem crenenm 3a- NogHetHn Top BOAO anagercs Kosdipbuunenr BoLoMAcH- ILCHHA, HIM CTeleHb BIaKHOCTH g, KOTOPH TMpeaeraBader Cobol oTHOMeHne gannoi (HanpuMep, ecrecrBermoii) BAARNOCTH W KMpeebie BOsMOMHOL (HAM TOMHOH) Hpu Lannof nopwerocrin Wo: v= g= =, (1.10) Wp, Ta6anua 1.1 Tlopoan 8, n/a a % Tpanur 2,5—2,7 1,2 Flapecruak 24—2,7 0,5—13,4 Mpamop 2,4—2,7 0,5—13,0 TleeuaHnk 2,6—2,7 “8 —28,0 Tannnernrit cnaven, 2,4—2,7 3,0—4,0 Panna, eyranuke 2,5—2,9 385—50 Teck 2,5—2,6 95—30 Tpannit 2,5—2,6 27—38 8 To crefleim BaaxNocTH pa3anualor cyxHe nopomn (qx <0,5), saaxnbe (0,5<¢<0,8), Bogqonactimenune (g> >0,8). Tlopoxzn, 3ameraiomme mmKe ypoRHA moxSseMHBIX BOL, ABIMIOTCH MOMUOCTHIO BOAONACHINLCHHBIMH (G=1). Tlnornoctn nanbomee PacnpocrpaneHHbIxX TOPHbIX Tio- pou usmensercn or 2,5 go 4,5 1/M’, mopuetocrh—or 0 zo 20% m Sonee (ra6a, 1.1). 13, PH3HUKO-MEXAHHYECKHE CBOHCTBA YTOPHbIX MOPOJL Caenewua o (pH3HKO-MexaHHuecKkHx cBOleTBax mOpon Han6éonee NOMHO OTPAKeHkI B AHTepaType, Tak Kak 57a rpyina caolicts uMeeT Gompilloe sHayeHHe MpH pacuerax yeTouunBoctH, HOPMHpobaHHA H T. 0. DusyKo-Mexanimeckve cBOHCTBA Topo, nompasqend- lOTCH Ha MpPOUHOCTHBIe, YIPyrHe, TOPHO-TexXHMNecKHe HM cbusHueckHe (aKyCTHYCCKHe, SMeCKTPOMArHHTHbIe, Ten0- BLIe, PalHOARTHBUbIC). Ilpovwnoctube cBOfcTBa XapakrepH3ylor cio- co6noecTh rOpublX NOpox cONpoTHBIATSCA paspymenHio 107, LeiicTBueM WPHIOKeEHNBIX MexaHH4ecKHX HarpysoK. Ha MPOVHOCTS TOPIX MOpox BAHMIOT TMepBOHayaabuoe Cco- CTOFHHe, BHI H BETHUNIAa LeopMupywulnx CHA, CKOpOCTL AebopMaynu u remmepatypa, TIpu aa6oparopunrx me- mbnatHix O6pa3siop Wa Hx Mpowocth cyjecTBeNHO BlumoT (opMa u pasMep o6pasna. BerencTBue anusoTpo- UHH TOPHLIG NOPOAH HMCIOT HeOLHHAKOBY!O TIPoyHOCTS 10 PasdHUNbIM HanpaBseunaM, Tlostomy pasHyaor Ipoe- HOCTh MOpOX TO HacTOeHMO, NON yriom K HeMYy H MO moO- BepxHocTam ocaAabwenns (10 TpeuWHaM, coNCTOCTH, cranienatoctm), TIpa s106btx Buylax Harpy xen paspy- WeHHe NOPOA MPOHCXOANT HH 3a C4eT Cpe3sa, HAH 3a Cer OTPHIBA. Jian oueirku mpownoctupx cBolictR mopor cayKUT NonaTHe HanpsKeHwa (asneHua), KoTopoe XapaKTepn- syeTeH cHwoH, BosAelicrByioleh Na elUNNy NoBepxiocrn. Hanpsxenne p cucreme CH usmepserca B macKansax. Tlog, MpOuHocTHHIMH CBOCTBAMH TOPHEIX Mopon monn- Maerca HX Bpemeniioe (Mpenerpnoe) conpoTwanenHe caxKa- THIO, PacTHKeHHIO, cHBUry, Harnby. IIpourtoerupe crofictaa xapakrepiayiorca mpeerom NPOUNOCTH HA CAKATHe, PACTMIKEHHe HM yrioM BHYTpenHero Tpenus,IIpenheaom nmpounoctnu (nav6onee wacto yno- TpeOiMeMad XApPAaKTepHCTHKa TOPHLIX MOpod) HaasbiBaerca HallpseKeHHe, MPH ‘KOTOpoM oGpasell nopowL paspyWacres. On onpelennercs, Kak NpaBnao, na OOpasilax NpaBUAbIOH (UTHHAp4eckoh wan npHaMarHeckol) (opmpr. Ognaxo HMEIOTCA Me@TOAH OLGHKH ‘Mpeweia mpounocru Mopo, mp OMMOOCTOM CKaTHH OGpasnoB HempaBnNsbNOl opME! co- OCHLIMH 1yancouaMH, Tom4ennem Wap. [8, 9, 31]. Tpexzea (IpotiocTH ia cxaTHe (B ITa) iP i Cex = + (1.11) warpyaKa, H; /’—mnaomaan to- rae P—paapymainuias hepeyHoro ceyenna o6pagiva, M7. Tpexea mpownocty Ha pacTaxcHne onpeleineTcH 3ia- YHT@IBHO cClomKHee, CyllecTByeT HecKOJbKO meTOfioR ero ONpenesicHuA: MeTOA MpAMoro cxKatHs urypHoro o6pas- la, MCTOA AHAMeTpaNHOrO CKATHH, MeTOH WeHTpHMpyry, MeTOA COOCHBIX TyaNcoHOB (fa obpasion mpaBHdApHolt opmnt), Meron rHaponarpoia (aia o6paaiion mpoHs- BoubHOol PopMul) [8, 31]. Henpitaiia Ha CABHT Cy KAT AIA onpexedennA WByYX Hayboee BaxXHbIX pH pacyeTe ycTOHYHBOCTH xXapakrepH- CTHK NOPOALI—cueIcHHA HH yria BUYTpeCHUcrO TpeHHs. Cuenaecnne XapaktTepH3yer COMpoOTHBANeMOCTh TOPHDIX Topom talreHwraibubim Harpy3kam, Wennrranus mpons- BOAATCH OGWYHO Ha CABUT CO C2xKaTHeM B CHEMMATbHLIX MarpHmax (pac, 1.2). Oru wenbrranua uMecior cymectBeH- Hb NPCMMyMecTBA Tepes Mpocreim cpe3om, TaK KaK i10- MHMO CILCIICHHA ORM MOSBONSIOT TOLYWHTL BeHUNAYy yr- ja BityTpenuero tpennsi. Ilo pesyabTaram Takux HenLiTa- Hii MOARNO HOCTPOHTD XapakTepuCTHKM MoOpomh. Jina ucnetrannil npHMenniores cTatgqapTipe WiTHNd- puyeckne o6pa3un aMuamerpom 42:+3 mm, Mcnpranua TPOBOAAT [IA OUCHKH CONPOTHBAseMoOcTH Mopoa epesaio- UIHM Warpyakam MPH oANOBpeMeHHOM BoalelcTBUN NOp- MAJIbHLIX Harpy3oK. Pasnomepuoe paciipenenenne yenanit No pacreTHomy cevenmo obpasma o6ecleunBaerca TpH- MEICHHeM [POTHKOBON ONOpHON NOcTeIn H WapwkoRol Ha- BHIbHOH IMT! (OCH POTHKOR AONE pacnonaraThes TepienaiKyusipio K oc obpasma). Tlomuoe paspywatomee nanpsaxenne na cypur (B Ila) P Scan = Ts (1.12) rae h, d—ptcota u quaMerp o6paana, M. 10 ; er er Li RSS Pue. 1.3, Hanpsxenta 8 sae- Pre. 1.2. Cxema nemnitanusa no- MenTapHom 6r0Ke POlbl HA CAIBHT CO ecxkaTHeM Kak "OKa3BAecT ONbIT, BeAIInA paspyltawittel Ha- Mpy3KH CYILCCTBCHHO 3aBICHT of yrvla CABIPA wp, u no- TOMY HCHbITAINA HPOHSBOAAT Wa CABHT TOL yrlaMit 45 H 60°. PapnonelicrBylolian BCeX CH, IpHOxKeHNbIX K OBEpPX- HOCTH 3CMCHTAPHOH MAOMALK, T. €. BeKTOP, HalIpaBreHn- NLT Mo, yraom K Stoll Monlanke, XapakTepusyetea Be- THMHTOH, HasbiBaeMol HanpaAxenneM. KOMMOHCHTE HallpsokeHHA, TepneHAwKyAApHble K t10- MAaLKaM, HASIBAOTCH HOPMaATbHBMHU Op, a KOMTIO- HeHTh! HallpWKEHUH, TeKAMHE B TMOCKOCTH M0ulaqoK,— KacaTeJbnbhMan T. _Hanpsaenna p, ManpaBaAcwibe Mol yrioM a@ K 3alau- HOH MW1OllatKe, MOryT 6bITD pasJOKenbr Ha HOpMaJpHIE H ‘Kacateabunte (pac, 1.3); On, =psina; T=pcosa. Hanpaxenus iB HomepeiHoOM ceveHaHn Ss SEMCHTA PHOTO 670Ka oy =e ae 21060M ApyroM ceyeHuH, HakOHeHHOM K OCH GaoKa nod YOM G@, 34 CUCT YBCQIIMeHHA M1OWaaH, Ha koTopy1o PachpocTpanseTcH TaBCHHe, CHHSATCA oO p>o;sin a. IH\ 5M we, e Puc. 14, Pacuernan cxema x Puc. 15, Kpyr r OnpexeienHio HanpsiKennit B Brae Touke O Torga HanpwmKeHns Na SananHol naomatKe (p TTa) oO, =6,sin?a; 7 =o,sinacosa = > o,sin2a. (1,13) Bumie 6bo0 pacemorpexo annefinoe (m10cKocTHOe) NanpaxKennoe coctomnwe mopon. B selictpurerbNocTH oKe cyilecTByeT elie 1 OObeMHOe HallpaxeHHoe cocrosnne B FOPHEIX NTOPOLaX B YCOBHHX BeecTOponNero coKATUA. Tox BOSACHCTBHCM CHCTCMBI CHI, MPHTOMKCHUbIX K OOpas- uy, B KaxKAoi cro TOUKe BOSHHKAIOT HallpsxKeHT H BeMH- ‘MIbE GO MT, 3ABNCHIMe OT OPHeHTHPOBKH 3anannol mo- MaIKH 10 OTHOWeNHIO K HanpaBaennio cua. Ecr tepes OMY H TY XK TOUKY TPOBOANTh PasHINO OpHeHTHpoBaH- Ube MWIOWANKH, TO Ha OLWHX mMomayKax t—=0, a na Apyrux o Hot 6yAyT WaxO_NTECA B caMBIX paguMTEIx cOOTHOIMeNH AX, VeranoBqeno, uT0 B KaxKNol ToUKe mooKHO Mpopecnn TPH B3auMNO MepileHAMKYAAPHEX MWaBHLIX NaouanKn (B Wx t=0), Hepes KoTOpbie nepegatotes TPH TiaBIEIx (HOpMaBHEIX) wanpsKenma. Hanbornimec riaBHoe wa- apsxKeime O6osuayaeTcs oj, HauMenbiee — oy epejnec TO BeHIHTe — op, , Ecam pacematpaat, mockocT, (pue, 1.4), mapaarenb- HY10 62, TO NoOAyTHM: o == 6, cos? a + o,sin? a: (1.14) (1.15) t= > (0, —o,)sin 2a, OTH HAMpAKennA MoryT ObiTh TakxKe ONpeneTeNbI rpa- (huyeckH TIpM MOMOMIn Kpyra Nanpsacenut Mopa (pue. 1.5). To ocn a6cunce orkaaninaores HOpMaJIbHble “Ha- IpmMKeHiA, a mo ocH OpAWHaT—xacareabuple, [lo ocr a6cnnce OTKAapLIBaIoTCA OTpesKH, paBnne (B MacuTaGe) 12 i i t i . — a i 4 4 4 — facet boy hese’ a j=oaul ) jae emall =! TIaBHBIM HalpsKeHHAM, W Yepes HX KOHUE c WeHTpoM B rorke C mpoBonnTes oKpy2xnocTh. AGcuncca aloGo TOUKH P va OKPY2XKHOCTH BEIPAaKaeT HOPMaADNOe, a OPANHATa — KACATCADHOC TATP KEHNA ia WAOMAAKe, Hak ONCHHOlt K HanpaBrenno TWaBinoro HanpakenhA NOL yMioM a. Cormacwo teopu upovnocrn Mopa, paspymenne o6- pasa NpOHsolizeT TOMbKO B TOM Cayuac, ec CCTh TaKas n1omaiKa, Ha KOTOpOH o HT NaxOLaTeM B OTpeLeneHHbix COOTHOMCHHAX AIH Hanoro MaTepHada: <=f(0), (1.16) rae f(a) — byrxuna, olpemensmomancs skCnepHMcHTamDHo. Paspyiienue nponsoizer no 3sTHM TAOWaRKam (B Ka7K- Aol TouKe TakUX WAoOMatoK wBe). CaceqopaTenbuo, KDPH- TepHeM paspylicnuA MoryT ObLITh He TosbKO HOpMambuoe MI KacaTerbioe HalpaxKeume, HO H HX ONpeqencHnan KOMOHIHAlHA. Tlo pesyapraram wonbirannit pu 2KeHHOM COCTOTHHM MOMKHO THOCTPONTh MHOMKECTBO KpPy- roB HanpsxenHi Mopa, a crexopateibHo, Kak yrowHo 6aH3KO TONOTH K TCTHHNOMy BULY (ynkunn (cm. thop- mysty 1.16), xapaxrepusyiomeii npovHocTine cBolicTBa Matepuagta, Ipensoxen pax (opm oriGaiome riaBihx KPYTOB Hanps2KeHMi: TprMOaHHeciiad, MAKIONLaIbHaA, napa6ounyeckan, runep6onuieckas. Kaskaan 43 9THX tbopm nowyepKuBaeT Kakyi0-1u60 omy cropoxy ToBeqeHnA MaTeplada IPH TOM HH HOM BHe HanpsxaeHHoro Co- croaHus, TouHbilt Xapaktep oruiGaiomeh mpeleqbHHX Kpy- ros Hanpsxenuli Mopa no cnx mop uenssecten. Jina CKAIbAHX H HONYCKATLHHX Topon HanOoree mpocro JA pemeHHs TpakTH4ecKUX 3afay ornOaonian Mopa Mower 6bITh IpefctaBiena B BHLe WpxMoi (pe. 1.5), ypapHe- HHe KOTOpOf MpHBencHO mHAKE: t=k+otgp, (1.17) rae k—cnenaenne noposm, H/m?; p—yron suyrpennero Tpeuiia, rpamye. B o6nacth pacrarnpawnx nanpaxenuit WawHoe ypaB- Heme nenpHemiemo (cm, anumo AB na pue. 1.5), mo- STOMY XApaKTepHcTHKa MpoOvTNOCTH NOpom Mp BosMorMKHO- CTH BOSHHKHOBCHHAT PAaCTATHBAIOMUX NaTpwKeUHH OMDKMA 6prrh 3saMeneHa Oomee cOxHOI, vem mpaMan, dopMoh c YYeTOM ONpeAeeHiA MPOYHOCTH Mp pacTaxenun. Teopua mpounocrn Mopa no3soaser malitn Hanpapme- Hue paspyiuenHa nopogn (cm. pyc, 1.5), Jimnum PD co- 13 WByXOCHOM Hatipsi-2s 35 Puce, 1.0, Banner 1B, MOCTh, ‘yrua Pre. 1.7, Crea Baareeer ae pwff) a eonuaneee 7 ie SS o +he(2) oF naan- @— IPH OAKGOCHOM cxaTEN, 6 = tipit uocTH Topox @ CRSRTE ae € ocho o YTON &, PaBHbI yray MOKAy HampaB- “TCHHCM rlaBioro nanpaxenus o, (CO) 1 HanpaBlenhem HOpMabuore Nanpwaxenna o(CP ; -P) lo WioulaaKe paspyuute- ee ) no nioulaaKe paspyute- —PCO= .=-PBA=2a=90° —p, a= 45° 0 2 (1.18) CuaG6ue c BASIC NOpons B saBucuMoctH of rpa- HYIOMETPHYCCKOTO COCTaBa TOUpasseasioTes wa rvtiHEr (comepRanne ramnnerix uactHn Gbonee 30%), evrannKy (CodepxKanne rmieTHx uaeTmm 10—30% ) H cymecn (conepxanne MIHMHCTHX “actu 3—10%). B noponax STOW TPYHUbl HMeIOTCA OcObLIe MOAeCKYINpHBle HW BOZHO- KOMOIHEIC CBASH, KOTOPEIC jclicTByIoT npn cOaiwKeHHH ‘acTut go 0,004 wm. Tox ux pausiiuem K "acTHue TpH- *KHMAETCH CAOl MOJeKy.IApHO cBH3alitOl BOL TOMLEHHOT 8 NECKOAbKO AecaxTKOB MOeKYyJI. SaTem ner eaoll pprxao CBASAHHOH BOAB, OKPYAAIONINi Kaxkaylo wacrany, W TH 3aTeM—cRoboAHat opoBaa Boa. , Tostomy conpotTasaenne raummerbx oped. cABNry T= Onto pat kab he » FRE Pw — YO BHYTPeHHero Tpennsa, sancti or mopH- crocTH M BAaKHOCTH TopoAb, rpanye; ky —cuennenne BONHO-KOJMIOHIHOO XapakTepa, 3aBHCALIee OT BiaxKHOCTH; ke —ecTkoe crpyxKTypHoe cnenaenne, H/M?. SaBucuMocTa cuendenna yrta BHyTpenHero TpeHHsT MIMHHCTRIX TOPOX OT HX BNAKHOCTH MOKasaHa Ha pue, 1.6. l4 (1.19) 4 & { ; 4 U 4 Lf § “ £ 1 7 i 1 | { | ca ta [ a [ i [ 4 : i | 1.4, JLE®OPMALILHOHHBIE CBOACTBA TOPHBIX TOPOJL PasanyvatotT yiIpyrocth u diacTu4nocTh TOpHpIX Topos. Tloa yrpyroctbio ropHolt MopozH ToOHMMaIOT ce cmocob- HOCTh H3MeCHETb PopMy HH OObeM Tog TelicTBueM BHelll- HWX BosieHcTBHH MH BOSBpaimaTLeaA Kk cHOeH NepBolatadb- Hoil copMe H OGbeMy ToOCe HX CHATHS. B o6aacrH ynpyrux sedopMaunii TBepzoro Teta jell- ernyer 3axon [yKa, 10 KoTopomy gciopmMauna Teta mpo- OPMNOHadbNa eiernyiomei cyte: PL Al =—, 1.20 ar (1.20) rie Al==1—l;—a6comornat aebopmMamus (pyc, 1,7); no AedbopMauun, M; /;— ganna o6- mM; P—jelietpyiontan cna, w?; E—xosppunnent mpo- (— pguna o6pasna pasua tocae gecbopMauun, H; F —noomaap o6pasua, NOpIKHOHAABHOCTH. Ornowenne abcomotnol Belutut anneltmoh pedop- Mall K ue OOpasila WasbiBaercA OTHOCHTeBHOH Mpo- LobHol ecdbopmawHelt pee Kosppuiner? mponop- uoHalbHOeTH B gakoue Tyka tNasbiBaeTca MODY TEM yupyrocTH mepsporopoga nan Moayaem IOura (5 H/M?) E=+, (1.21) Ee rak Kak npu e=1 E=o, monyas lOnra xapaktepuayer BCAMIHHY NaNpwKeHHA, KOTOpoe HeoOXORHMO MpHOKUTb K gebopmupyemomy Tey, uToGn cro abcomjoTHas pepop- MALLS OKASATACh PaBHOl! LepRONaTaTbuOn MiMHe. HlehopMauna Teta wp anpaBjenun AcicTBHA NarpysKH Np OANOECHOM UaNpsKeNNOM COCTOMHAN COMpPoROAaeT- ch H3MeHCHHCM eTO NonepewHbIX pasMepon, OTHomeHue OTHOCHTeIDHOM NonepeuHoy pedopMaluH K OTHOCHTe Thon nposombnot B yupyrof o6aacTH HasbBaerca KO9 dh H- unenutrom Tlyacecona, at 1.22 p=“, (1.22) i Te ay = — oTHOCHTeibHad NoMepewmad aeopMalan: d &€—OTHOCHTeIBHAA MNposombnan aepopmanus; d, — aua- Mertp oGpasya doce gepopMayHH, M. 15Kpome monyan lOnra u Koadipuunenta Tlyaccona tio BeeHHe TOPHLIX NOpoy B yupyroli OGAacTH xapaxrepHay) ered MOZyneM cA Bura (p [la/pagnan) —ornomenne| MpHOKeNHOrTO K NOpose KacaTesuoro Hallps2KeHUT 7 yraly y, Ha KOTOpLIT cMemaored GacTHiy: G=+, (1.28) v Takum O6pa30M, MORy7b ciBira xNapakrepmsyeT BeqH- WHHY KacaTebHOTo HallpsUKEHHA, Heo6xoAUMOrO ZA TOro, HTOOL! LOcTHYD meopMaunH cABira, paBnoH | paanany (57°17/45"7). Monazyab BCecTOpoHHero cx aTHA —xoap- uunentr TEPONOPMMOHAAbBHOCTH Mey HAIPAKCHHeM. BCE- cTropoHnero (ruqpoctaTneTn4ecKoro) C-KATHA TL OTHOCH- TCIbHLIM YMeHbWeHHem OGbeMa Obpasia NOpomB. AV a =K,; 3 & Vv . rie o’ —ualpsxKenne secctoponero cKatTua, Ta; K— MO[yi» wscectopomero chkatna, Ma; AV— a6comiornoe yMeHbenve O6beMa O6pasua, m®; V—o6nem o6pasma TOpogEt, Mm. MusvueckH MOMLYsIb BCeCTOPONNerO cxKATHA XapaKTepH- syeT ralpsaenne, Tipu KoTopoM OTHOCHT@ILHOe YMeHbUIeHHe OObeMa paBHO exHHUIC. XapakTepHcTHKH yUpyrocTH TOPHBIX Topox CBAgAalbt M@eKLY coOoh cooTHONeHHaMH ee eo (1.25) iat E + ear (1.26} Tlostomy, Lan NosyueHtH STHX XapakrTepHeTHK gocra- TOUHO ONPeAeCIMTL Wea NOKA3saTeAA — MOjyab IOnra nH KO- apdpuunenr Tlyaccona, JivarpaMMa AeopMannit MPH OAUNOWNOM NarpyxeHHH NO paspyleHia ropHIx Topo_ noKasana na puc. 1.8,a. Ip sepenyiomuxcn Harpyskax m1 pasrpysKax anarpaMMa uMeeT BHI, MpuBezeHHL wa pic. 1.8,6. Kak caenyer wa 9THx saBncwMoctell, ysacrox Qa’ mox- HO CYUTATh JHU yeOBHO OGacThIO yipyrhx epopma- uni, 3aBucHMOcTL, MeXLY GNENe cheyeTR TOUNOCTH JH- HeltHOMY SaKOHy M MOAYab yUpyroctH ABAAeTCH BeTHIHHOK 16 —) ee a a a é Pre. 1.8. Tpapux sapucumoctn nanpsxenuit or gedopmannii: a yup" - Tpesen ylipyrocriy; Tog BPCMeHHOe CONPOTHBACHHe Cx AaTHIO nepemennoli. Kpome Toro, pa3iHuHble BHAbl Harpy30K (caKaTHe, pacTaxernie wT, 1.) TakoKe MpHBOLAT K pasmH4- HBIM 3Haennaim YUPYTHX XapakTepHcTuxK, Onn yMenbiua- JOTCH TPH UPNAOACHHH GOMbINNX PacTArMBAlOMHX _ Warpy- 30K HM YBCIHYHBAIOTCA TPH NPHAOKeNHH CKAMAIONIAX Harpy3oK. Jat pealbubix TOPEDIX MOPAR Woche CHATHA Harpy3Ku WMelOT MeCTO OCTaTOUNDIe MAactTHYecKHe eopma- UHH en (em. puc. 1, 8,6). pu nontopHom narpysKe o6paa4 a OGpasylorca Merin ricrepeanca, XapakTepusyiomtue BQIIMMHY TOTEPH SHeprAn pH MedopMauny (cm. 1, 8,6). Topnsie nopoxM sABAAIOTCA YyIpyro-IWiacTHIHLIMH TeaaMH. IIpu yBeuimennn Temiepatypsi mMiacrHunocTb topos, BoO3- pactaet. [pu Grerpom (yaapHom) mpHnomenun narpy30K MPOMCXONNT XPyuKoe paspymennve TNOpor, a mpH meATeH- HOM — pasBHRalorcs TacTHHecKHe fepopmaunn, Takum o6paaom, Berita TeopManni B ropubIx NOpowax 3aBH- cut ot Bpemenu, [lpi xeherairt nocrosiHoro Bo BpeMeHH HaUpsKeHA LeEPOPMalUa MOpOAR He OCTaeTca mocToAMHON, 4 BOSpacTacT, ITO aBUCHMe NASDIBACTCH NOASyuecTHIO. TIpusiaku uoaayyecrn jWin sWiaeTHUHBIX TOpoa RaGstoma- loTes IPH WanpsKeinax, cocranasomux 10—15% paspy- IWaIONINX, B yerTORHAX GEIerporo uarpy2xKenna. Jledopma- Ht TOpHbIX TOpOA (yroa Cisura y) MPH MeNIenHOM 1X Ha- rpyAennn ¢ NocTosmoi cKopocTbIo MoKasana Ha pHc. 1.9. Ha ysaerke O—/ wa6stogaercs ipaKtimueckn paman 3a- BHCHMOCTh MCKIY HANpPTKCHHAMH H ReopmMalinamMa (yu- pyrue gepopmMaunn), a na yaactke /—2—mnaactnueckan HeopMaiaa o6pasna pt MexacHHOM BoSspacTaHHH Ha- rpysox. Yuacroxk 2—3 xapaKrepysyer ycranonnpiyiocn Nom3yuecTh — BoapactaHue qepopManni apm HexsmMeHnofi 17tag i Pic. 1.10. Pasaurne maacraye- Puc. 1.9. fleopmamm exnura ti CKEX gePopMauiii BO BpeMent Tp MeWMICHHOM HarpyKeHHit narpyske. Jloctimkenne mpeneibHol Bevinununl Lehopmannit {up APUROLMT K PASPYIEHHIO TOPOL MH CIOKeRHIO BCH UHI HWAUpsIKCHH WO WeKOTOpero ocTaTOUNOTO silayenna Toor, PASBHTHE MIACTHYCCKHX AePOPMAaLNH Bo BPeMeHI trO- xagano na pace. 1.10. Tpu uprnoxenum narpysKi, qocra- TOWNON JWI AOCTHAKCHTA HANPDKeCHHIMA Tpexela ympyro- CTH Tyup, BOAMNHA epopMalM OCTUrAcT aNayeHHA ‘Yynp npakniueckn MrHoBeHHO (ToUKAa f), MOcAe “ero NauMnaet- cH mdacrwueckan mepopmaina. Tlacruueckne medopma- Hu XapakrepHsyloT¢a CTaMeH 3aTyxalollelh TomsyyecTH ({—2), ma KoTOpof cKopocts naactHuecknx jecopMalHit nocrenenio YMeHbILaeTcH; CTaitei ycTaHoBuBiticltcs mo- ayyectu (2—8) pH TocTomNHol cKopoctH nepopmalna u cTaqueli mporpeccupylomel Tousyyecty (1lmacrH4ecKoro Te- vera 3—4). Ha stoi mocaegneli cranuu (noctae zocTHAte- HUSH BCANUHNLE Ipexesbnoro 3nauecHHA LecopMaLui yup) CKOpocTs fedopMaluy Peako BospacraeT u nadmomaeTcH paspyilenue MarTepHama. YMeCHBUNIB BETIYHHY CABUTaTOWWIX HanpsKeNni, MoxxK- NO OCTHY TAKOTO NOOxKeNNA, Kora upouecc jesbopmMu- POBaHHH Nopoms ocTawoBurcn Wa cTaquH 3aryxalomell noasyuectn (xpunaa [/—2'), Maxcumanpuat peanumna Hanpaxeinl, KoTopoli cooTRercTByer Takag medpopmalnst, HASLIPACTEA NPeACIOM MOABYTECTH Toa, T. €. ITO NANpPAIKe- lle, Ip! KOTOPOM CkopocTh LeopMalnn CTpemsTea K HyJO, a Bena AeopManii — K HeKOTOpoMy KOHeYHOMY 31a- YeHHIO TPH HeOrpaHN4eHHOM BO38PACTaHUM BNeMeHM Mpmo- Kenna marpyaxn. Hesatyxawmne naacrimueckne Aedopma- IIH, T. ¢, UCPexXOL K cTalin yeTanoBuBUelicn MOMSyueeTH 1 HMaCTHYeCKOPO TCHEHHS, BOSMOAUL TONLKO B Cay IAC, ecH T > Thos: 18 ren i ’ / 3 = «fla 1.5. POPHOTEXHHYECKHE CBOACTBA FOPHbIX NOPOL Cymectayer weabiit psa croliers ropHyx nopox, KoTO- pbie OTpaxkaloT HeKOTOpbie HX cyIlecTBeHHBIe ocobexnocTa Up TeXHOJOrHUeCKNX TpoMeccax Zo6ntnu. K awm otHocat- CH PaSPbIXJIAeMOCTH, yCaiKa, a6pasHBHOCTs, TpenuHo- BaTOCTh, [panyMOMeTpH4eCcKHA cocTaB, KPenocTh u gp. Bee 3TH CBOHCTBA 34aBicHT oT (usn4eckHX cROfcTR jauUHOt ropuoii nopozp. Oxgnaxo ycraropnenhe 3apncumMoctn Mex- AY TOPHOTeXHMeCKIMH M u3sttecKHMH cBOlCTBAaMT B SombuinieTRe CAy4aeH 3ATPyAHEHO MR pakruyeckux 1e- Aaxy yRoOuee NOALZOBATEeH ropNOTeXHMtecKHMH CBOLCTBa- uu, Jian onpexercim mupo6lem yeroiiumpocry neobxorn- MO YTHTHBATH PA38PHIXIAEMOCTR H YeaaKy ropupix wopon, TpallymoMeTpuiecKHi cocTaR, HacbuTNyIO Maccy um ‘KOadbiH- HHT Tpelns, YroA CeTecTBeHHoro OTKOCa H KperocTL Propo TIOPOJLBI. Ton paaspuxaveMocrphio naoTion nopomm mo- WMaioT yBeimdenne ce oGbeMa B pesyqHTaTe pbNaenna (Apo6renns, OTGOHKH, 9KCKaBartHit) TO cpaBHennto c o65- MOM, 3aHiMaeMbIM Nopoaoi B MaccHBe (20 ppixenrts), Pasphixasemocth = ollcHnBaercn «= KO PuuHen TOM pa3spuxgenna: Vv, > Kao d, Pp rae Vp—e6bem nopoas nocae pasppixaenia, um, V —obb- OM MOpOLb B MaceHRe, My y—naoTHOcTh Topoab B Mac- cune, T/M*, yy —MAOTHOCTS pasphixaenHoi Toporl, ‘t/M?. Koadipunnerr paapuxarenns sapuciT or KayeeTBa 4 crenent {poGrenua nopoabl, emKocrn H dopME! cocyza, BIAKNOCTH I BpeMeHI Haxo7KAenHHs MOPOMbE B paspBXxJen- HOM COCcTOSHWH, Paspuixiennast nopolqa ¢ TeweHHem BPCMCHH WVILIOTHH- eCTCH AO KAKOH-TO Gonee Hau Meee TOCTOSHION BeJIHUTHbT, KoTOpas XapakTepHayerct OCTATOIHMM KOOP dH WHeHTOM PpaapHxaenun Kyo. Yeanky (ynaoruenne) NOPOMM c TeveHHeM BpemMeHn MONO OWEHMBATh KOIPPATHeNTOM yIaToTHCHUA (1.27) “ (1.28) tae V; —o6bem pagpbixieHHHX nopox nocae ynaorTHe- HHA Ton nacunaot maccot nonumator Maccy cbmy- 19Ye ropHolt Mopomy 8 eHHHNe o6hemMa, STO nonaTHe PABHOSHAYHO TIOTHOCTH paaphixsenHnol noporn. Bennan- Ha HachMHOl MaCCH 3aBUCHT OT MAOTHOCTH NoposH n Mac-| cube Ppanyaomerpimieckoro cocTaBa, crenenH yiaoTHeHHa, BIaKHOCTH WT. I. TpanymomMeTpuyeckufl coctas nopox, —or- HOCHTeCAbHOe comepRanne (moO Macce) 4YaCTH pasnHTHOl Kpymtoctn B ropHoi mopone. Or sro xapaxreprerHKu 3a- BHCHT TLTOTHOCTH MOPOR HM VMs! WX TPeHHA, BeAWIHHA co- MpOTHBTenMa CIBHry uM MpyrHe <(pHanko-MexanHuecKHe cpolictBa (mopueTocth, cKWMaeMOCTb, BaTOeMKOCTh Were at). IIpH Nepememenun tea oTHocnrembHO Apyr Apyra (Han OMNO! ero YacCTH OTHOCHTeCALHNO Bpyrofi) BoOsIMKAIOT CHILI TPeHnA, MpCHATCTBYIONINe MepeMeMeHMO HM BOSHHKHORE- HMO 3TOPO TEPOMENLCHTMA IPH HeLocTaTounol BeAnune Tpu- Toxennx cin. Cra, weo6xoqHMan JIA Havana nepe- mMemienua, F 20/oKHa 6uITh Tem Goapilie, eM Gombe cuma HOPMAIbHOTO LaBAeHHA (TIpMKUMaloMtad NepeMemlaemoe Te- nO K TlopepxuoctH mnepemMentenusa) P. Ecnn nepememenne NpoucxoANT om AefeTAnéM cunt T no ropusoNTamBnoOn Mo- BePXHOCTH, a B KayecTBe CIIbr NOPMaploro WaBMeHHT npHiimacten Bec tena N, ro KospipiyMenT Tpexna T hat. (1.29) Ecru mopepxnocTh mepememenus HMeeT yron nakoNa @ wf CCN STOT Vron TocTencHHo yBeAHUNBaTh, TO HacTy- nur Moment (pH anayeHnn yrra Nakaowa & =o’), Korta Teo HaMHeT LBHraTHest MOA AelicTRNeM coGcTBeHHOrO Beca. B 9Tom ‘ctyyae B KauecTBe Cuan F npminMaerca KacaTetb- Has cocTaBmoulan Beca T= Psinp’, a B KavecTBe CHAD HopManbuore Aanmenus—uactTs Boca N = Pcosp’. Koapibunnent tpenws , fr= ene =igp’. (1.30) cos p Yron p’ Haswpawr yraom tpenna. Ero pennanna ZABHCHT OT THIa MOpOAb H COCTONUMA COMPHKAcCawOULINes mosepxuocteli. Tipu paspyureinn ropHbix mopoy BHyTPCH- HHe CHIL, TPCMATeTBYIOMNe ITOMY paspyuelsiio, YCOBHO pashermor Ha CHIH CIeMTeNNA MeACLY WacTHUaMM yy CHB BHYTpeHNcTO TPeHHs, 3aBHCAIMe OT BeTHYHHb! HOPMavibr Horo JaBAcHHA H OT KoSdipulueHta BUyTpewHero TPeHHA KOTOPLif mo cRoeMy Napakrepy anagoruuen KoocbcpHIH- i he oe eHTy TPeHHA, HO B HeHAapyMeHHoh noBepxHocTHO paaena TOpowe, 4 No BeAHYNHe MOET GbITh Tpelcrapnen Kak TaHreHe yria BHYTpeHNero tpenua p. Koaddunnent BHYyT- peuuero TpevHA NpexcraBager coboh oTnoMeHHe HeAHInHE CABITAIOMAX CHI (34 BLIVETOM CHa clennenis 3aBycs- TLIX OF BOUMENHE CHenenis! & 10 LanHot mIOManKe pas- MepOM S) K BerHUMHe cHubl HOpMasBuoro AaBaennsa N fs Phe t eR (1.31) Vroom ectecraennoro otKoca cbinyyeill MOpOLpl HAsLIBAeTCA yron NakOHa TloBepxnocry STO To- POR Go K TOPH3S0HTy, O6pasoRanuniica Up ee cROOOLHOTT OTCHIIKE. TlockotnKiy CbilyTHe NOpOaH He WMeloT citene- HHH, TO ty =p=—p'. Beauuuna yraa ecrecrnenHoro orkoca 3annent oT tbop- Mbl NACTHM, HX ‘pasMepa, BlaxKuOCTH, MAoTHOCTH HT. I, Oua onpeneaserca no pesyabtaraM MapxmelinepcKolt cbem- wt OTRANOB H pasBanos nopor. Heobxoxumo uMeTh B BH, ITO TPH OPChIIKe TOPOL B OTBaJb pesyabTHpyiommit yror orkoca 6yRer NeeKoOTbKO Mette yraa ecrectReHHoro oT- KoCa 3a CueT paaaera KycKoB, Yrant ecrecrBennoro orKoca ATT CKANDIDIX WH TONYCKAIBHBIX TOPO Hapyilennol erpyK- TYPM CcocTaBlsoT 32—37°, An rAMMNCTHX cyxXux nopoxz — 27—85°, snannerx— 15—25°. [lecku ume yroa ecrect- Benuora oTKocta ot 25 no 35°, Kpenocrs, ropnof nopoum XapakTepHayer ee conpo- THBISCMOCTh MeCXaHWNecKHM BO3ieicCTBHAM (6ypeHio a3pLnaHMo, BHeMKe). Bo upakruke Han6once pacnpocrpa- ten xKoshbunnenr kpenocerm f,npeasoxennstit npod. M..M. TTporoapakonopnm,—cotraa uacth mperena NPONMOCTH MOPORD Ha CAATHE Gow f — — Fou 9.81.10 * it32)