COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Example: Determine the design axial load on the column

section ISMB 400, given that the height of the column is 3.5 m
and that it is pin-ended. Also assume the following:
𝑓𝑦 = 250 N/mm2, 𝑓𝑢 = 410 N/mm2; E = 2×105 N/mm2

Solution:
Properties of ISMB 400 [Table I SP:6(1)-1964]
Depth of section, h = 400 mm
Flange thickness, 𝑡𝑓 = 16 mm
Thickness of web, 𝑡𝑤 = 8.9 mm
Flange width, b = 140 mm
Cross-sectional area, A = 7846 mm2
𝑟𝑧 = 161.5 mm, 𝑟𝑦 = 28.2 mm
a) Buckling curve classification (Table 10, IS 800 :2007):
ℎ 400
= = 2.86 > 1.2; 𝑡𝑓 = 16 mm < 40 𝑚𝑚
𝑏 140
Hence, we should use buckling curve ‘a’ about z-z axis and ‘b’ about
y-y axis.
b) Effective length:
Since both ends are pinned effective length, 𝐾𝐿𝑦 = 𝐾𝐿𝑧 = 3.5 𝑚
c) Non-dimensional slenderness ratio:(7.1.2.1 of IS 800 :2007)

About z-z axis: 𝛼 = 0.21[Table 7, IS 800 :2007]𝜆𝑧 = 𝑓𝑦 /𝑓𝑐𝑐 =

𝐾𝐿𝑧 2
𝑓𝑦 /(𝜋 2 𝐸)
𝑟𝑧

2
3500
= 250 × /(𝜋 2 × 2 × 105)
161.5
= 0.2439
 𝜙 = 0.5 1 + 𝛼 𝜆 − 0.2 + 𝜆2
= 0.5 1 + 0.21 0.2439 − 0.2 + 0.24392 =0.534

𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑚0
𝑓𝑐𝑑 =
𝜙 + [𝜙 2 − 𝜆2 ]0.5
250/1.1
= = 225.2 N/mm2
0.534:[0.534 2 ;0.24392 ]0.5

About y-y axis: 𝛼 = 0.34[Table 7, IS 800 :2007]𝜆𝑌 = 𝑓𝑦 /𝑓𝑐𝑐 =

2
𝐾𝐿𝑦
𝑓𝑦 /(𝜋 2 𝐸)
𝑟𝑦

2
3500
= 250 × /(𝜋 2 × 2 × 105)
28.2
= 1.3968
 𝜙 = 0.5 1 + 𝛼 𝜆 − 0.2 + 𝜆2

= 0.5 1 + 0.34 1.3968 − 0.2 + 1.39682 =1.679

𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑚0
𝑓𝑐𝑑 =
𝜙 + [𝜙 2 − 𝜆2 ]0.5

250/1.1
= = 87.06N/mm2
1.679:[1.6792 ;1.39682 ]0.5

The same may be obtained by using Table 9b of IS 800 :2007.

𝐾𝐿𝑦 3500
Thus, for = = 124.11 and 𝑓𝑦 = 250 Mpa, from Table 9b,
𝑟𝑦 28.2

91.7;81
We get 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 91.7 − × 4.11 = 87.3 N/mm2
10
d) Design stresses:
About zz direction,
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 225.2N/mm2
About yydirection,
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 87.06N/mm2
Hence, design axial compressive stress,

𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 87.06N/mm2

The design strength,

𝑃𝑑 = 7846 × 87.06 × 10;3

= 683.07 kN
Example: Calculate the compressive strength of a compound
column consisting of ISHB 250 @ 54.7 kg/m with one cover
plate of 300×16 mm on each flange (as shown in the figure) and
having a length of 4 m. Assume that the bottom of the column is
fixed and top is hinged and 𝑓𝑦 =250 N/mm2

y Cover plate-300×16

ISHB 250
z z

125 mm 𝑦1

16 mm
y
Solution:
Properties of ISHB 250 @ 54.7 kg/m : [Table I SP:6(1)-1964]
C/S area, A = 6971 mm2
𝐼𝑧𝑧 =7983.9 ×104 mm4
𝐼𝑦𝑦 =2011.7 ×104mm4
𝑡𝑓 = 9.7 mm
a) Determination the radii of gyration for the compound section:

𝐼𝑧 for plates = 2 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐴𝑝 𝑦12

300 × 163 2
=2 + 300 × 16 × 125 + 8
12
= 17001.92 × 104 mm4
Total 𝐼𝑧 = 7983.9 ×104 + 17001.92 × 104
= 24985.82 × 104 mm4
Area of the built-up section = 6971 + 2 × 300 × 16
= 16571 mm2
𝐼𝑧 24985.82×104
𝑟𝑧 = = = 122.79 mm
𝐴 16571

16×3003
𝐼𝑦 of plates = 2 × = 7200 × 104 mm4
12

Total 𝐼𝑦 = 2011.7 ×104 + 7200 × 104 = 9211.7 × 104 mm4

𝐼𝑦 9211.7×104
𝑟𝑦 = = = 74.56mm
𝐴 16571

∴ 𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 74.56 mm
b) Buckling curve classification:
From Table 10 of IS 800 :2007, for built up section buckling
class is ‘c’ about any axis.
c) Design strength:
Effective length of the column (Table 11 of IS 800 :2007)
= 0.8𝐿 = 0.8 × 4 × 103 = 3200 mm
𝐾𝐿 3200
∴ 𝜆= = = 42.92
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 74.56

From table 9c of IS 800 :2007, for 𝑓𝑦 = 250 MPa and 𝜆 =42.92

198;183
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 198 − × 2.92 = 193.62 N/mm2
10
Hence, design strength = 193.62 × 16571 × 10;3
= 3208.48kN
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
OF ANGLE STRUTS
 Angle Struts
(Cl. 7.5 of IS 800 :2007)

1. Single Angle Struts ( Cl. 7.5.1 IS 800 :2007):

The compression in single angles may be transferred either
concentrically to its centroid through end gusset or
eccentrically by one of its leg to a gusset or adjacent member.

 Concentric loading: ( Cl. 7.5.1.1 IS 800 2007)

When a single angle is concentrically loaded in compression,
the design strength may be evaluated as per clause 7.1.2 of IS
800 :2007.
 Loaded through one leg ( Cl. 7.5.1.2 of IS 800 :2007)
When the single angle is loaded concentrically through one leg of
its legs, the flexural torsional buckling strength may be evaluated
using an equivalent slenderness ratio 𝜆𝑒 given by
𝜆𝑒 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝜆2𝑣𝑣 + 𝑘3 𝜆2𝜙

Where 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , 𝑘3 = constants depending upon the end condition

as per Table 12 of IS 800-2007.

𝑙/𝑟𝑣𝑣
𝜆𝑣𝑣 =
𝜀 𝜋 2 𝐸/250

(𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )/2𝑡
𝜆𝜙 =
𝜀 𝜋 2 𝐸/250
Where, l = centre to centre length of the supporting member
𝑟𝑣𝑣 = radius of gyration about minor axis
𝑏1 , 𝑏2 = width of two legs of the angle
t = thickness of the leg
ε = yield stress ratio, 𝜀 = 250/𝑓𝑦

Table 12: Constants k1, k2, k3 (IS 800:2007)

No. of bolts at the Gusset/Connecting

k1 k2 k3
end of member member fixity
Fixed 0.2 0.35 20
≥2
Hinged 0.7 0.60 5
Fixed 0.75 0.35 20
1
Hinged 1.25 0.50 60
Example: An ISA 150×150×12 used as a strut has the effective
length as 3 m. Calculate the strength when it is connected by
a) One bolt at each end
b) Two bolts at each end
c) Welded at each end

Solution:
For ISA 150×150×12, A = 3459 mm2, [Table III, SP:6(1)-1964]
rvv = 29.3 mm

For angle sections, Buckling curve ‘c’ is used. [Table 10, IS 800:2007]

Imperfection factor, α = 0.49 [Table 7, IS 800:2007]

a) Connected by one bolt at each end:

Assuming fixed conditions, for one bolt at each end,

k1 = 0.75, k2 = 0.35, k3 = 20 [Table 12, IS 800:2007]
c/c length, l = 3000 mm

Yield stress ratio, 𝜀 = 250/𝑓𝑦 = 250/250 = 1

[cl.7.5.1.2 of IS 800:2007]

𝑙/𝑟𝑣𝑣 3000/29.3
𝜆𝑣𝑣 = = = 1.1523
𝜀 𝜋 2 𝐸/250 1× 𝜋2 ×2× 105 /250
 150+150
(𝑏1 :𝑏2 )/2𝑡 2×12
𝜆𝜙 = = = 0.1407
𝜀 𝜋2 𝐸/250 1× 𝜋2 ×2×105 /250

Hence, 𝜆𝑒 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝜆2𝑣𝑣 + 𝑘3 𝜆2𝜙

= 0.75 + 0.35 × 1.15232 + 20 × 0.14072

= 1.2692

𝜙 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼 𝜆 − 0.2 + 𝜆2 ]
= 0.5[1 + 0.49 × 1.2692 − 0.2 + 1.26922 ]
= 1.5674
 𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑚0
𝑓𝑐𝑑 =
∅:[∅2 ;𝜆2 ]0.5
250/1.1
=
1.5674:[1.5674 2 ;1.26922 ]0.5

= 91.38 N/mm2

𝑃𝑑 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 3459×91.38× 10;3 = 316.1 kN

b) Connected by two bolts at each end:

Assuming fixed conditions, for two bolts at each end,

k1 = 0.2, k2 = 0.35, k3 = 20 [Table 12, IS 800:2007]
Effective length, l = 3000 mm ; 𝜀=1
𝜆𝑣𝑣 = 1.1523
𝜆𝜙 = 0.1407

𝜆𝑒 = 0.2 + 0.35 × 1.15232 + 20 × 0.14072

= 1.03
 𝜙 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼 𝜆 − 0.2 + 𝜆2 ]
= 0.5 1 + 0.49 × 1.03 − 0.2 + 1.032
= 1.2338

𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑚0
𝑓𝑐𝑑 =
∅:[∅2 ;𝜆2 ]0.5
250/1.1
= = 118.8 N/mm2
1.2338:[1.23382 ;1.032 ]0.5

𝑃𝑑 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 3459×118.8× 10;3 = 410.9 kN

c) Connected by weld at each end:

This case will be exactly similar to earlier case, i.e., Connected by
two bolts at each end. Therefore,
𝑃𝑑 = 410.9 kN
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
OF DOUBLE ANGLES
Effective length for Double Angle Struts:(Cl. 7.5.2 IS 800:2007)

The effective length, KL, in the plane of end gusset shall be taken as
between 0.7 and 0.85 times the distance between intersections,
depending on the degree of the restraint provided. The effective
length, KL, in the plane perpendicular to that of the end gusset, shall
be taken as equal to the distance between centres of intersections.
Example: A discontinuous strut of length 4 m consists of two
unequal angles ISA 100×75×8 and is connected to a 10 mm thick
gusset plate by its longer leg. Determine the strength if it is
connected on the:
i) Opposite side of the gusset plate
ii) Same side of the gusset plate
Solution:
Properties of ISA 100×75×8 : [Table IV, SP:6(1)-1964]
A= 1336 mm2
rx = 31.4 mm ry = 21.8 mm
ru = 34.8 mm rv = 15.9 mm
Cx = 31.0 mm Cy = 18.7 mm
Ix = 131.6×104 mm4 Iy = 63.3×104 mm4
i) Angles placed on opposite sides of the gusset plate:

For double angle struts

𝐴′ = 2×1336 = 2672 mm2
𝑟𝑥′ = 31.4 mm (same as for single angle)
2
𝐼𝑦′ = 2 𝐼𝑦 + 𝐴 𝑐𝑦 + 𝑡𝑔 /2

= 2 × 63.3×104 + 1336 × 18.7 + 10/2 2

= 276.68×104 𝑚𝑚4
 𝐼𝑦′ 276.68×104
𝑟𝑦′ = = = 32.18 𝑚𝑚
𝐴′ 2672

Hence, 𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 = min 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑥′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑦′ = 31.4 𝑚𝑚

Effective Length, 𝑙𝑒 = 0.85 𝑙 = 0.85 × 4 = 3.4 𝑚 [Cl. 7.5.2.1, IS 800]

𝑙𝑒
Slenderness Ratio, λ =
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛

3.4 × 1000
= = 108.28 < 180 [table 3, IS 800 2007]
31.4

Hence, the section is ok.

Buckling class for angle section – ‘c’ [Table 10, IS 800 :2007]
For 𝑓𝑦 = 250 MPa and 𝜆 = 108.28 and buckling class c, using
Table 9(c) of IS 800 :2007, we have
107−94.6
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 107 − × 8.28 = 96.73 MPa
10

Hence strength of the member = 96.73 × 2672 × 10−3

= 258.46 𝑘𝑁
ii) Angle placed on the same side of the gusset plate

𝐴′ = 2672 mm2
𝑟𝑦′ = 21.8 mm (same as for single angle)

𝐼𝑥′ = 2 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐴𝐶𝑥 2
= 2 × 131.6×104 + 1336 × 312
= 519.98×104 𝑚𝑚4
 𝐼𝑥′ 519.98×104
𝑟𝑥′ = = = 44. 11 𝑚𝑚
𝐴′ 2672

Hence, 𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 = min 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑥′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑦′ = 21.8 𝑚𝑚

Effective Length, 𝑙𝑒 = 0.85 𝑙 = 0.85 × 4 = 3.4 𝑚 [cl. 7.5.2.1, IS 800]

𝑙𝑒
Slenderness Ratio, λ =
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛

3.4 × 1000
= = 155.96 < 180 [table 3, IS 800 2007]
21.8

Hence, the section is ok.

Buckling class for angle section – ‘c’ [table 10, IS 800 :2007]
For 𝑓𝑦 = 250 MPa and 𝜆 = 155.96 and buckling class c, using table
9(c) of IS 800 :2007, we have
59.2−53.3
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 59.2 − × 5.96 = 55.68 MPa
10

Hence strength of the member = 55.68 × 2672 × 10−3

= 148.78 𝑘𝑁

Strength of the member when Angles placed on

(i) Opposite sides of the gusset plate: 258.46 𝑘𝑁

(ii) Same side of the gusset plate: 148.78 𝑘𝑁
 DESIGN OF
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
 Steps for design of compression members:
1) Assume a suitable design compression stress (𝑓𝑐𝑑 ) as 0.4fy
to 0.6 fy.
𝑃𝑑
2) Effective sectional area required is, 𝐴𝑒 =
𝑓𝑐𝑑

3) A section is to be selected which gives effective area required

and then calculate rmin.

4) Determine effective length, knowing the end conditions and by

deciding the type of connection.
5) Determine the slenderness ratio and hence design stress fcd and
load carrying capacity Pd.
6) Modify the section if calculated Pd differs significantly from the
design load.
Slenderness ratio to be assumed while selecting the
trial section:

Type of member Slenderness Ratio (l/r)

Single angles 100-150
Single channels 90-150
Double angles 80-120
Double channels 40-80
Single I-sections 80-150
Double I-sections 30-60

•Compute KL/r for the section selected & check for

slenderness ratio.
Example: Design a compression member carrying an axial load of
250kN. The effective length of the member is 3 m. Design the
member with 2 equal angles in star orientation as shown in the figure
below.
y
10 mm
v u

x x

u v
y
Solution:
Assuming 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0.5𝑓𝑦 = 0.5 × 250 = 125 𝑀𝑃𝑎

250×1000
Required area = = 2000 𝑚𝑚2
125

Selecting 2 ISA 90×90×6 with the following properties

[Table III, SP:6(1)-1964]

𝐴 = 1047 𝑚𝑚2

𝑐𝑥 = 𝑐𝑦 = 24.2 𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑥 = 𝑟𝑦 = 27.7 𝑚𝑚

𝑟𝑢 = 35 𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑣 = 17.5 𝑚𝑚

𝐴′ = 2 × 1047 = 2094 𝑚𝑚2

Assuming 10 mm gusset plate.

 𝑡𝑔 2
We know, 𝐼𝑥′ = 2 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐴 𝐶𝑥 +
2

𝑡𝑔 2
𝑟𝑥′ = 𝑟𝑦′ = 2
𝑟𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 +
2

= 27.72 + (24.2 + 10
2
) 2 = 40.25 𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑔 2
𝑟𝑣′ = 2
𝑟𝑣 + 2 𝑐𝑦 +
2

= 17.52 + 2 × (24.2 + 10
2
)2 = 44.85 𝑚𝑚

𝑟𝑢′ = 𝑟𝑢 = 35 𝑚𝑚, Hence, 𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 35 𝑚𝑚

Effective Length, 𝑙𝑒 = 0.85 𝑙 = 0.85 × 3000 [cl. 7.5.2.1, IS 800]

= 2550 𝑚𝑚
 𝑙𝑒 2550
So 𝜆 = = = 72.86 < 180 hence safe.
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 35

For 𝑓𝑦 = 250 MPa and 𝜆 = 72.86 and buckling class c,

using table 9(c) of IS 800 :2007, we have

152−136
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 152 − × 2.86 = 147.42 MPa
10

Hence strength of the member = 147.42 × 2094 × 10−3

= 308.7 𝑘𝑁 > 250 𝑘𝑁

Hence the member is safe.

Tack welding:
Tack welding should be provided along the length to avoid local
buckling of each of the elements
𝜆𝑒 ≤ 0.6𝜆 = 0.6 × 72.86 = 43.716 or 40, whichever is less
(clause 7.8.1)
So, 𝜆𝑒 = 𝑆/𝑟𝑣 = 40
Hence, spacing between welds, 𝑆 = 40 × 𝑟𝑣 (Min r of the
individual member) = 40 × 17.5 = 700 𝑚𝑚
Welding is designed to resist a transverse load (P) of 2.5% of
axial load = 2.5 × 250/100 = 6.25 𝑘𝑁
Using 5 mm weld size (shop weld)
𝑃 6.25×103
Hence length of weld = 𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑢 = 0.7×5×410 = 9.43 mm
3𝛾𝑚𝑤 3×1.25

Hence provide a 5mm tack welding of 10 mm length at 700 mm

spacing.
 Design of Compression Member using GUI in
MATLAB

Example: Design a single angle discontinuous

strut to carry a factored load of 50 kN. Assume
that the distance between its joints is 2 m. Use
𝑓𝑦 = 250 Mpa.
 DESIGN OF BUILT UP
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
 Why Built-up Sections?
A built up compression member are those which
consist of two or more rolled steel sections. The
reasons for built-up columns are follows: -

1. The built up sections provide large cross-sectional

area which cannot be furnished by single rolled steel
section.
2. The built up sections provide special shape &
depth. The special shape & depth facilitate
connections between different members.

3. The built up sections provide sufficient large radius

of gyration in two different directions.
4. As larger radius of gyration is capable of handling
more stress thereby requiring lesser area. which
ultimately leads to an economic design.
Examples of Built-up Sections
Channel Back to Back
Channel Face to Face
I Section with Chanel at Top
Double I Section
I Section with Plates
Star Angle
Design of built-up compression member
Step1: -
Find the effective length from the actual length & end
conditions
Step2: -
Assume value of λ between 30-60 for the built section.
Step3: -
Find design compressive stress (𝑓𝑐𝑑) from Table 9(C) of
IS:800-2007 for the given value of λ

Step4: -
𝑃
Find the area as 𝐴 =
𝑓𝑐𝑑
Step5: -
Choose a built-up section so that the total area becomes more
than the required area calculated in step 4. Also, arrange the
members in such that the values of Izz will become close to Iyy.

Step6: -
With the above arrangement, find rmin and then calculate λ.

Step7: -
From Table 9(C) find the value of 𝑓 𝑐𝑑 and then the design
compressive strength 𝑃𝑑 . If 𝑃𝑑 >P then OK, otherwise chose a
higher section & repeat the Steps 5-7
Example: Design a laced column 10.5 m long to carry factored
axial load of 1000 kN. The column is restrained in position but
not in direction at both the ends. Use 2 channel section placed as
back to back as shown in the figure below.
Solution:
For steel of grade Fe 410:
𝑓𝑢 = 410 MPa, 𝑓𝑦 = 250 MPa
Design of column:
𝑃 = 1000 kN = 1000 × 103 N
L = 1.0 × 10.5 = 10.5 m
Let the design axial compressive stress for the column be
150 MPa
1000×103
Required area = = 6666.67 mm2
150
Let us try two ISMC 250 @ 298.2 N/m.
Relevant properties of ISMC 250 [ Table II SP 6 (1): 1964]
𝐴 = 3867 mm2, 𝑟𝑧𝑧 = 99.4 mm,
𝑟𝑦𝑦 = 23.8 mm 𝑡𝑓 = 14.1 mm
𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 3816.8 × 104 mm4 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 219.1 × 104 mm4
𝑐𝑦𝑦 = 23 mm 𝑏 = 80 mm
Area provided = 2 × 3867 = 7734 mm2

In the design of built-up column with two sections, the sections

are so spaced that the least radius of gyration of the built-up
section becomes as large a value as possible. Therefore, the
radius of gyration about y-y axis is increased so that it becomes
equal to or more than the radius of gyration about z-z axis. This
can be achieved by spacing the sections in such a way that 𝑟𝑧𝑧
becomes 𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 . Let us first check the safety of the section.
 𝐿 10.5 × 103
= = 105.63
𝑟𝑧𝑧 99.4
As per clause 7.6.1.5 of IS 800:2007,
𝐾𝐿
The effective slenderness ratio, = 1.05 × 105.63
𝑟 𝑒
= 110.91 < 180
𝐾𝐿
For = 110.91, 𝑓𝑦 = 250 MPa and buckling class c, the
𝑟 𝑒
design compressive stress from Table 9c of IS 800 :2007
94.6−83.7
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 94.6 − × 0.91 = 93.61 MPa
10

Therefore load carrying capacity = 𝐴𝑒 𝑓𝑐𝑑

= 7734 × 93.61 × 10−3
= 723.98 kN < 1000 kN
Which is not safe.
Try two ISMC 300 @ 351.2 N/m
Relevant properties of ISMC 300 [ Table II SP 6 (1): 1964]
𝐴 = 4564 mm2, 𝑟𝑧𝑧 = 118.1 mm,
𝑟𝑦𝑦 = 26.1 mm 𝑡𝑓 = 13.6 mm
𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 6362.6 × 104 mm4 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 310.8 × 104 mm4
𝑐𝑦𝑦 = 23.6 mm 𝑏 = 90 mm
Area provided = 2 × 4564 = 9128 mm2
𝐿 10.5 × 103
= = 88.91
𝑟𝑧𝑧 118.1
As per clause 7.6.1.5 of IS 800:2007,
𝐾𝐿
The effective slenderness ratio, = 1.05 × 88.91
𝑟 𝑒
= 93.35 < 180
 𝐾𝐿
For = 93.35, 𝑓𝑦 = 250 MPa and buckling class c, the
𝑟 𝑒
design compressive stress from Table 9c of IS 800 :2007
121−107
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 121 − × 3.35 = 116.31 Mpa
10

Therefore load carrying capacity = 𝐴𝑒 𝑓𝑐𝑑

= 9128 × 116.31 × 10−3
= 1061.68 kN > 1000 kN
Which is safe.

Let us provide two channels back-to-back.

Spacing of channels:
𝑆 2
2𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 2 𝐼𝑦𝑦 + 𝐴 + 𝐶𝑦𝑦
2
𝑆 2
or 2 × 6362.6 × 104 = 2 × 310.8 × 104 + 4564 + 23.6
2
𝑆 2
or + 23.6 = 13259.86
2
⇒ 𝑆 = 183.1 mm
Let us keep the channels at a spacing of 184 mm

ISMC 300

S=184 mm