A. H. APCEHTbEB, H. 10. BYKHH, B. A. MHPOHEHKO YCTOHYHBOCTb BOPTOB H OCYIIEHHE KAPbEPOB Aonyujeno Muxuctepcreos eoeuezo a cpeduezo ehéeyuaapnoeo oGpasosanus CCCP 6 xavecree yeeénuxa OAK eTYOERTOG BY308, OOYTAOMUXCA NO CReKUGALHOCTH 0209 «Texhoscaus te KOMMABKCHOR MeXOHESGYUR orxpoTrod paspaborxu mecropoocdenui nonesitex uoKOnaE MoLX? MOCKBA «. f B esete «Ocnosinx Hallpanaenui akoHOMMUeCKOrO UH 5 columabHoro pasantis CCCP na 1981—1985 ronw w ia neptog qo 1990 rogae wn XI natarerke npelyeMatpupaer- cH Aaapnefiee passurne NanGonee adipexrusnoro or- Kpbirore croce6a nOGbM NomeabX HeKONaeMEX Ha oC- J HOBE IMPOKOFO BUELpPeHNA NporpeccuBuei: Textonoruit uo FopHroTpancnoprnoro obopynoRaHHn Goanmoit enuimnunoil MoumocTH, Pactymue maciraém go6nun nosesnbix j HEKOUACMBIX I HHTeHCH@nKaNNA pabor ma Kappepax obycAoBanBaior HenpepHByee yReanuenne ray6uuni rop- NbIX pa6oT Bee BOapacTalolNuMH TeMmaMt, ] C poctom ray6inrs Kapbepes yReluuBactcA 1 BLICO- Ta Hepa6ounx GopToR, a ceqoBateabHo H onacHocTh Hx neopmaunu, [ostomy ofecneuene yeroliuusoet# 6op- j TOR Kapbepa ABANeTCH OLIUM H3 OCHOBIBIX BONPOCOR npH oTKpbITOM crocobe paspaGborKy, Ta6a, 11, pre. 83, cracox aur. — 36 naan. PenenseutTH: - Kadenpa paspaOorky MecTopoxaciinit OTKPLITHIM cno- co6om CrepaaoncKoro oper Pig (Mr) i i. . eéa308 e H apo, A-p Text. NayK Popunie mwxenepar 7OmKUD sHaTD MeTOyL pacuera j yeroiiuweecrh Goptos 1 oTBanoR Hu METOLb OGecHedenna MX yeToi4HBOCTH B Mpolecce sKcnayaTaNuN Kappepa, Tak Kak UsMenCHne yrla Torallicnus Gopta ray6oKoro Kappe- ] pa ta 1° pener K naMeHeHIO o6beMa BCKPLMITNHIX pador Wa MHAHOUb Ky6uIeCKAX Metpos, B To xe BpeMa 3a- SbICHHe STOTO Yria MOKeT IpMBecTH K KaTacTpodmue- | CKOMY ONOASHIO GopTa HM cepbesiHoMy Hapymenmo paGorn Kapbepa, M3-3a eposruocrnoro XapaktTepa sani o cnolicrBax MaccuBa ropHbix NOpOA pH pacuerax yeroit- | WHBOCTH HeOGXOANMO TINATeIbHO olneNHRaTD YpoBenh «2 PRcCKa MPUNHMaeMbIX pemenni. A Tak Kax Gopra Kapbepa ‘hopmupylores: noerenenio 10 mepe ero yriy6Kn, nyxHo i TAKKE YVTHTBIBATL (bakTop Bpemenn, -_ 2504000000—216 He MeHCe Bayknoe 3Haveline HMeerT ocyllenHe Kapbe- 043(01) — 82 45—82 ai Tag i 245 © Msaateancrso, «Hespar, 1982 Pubix MogeH, TAK Kak BOAONPUTORH He TOARKO MetraloT IY Sex, |04 3 fHOPMANbIOH SKcHAyATaUn OSOpyoBAaHA, HO H oTpiilta- TeIbHO CKasbiBaloTeA Ha YCTONIHBOCTH OTKOCOB, Bee ati Bonpocti ocacmalored B Tpeauaraemoi Kyure, Wanucaniol Wa OCHOBe MHorouleTHero ONHITA YTCHHA Kyp- ca ¢¥eroimmeocrs Gopros wu ocyuleHHe KappepoB> B JlenmnrpadcKom ropnom HNCrHTYTe, OTACIBULIX PaspaboTaK ABTOPOB Mf HMEIONLNXCH JUTepATyPULIX UCTOTIHMKOB, A. HW. Apcentsennim nanucanbt: mpemucnosue, 2, 5.2, 5.6, 5.9, H, 10. Byxunsm—3.2, 3,4, 3.5, 5.1, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.7, 5.8, 6.10, 6 2 8; A. HW. Apcentsesum u H, 10, Byku- uum — 1, 3.1, 3.38, 3.6, 4 4 7; B. A. Mapoxenxo—9, 10 w 11, i “a “a a a oe 4 a 1 —w PASJIEN 1 JLE®OPMALIAH BOPTOB KAPbEPOB HU OTBAJIOB 1, ®@H3HKO-MEXAHHMYECKHE CBOMCTBA FOPHBbIX TOPOn, 1.1, OBLIHE MOJOKEHKA IIpu go6nue MomesHHIxX HWCKOMAeMBIX HMCIOT eNO Cc TOpHbIMu WoOposaMM, CBolicTBa ‘KOTOpHIX sHayHTenbhHO BansiOT na asipipeKTuBnocrs, GesonacnocTa H cnocobn NpOHSBOCTBa ropHHx pabor, [px PopMHpoBaHHA Kappep- Oro IPOCTPallcTBa H MPOBCAEHHH OTKPHITHIX H MO3eMHbIX TOpHbIx BHpaGOTOK NOABIAIOTCH OONAKeHHbIe NoBepx- HocTH ropibly 1opoa. BosanKaer neo6OxoxHMocTh crpororo yueTa 3akoHuOMepnHocTell BsauMogelicrBua ciocoboB BbIeM- kW co cBolictBaMH Nopox za o6ecneyonasn Geszonacnol 1“ adbexTusHol paGoTH Kapbepa, T. @. NOABAReTCH HeoOxo- AMMOCTh paCKPEITHH B KaxKLOM KOHKpeTHOM cjlyyae pyHkuaH Q=F(GM), (1.1) rae Q—mNapamerpn ropiof BbipaGoTKH (momagp ce4e- nas, (bopMa, yron oTKeca u ap.); G—noKasaTetbh MeTo- hos yKperrenna o6namKennh ropubix mopon; M—csoi- cTBa MaccHBa TOPHBIX Mopor. Zita oGecneyennn GesonacHom paéoter alozel nm 060- PyYAOBANNa Bg Kapbepe weoGxoqMMO NMpHmanaTh ero Gop- TaM H yctylaM yrabi orKoca H tpopMy, odecnedHBaiomue HX yeroiuBoctp, IIlpH weposMoxnoeru (uau mestppextupnocTu) obecne- NCHHA eCTCCTBEHHON yCTONuMBOCTH OTKOCOB Tepon Heab- XOQUMO NpPHMeNaTh HCKyceTBeHUBIe cnocobbhl yKpenmenua oonaxennit. Ecrecrsennaa ycroitmocth orkocon onpeferserca COCTOANNCM H CBOCTBAaMM roplore MaccHBa, B KOTOPOM pasBHBaloToA TopHble paGoTH, H SaBHCHT B OCHOBHOM OT era TPeMUHOBATOCTH.ee ZO Eu NnOpod, B 3aBICHMOCTH OT TPelNHopa- TOCTH MOKCT GbITh KMAccHpPULUpoBa at i soe tot: (PuLUpOBAl Ha TeTbipe cHeTe- a@—cnerema omnoro tena (pre. 1.la), Korda B Mae- CHBe HMCIOTCA TOJbKO HeGONbIINC TPM, He coeqH- Halouecd Apyr ¢ APyFOM, HM era MOKHO paccMaTpHBaTE Kak cioumnyio cpezy; 6—cneréMa neckoapxnx tea (pue, 1.1,6), Korma Tpe- TUN WaCTHIHO COeAMTeEND! Apyr ¢ APyroM, HO oTAebMBE WacTH He NOJMHOCThIO OTACMENBI Apyr OT Apyra U CBAs MOCTHKAMH 3 UWeMelTupyromero MaTepnaa; @—cucreMa MITorix Ten B CKaTBHX Topozax (pyre, 1.1,@), Korga MacCcHB COCTONT m3 OTICIDHBIX O1OKOR, pas- e@MeHHLIX TPeuUNTAMM MoLoOGHO cyxoh KiALKe U3 MOTHO NpHruanmix KaMiel; 2—cHcreMa MHODHX TCT B PBINIMIX Nopomax (puc. 1.1.2), Korga MaccHB COCTONT U3 MHOPHX scpCH MH KYCKOB, HeMOTHO MPHrHanNbIX Apyr K Apyry. Cacayer iMcTh B BHAY, YTO roplad uopeya odaaqaer coBepmentiO HHbIMH CROHCTRaMH, “eM TopiDlii MaCOHB. (no TOpUbIX MOpo! Cuctemn Tel B MaccHBax 1, J, Mioanepy) . Pure. 7 kn | oon Ls B uwacrommlee BpeMa lWaKkotTeHoO MOTO epemennit 0 cROfcTBAN TOPHbIX TOPO Kak CHIOWMO CPeLbl, H COBCEM WenocTaTONnO AAWHbIX O cpolicTBax ropHora MaccuBa, L2. TWIOTHOCTHBIE CBOHCTBA TOPHbIX NOPO!, [laotnocrnuie enolicrpa o6ycaonaenbl nelicTRHeM Ha HOPOLL PpAaBHTANMONHOrS MOsst B3emmu, Onn nogpasze- agiotes Wa coOcTBeHNo rpaBHTalMonHne WH CTpyKTYpHEIc. Yuoununii sec Yo (B H/m*) —sTo oTnomenue Beca 3anumaemoMy 9ToH (ba- rpepnoit cpaant Py K o6bemy, 30, Vy =e 12 Yo Ve (1.2) Mocxornky sec Pr=mg, re m—Macca, g— yekope- ime cuodomoro Waenis, Yo 3aBIICHT OT YCKOpelNA CBO- Gomnoro TakeHWst B NYHKTe OMpenencnuA M He ABTAETCH, taku oGpasoM, WapaMetpom BemlecTBa B cTporo usaie- cxom embicne. Ho p TeximeckHx pacucTax u3MeHeHHeM yexopemnst cBosoniioro NazerHs obLIMIO TMpeNe6peraloT, PaccmMaTpHBad YAeIbHMit Bec Kak KoneranTy ropioli nNoOposnl, YVaeapnaa Macca — STO OTHOMeHHe MACChl TReplOl hasnt m, ropuoh MOpomyl K o6bemy, 3atiMaemomy 9TOlL Tpepmon cbasoi, Vy Be Ve 8 (1.3) TlitoTHoctTh xapakTepHsyeT OTHOITeHHe oGmef Mac- ent Qxmesof, rasoo6pasioll # tBepaon a3) Topix Mo- pox m K galmMaeMomy oGbeMy Vv i= = Ra (1.4) B orawine oT yaelbHoro Beca NAOTHOCTh ABAACTCH Kolcrantol RemlecTBa B cTporo *usuTecKkOM CMLICWTC. Kosppruucst mopneToctTu (opucrocth) (B % ) xapaktepusyer oTnommenne o6beMa Op 8 TOPHBIX noepowax Vy xk o6memy o6beMy, 3annMaeMoMy sto Topono;, V, =! 100), 5 t= 10 (1.5)Tax wax Va=—V—V;, = se aa 100 (1.6) TW = (i— ag] 100 , (1.7) n= (I~) 100 =( —+,) 100. (1.8) Han6onee pacnpoctpanena xapaxrepnernKa nopoa, Na3biBacMan BAKHOCTLIO TO Macce: Peas . (1.9) tae P—macca BwaxHoro Ob6pasua (ecrecrBenuam Bmank- HOCTh HAM BAaKHOCTh, Npuobperemnad B pesyuLTaTe BLI- ACPKMBANHA O6pasiia B oOllpesenenuwx ycenOBNAX), Kr; Py—Macea Boaqynro-cyxoro o6pasia (Tak HaanBaemaa wocrosutas Macca), Kr. Tlocrostuof macco cunraercn Macca mocae BBICYILH- BaHHs| Dp Temmepatype 105°C. Tipu atom pacxoxzenue MCKLY [BYMS NOCIELVIONHMI BSBeCIUABAHHAMM He NOMKTO NPCBLUAaTh TPexXKpaTHON OWNOKH BaBeUIMBanHa. Takum o6pa3oM, Macca BOsjyHoO-cyxoro obpasia oToaRMecTBAA- erca ¢ Maccoft cKeiera rpyita, Kpntepnem crenenm 3a- NogHetHn Top BOAO anagercs Kosdipbuunenr BoLoMAcH- ILCHHA, HIM CTeleHb BIaKHOCTH g, KOTOPH TMpeaeraBader Cobol oTHOMeHne gannoi (HanpuMep, ecrecrBermoii) BAARNOCTH W KMpeebie BOsMOMHOL (HAM TOMHOH) Hpu Lannof nopwerocrin Wo: v= g= =, (1.10) Wp, Ta6anua 1.1 Tlopoan 8, n/a a % Tpanur 2,5—2,7 1,2 Flapecruak 24—2,7 0,5—13,4 Mpamop 2,4—2,7 0,5—13,0 TleeuaHnk 2,6—2,7 “8 —28,0 Tannnernrit cnaven, 2,4—2,7 3,0—4,0 Panna, eyranuke 2,5—2,9 385—50 Teck 2,5—2,6 95—30 Tpannit 2,5—2,6 27—38 8 To crefleim BaaxNocTH pa3anualor cyxHe nopomn (qx <0,5), saaxnbe (0,5<¢<0,8), Bogqonactimenune (g> >0,8). Tlopoxzn, 3ameraiomme mmKe ypoRHA moxSseMHBIX BOL, ABIMIOTCH MOMUOCTHIO BOAONACHINLCHHBIMH (G=1). Tlnornoctn nanbomee PacnpocrpaneHHbIxX TOPHbIX Tio- pou usmensercn or 2,5 go 4,5 1/M’, mopuetocrh—or 0 zo 20% m Sonee (ra6a, 1.1). 13, PH3HUKO-MEXAHHYECKHE CBOHCTBA YTOPHbIX MOPOJL Caenewua o (pH3HKO-MexaHHuecKkHx cBOleTBax mOpon Han6éonee NOMHO OTPAKeHkI B AHTepaType, Tak Kak 57a rpyina caolicts uMeeT Gompilloe sHayeHHe MpH pacuerax yeTouunBoctH, HOPMHpobaHHA H T. 0. DusyKo-Mexanimeckve cBOHCTBA Topo, nompasqend- lOTCH Ha MpPOUHOCTHBIe, YIPyrHe, TOPHO-TexXHMNecKHe HM cbusHueckHe (aKyCTHYCCKHe, SMeCKTPOMArHHTHbIe, Ten0- BLIe, PalHOARTHBUbIC). Ilpovwnoctube cBOfcTBa XapakrepH3ylor cio- co6noecTh rOpublX NOpox cONpoTHBIATSCA paspymenHio 107, LeiicTBueM WPHIOKeEHNBIX MexaHH4ecKHX HarpysoK. Ha MPOVHOCTS TOPIX MOpox BAHMIOT TMepBOHayaabuoe Cco- CTOFHHe, BHI H BETHUNIAa LeopMupywulnx CHA, CKOpOCTL AebopMaynu u remmepatypa, TIpu aa6oparopunrx me- mbnatHix O6pa3siop Wa Hx Mpowocth cyjecTBeNHO BlumoT (opMa u pasMep o6pasna. BerencTBue anusoTpo- UHH TOPHLIG NOPOAH HMCIOT HeOLHHAKOBY!O TIPoyHOCTS 10 PasdHUNbIM HanpaBseunaM, Tlostomy pasHyaor Ipoe- HOCTh MOpOX TO HacTOeHMO, NON yriom K HeMYy H MO moO- BepxHocTam ocaAabwenns (10 TpeuWHaM, coNCTOCTH, cranienatoctm), TIpa s106btx Buylax Harpy xen paspy- WeHHe NOPOA MPOHCXOANT HH 3a C4eT Cpe3sa, HAH 3a Cer OTPHIBA. Jian oueirku mpownoctupx cBolictR mopor cayKUT NonaTHe HanpsKeHwa (asneHua), KoTopoe XapaKTepn- syeTeH cHwoH, BosAelicrByioleh Na elUNNy NoBepxiocrn. Hanpsxenne p cucreme CH usmepserca B macKansax. Tlog, MpOuHocTHHIMH CBOCTBAMH TOPHEIX Mopon monn- Maerca HX Bpemeniioe (Mpenerpnoe) conpoTwanenHe caxKa- THIO, PacTHKeHHIO, cHBUry, Harnby. IIpourtoerupe crofictaa xapakrepiayiorca mpeerom NPOUNOCTH HA CAKATHe, PACTMIKEHHe HM yrioM BHYTpenHero Tpenus,