Sri BVV Sangha’s

Basaveshwar Engineering College (Autonomous),

Bagalkot-587103

Department of Mechanical Engineering BE

Final Year Project Report (2020-2021)
Subject Code: UME807P

PROJECT TITLE

“HYBRID MULTI-UTILITY AGRO VEHICLE”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BASAVESHWAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
BAGALKOT-587103

Project Team Members

Roll Div. Signature of

Name No USN the Candidate
Mr. Hanamant.Boodi. 26 A 2BA17ME032
Mr. Sagar.Patil 26 B 2BA17ME080
Mr. Sangamesh.Badaradinni 29 B 2BA17ME084
Mr. Shivakumar.Kadli 35 B 2BA17ME090
 Shri B.V.V.Sangha’s
BASAVESHWAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS),
BAGALKOT-587102
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Belagavi, Karnataka.

2020-2021
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “HYBRID MULTI-UTILITY AGRO
VEHICLE” is a bonafide work carried out by Mr. Shivakumar.Kadli , Mr. Sagar.Patil,
Mr. Hanamant.Boodi, Mr. Sangamesh.Badaradinni, in partial fulfillment for the award of
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of Basaveshwar Engineering
College (Autonomous),Bagalkot, affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University
Belagavi, during the year 2020-2021. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated
for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the department
library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of project prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.

Prof. S.C.Yali Dr. M.S.Hebbal Dr.S.S.Injaganari

Project Guide H.O.D Principal

Dr.S.M.Jigajinni
Project Coordinator

Name of the examiners Signature with date

__________________ _________________
__________________ _________________
__________________ _________________
 DECLARATION

We the students of final year mechanical engineering, Basaveshwara Engineering

college, Bagalkot, declare that the Project Work entitled “HYBRID MULTI-
UTILITY AGRO VEHICLE” has been successfully completed under the
guidance of Prof.S.C.Yali, department of mechanical engineering, Basaveshwara
Engineering college, this dissertation work is submitted to Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belgaum in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor
of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering during the year 2017-2021. Further the
matter embodied in the report has not been submitted previously by anybody for
the award of any degree or diploma to any university.

Place: Bagalkot
Date: 14/08/2021

TEAM MEMBERS

HANAMANTH BOODI (2BA17ME032)

SAGAR PATIL (2BA17ME080)
SANGAMESH BADARADINNI (2BA17ME084)
SHIVAKUMAR KADLI (2BA17ME090)
 ACKNOWLEDEGMENT
Firstly, I take this opportunity to thank our college “BASAVESHWARA
ENGINNERING COLLEGE” for providing all the resources required to successfully
complete our project work.

We would like to express our deep gratitude to Dr.S.S.Injaganari Principal,BEC

Bagalkot, for extending his support.

We would also like to express our deep gratitude to Dr.M.S.Hebbal, HOD,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, whose guidance and support was truly invaluable.

We are very grateful to our guide, Prof.S.C.Yali, Associate Professor, Department

of Mechanical Engineering, for coordinating and guiding us throughout the project from time
to time.

We would also indebted to our Parents and Friends for their continued moral and
material support throughout the course of project and helping us in finalize the presentation.
Our heartfelt thanks to all those who have contributed bits, bytes and words to accomplish this
Project.
 ABSTRACT

India is an agriculture based country in which, 70% of people depends on the outcome
of farming. But if we observe that with increase in population the farm gets distributed among
the family and because of this, farmer in India held averagely only two acre farm. Also
economically, farmers are very poor due to which they are unable to purchase tractors and other
costly equipments hence they use traditional method of farming. Basically, many farmers in
India also use bullocks, horses and he-buffalo for farming operation. This will not satisfy need
of energy requirement of the farming as compared to other countries in the world. So we are
thinking that human and animal efforts can be replaced by some advance mechanization which
will be suitable for small scale farmer from economical and effort point of view. So we are
developing this equipment which will satisfy all this need and to solve labor problem.
Generally cultivation of any crop involves various steps like seed selection, field
preparation, fertilizing, sowing, irrigation, germination, thinning and filling, weed removal,
vegetative stage, flowering stage, pesticide spraying, fruit or pod formation stage, harvesting and
threshing. Farmer has to use various agricultural equipments and labors for caring out those
steps, our purpose is to combine all the individual tools to provide farmers with multipurpose
equipment which implements all the scientific farming techniques and specifications and
suitable for all type of seed to seed cultivation with as minimum cost as possible. This project
work is focused on the design and fabrication of multipurpose equipment which is used for
ploughing, seed sowing, fertilizing, crop cutting and weed removal process. This Vehicle has the
capability of delivering the seeds precisely with uniform depth in the furrow, and also with
uniform spacing between the seeds .This consist of the main frame, adjustable handle, seed
hopper, drive wheels, fuel tank, battery, cutter blades. Hopper is designed to be interchangeable
to allow for sowing of the different varieties of seeds. The Multi-Utility agricultural vehicle is
very simple to use, the various adjustments are made with ease, and it is maintenance free.
 CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 01-05

1.1 Brief ............................................................................................... 01
1.2 Major challenges faced by Indian farmers………………………..02
1.3 Farm Mechanization……………………………………………...03
Table 1.3.1 Mechanization Level ................................................."
1.3.2 Tractor drawn equipments............................................ 04
1.3.3 Animal drawn equipments ........................................... 05

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 06-12

2.1 Survey ............................................................................ 06
2.2 Agriculture activities……………………………………………..07
2.2.1 Introduction ..........................................................................”
2.2.2 Steps involved in agriculture ................................................ ”
2.3 Sowing……………………………………………………………11
2.3.1 Methods of sowing .............................................................. ”
2.3.2 Broadcasting……………………………………………….”
2.4 Methods of fertilizer application .................................................... 12
2.5 Advantages of fertilizers…………………………………………”

CHAPTER 3: OBJECTIVES 13-18

3.1 Objectives of our project ................................................................ 13

3.2 factors that influenced the design and fabrication ........................... ”
3.3 Components of the equipment ........................................................ ”
3.4 Final Assembly in Software .......................................................... 17
3.5 Assembly…………………………………………………………..18

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY 19
4.1 Working ......................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 20-23
5.1 Design of Engine shaft ....................................................................20
Table 5.1(a) Strength of given material mild steel .................... ”
5.1.1 ASME Code for design of shaft.........................................”
5.2 Check for torsional shear failure of shaft…………………………..21
5.2.1 Comparison between present technology……………….22
5.3 Features of our model……………………………………………...23
5.4 Applications of our model ................................................................ ”
5.5 Advantages of our model ................................................................. ”

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION ............................................................... 24

CHAPTER 7: SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK………………………25

CHAPTER 8: REFERENCE…………………………………………..26
HYBRID MULTI-UTILITY AGRO VEHICLE 2021

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Brief

Agriculture is the science and art of farming including cultivating the soil, producing crops
and raising livestock Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy and it will
continue to remain so for a long time. It has to support almost 17% of world population from
2.3% of world geographical area and 4.2% of world’s water resources. Today, India ranks
second worldwide in farm output. The special vehicle plays a major role in various fields such as
industrial, medical, military applications etc. India is an agricultural country. More than sixty
percent of our population depends on agriculture. One-third of our National income comes from
agriculture.

The development of agriculture has much to do with the economic welfare of our country.
Our agriculture remained under developed for a long time. We did not produce enough food for
our people. Our country had to buy food-grains from other countries, but the things are changing
now. India is producing more food-grains than its needs. Some food-grains are being sent to
other countries. Great improvements have been made in agriculture through our five year plans.
Green Revolution has been brought about in the agricultural field. To overcome these problems,
the automation technologies were used in agriculture. The automation in the agriculture could
help farmers to reduce their efforts. The comparison between the traditional sowing method and
the new proposed machine which can perform multiple operations and has number of
advantages. The vehicles are being developed for the Processes for ploughing, seed sowing,
leveling. In this the vehicles are developed to concentrate in an efficient manner and also it is
expected to perform the operations. The proposed idea implements the vehicle to perform the
functions such as weed removing, ploughing, seed sowing, and leveling operation. These
functions can be integrated into a single vehicle and then performed. As day by day the labor
availability becomes the great concern for the farmers and labor cost is more, this machine
reduces the efforts and total cost of sowing the seeds and fertilizer placement.

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1.2 Major Challenges Faced By Indian Agriculture

1. Stagnation in Production of Major Crops: Production of some of the major staple food
crops like rice and wheat has been stagnating for quite some time. This is a situation
which is worrying our agricultural scientists, planners and policy makers. If this trend
continues, there would be a huge gap between the demand of ever growing population
and the production.
2. High cost of Farm Inputs: Over the years rates of farm inputs have increased. Farm
inputs include fertilizer, insecticide, pesticides, HYV seeds, farm labor cost etc. Such an
increase puts low and medium land holding farmers at a disadvantage.
3. Soil Exhaustion: Soil exhaustion means loss of nutrients in the soil from farming the
same crop over and over again. This usually happens in the rain forest.
4. Depletion of Fresh Ground Water: Most of the irrigation in dry areas of Punjab,
Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh was carried out by excessive use of ground water.
Today fresh ground water situation in these states is alarming. In the coming few years if this type
of farming practice continues, these states are going to face water famine.
5. Adverse impact of Global Climatic Change: Among various challenges, global
climatic change is the recent one. It is predicted that due to climate change, temperature
would increase from 2°C to 3°C, there would be increase in sea level, more intense
cyclones, unpredictable rainfall etc These changes would adversely affect the production
of crops.
6. Impact of Globalization: You can see the effect of globalization on the farm sector in
India. All developing countries have been affected by it. The most evident effect is the
squeeze on farmer‘s income and the threat to the viability of cultivation in India. This is
due to the rising input costs and falling output prices. This reflects the combination of
reduced subsidy and protection to farmers.
7. Providing Food Security: Before the introduction of green revolution in India, we were
not self sufficient in terms of our food grain production. With the introduction of green
revolution, production of food grains increased substantially and India became self
sufficient. However, during the last one decade the total production has become stagnant.
On the other hand we have added another 16 to 18 million populations over this period.
Although India has become self sufficient in good it is yet to ensure food security which
is dependent upon accessibility, affordability as well nutritional value of the food
available. One of the biggest challenges facing India is Providing Food Security to its
population.
8. Farmers Suicide: Every suicide has a multiple of causes but when you have nearly
200,000 of them, it makes sense to seek broad common factors within that group. The
suicides appear concentrated in regions of high commercialization of agriculture and very
high peasant debt. Cash crop farmers seemed far more vulnerable to suicide than those
growing food crops. Yet the basic underlying causes of the crisis remained untouched.

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GLOBAL RANKING OF INDIA IN FARM PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY

Crop Production rank Productivity

rank
Paddy 2nd 30th
Wheat 2nd 22nd
Maize 7th 35th
Total cereals 3rd 36th
Groundnut 2nd 40th
Rapeseeds 3rd 28th
Pulses 1st 44th
Potato 4th 26th

Basically the average size of farm holdings reduced from 2.58 ha to 1.57 ha. Small and
marginal farmers have limited resources especially in rain-fed regions where only animal power
is used resulting in low productivity. Though agricultural production is high, per hectare
productivity is much lower than world average. There is an urgent need to increase productivity.

1.3.1 Farm Mechanization

(i) Ensure timely field operations to increase productivity, reduce crop losses and
improve quality of agro produce.
(ii) Increase land utilization and efficiency
(iii) Appropriate machinery have been adapted by farmers for ensuring timely field
operations and effective application of various crop production inputs utilizing
human, animal and mechanical power sources.

Table 1.3.1 Mechanization Level

Sl. No. Operation Percentage

1. Animal 24.7
2. Tractors 8.3
3. Irrigation 37
4. Thresher- Wheat 47.8
Paddy and others 4.4
5. Harvesting 0.56
Reapers 0.37
6. Sowing with drills and planters 28.9

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1.3.2 Tractor Drawn Equipments

Fig 1.1 Mahindra YUVO tractor

Fig 1.2 Cultivators

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1.3.2 Animal Drawn Equipments

Fig 1.3 Sowing Equipment

Fig 1.4 Traditional sowing method Fig 1.5 old Plough

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Survey

1) D.A. Mada, Sunday Mahai, [2013], In this research paper author has mentioned importance
of mechanization in agricultural by giving examples. The conclusion from the paper was need of
multifunctional single axel vehicle for pre and post harvesting . We have taken this as base for
our research and further production of our multifunctional agricultural vehicle.
Design and manufacturing of multifunctional agricultural machine by using worm and worm
wheel gearbox mainly used for inter agricultural purpose. As worm wheel gear box is utilized for
producing less speed and more torque, hence introduced in machine further speed reduction is
carried out by chain drive. It is nothing but two wheeled tractor popularly known as power tiller.
The conventional power tiller is having many drawbacks.

2) V.K. Tewari, A. Ashok Kumar, Satya Prakash Kumar, Brajesh Nare[2012] In this research
papers author have done case study on farm mechanization in west Bengal as being part of it.
India it give clear status about availability and progress in India. This ensured us to take right
steps compared to current steps.
A developing country like India is expected to continue to rely more on hand tools for the
foreseeable future for cultivation. The use of hand tools for land cultivation is still predominant
in India because draft animals and tractors require resources that many Indian farmers do not
have easy access to. The need for agricultural mechanization in India must therefore be assessed
with a deeper understanding of the small holder farmer’s activities and what values farm power
generated for them..
3) F.A. Adamu, B. G. Jahun and B. Babangida [2014] In this paper authors draws our
attention towards the performance factor of a power tiller. Among those demand for light weight
power tiller was sought out most. Fuel efficiency and field capacity such parameters are also
discussed. We took those points in consideration while designing a sustainable multifunctional
agricultural vehicle.

4) P. Šařec, O. Šařec [2015] The lowest values of soil penetration resistance below the
cultivated profile were determined with the cultivators equipped with chisel shaped shares i.e. in
the case of Farmed and Köckerling. Cultivators Väderstad TopDown 400 and Farmed Turbulent
450 showed good capacity in embedding plant residues. These results have taken for our research
basis.

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2.2 Agriculture Activities

2.2.1 Introduction
Agriculture is the art and underlying science in production and improvement of field
crops with the efficient use of soil fertility, water, labor and other factors related to crop
production. It is the most important enterprise in the world. About 70% of Indian populations
are either farmers or involved in some agricultural related activities

2.2.2 Steps Involved In Agriculture

(a) Seed selection
Among varieties of crops, a suitable crop has to be selected for cultivation.

Fig 2.1 Selection of seeds

(b) Land preparation

It involves tilling, ploughing and furrows and ridges formation

Fig 2.2 Land Preparation

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(c) Fertilizer application: organic fertilizer is applied during ploughing; chemical fertilizer
is applied before sowing and during vegetative stage.

Fig 2.3 Fertilizer application

(d) Seed preparation and fungicides

Seeds are treated with fungicides like carbendazim before sowing.

Fig 2.4 Seed preparation Fig 2.5 Fungicides

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(e) Irrigation
Watering the crops for its growth and development.
- Surface irrigation.
- Drip irrigation.
- Sprinkler irrigation.
- Rain dependent irrigation.

Fig 2.6 Irrigation

(f) Pesticides spraying – When the crops are infested with pests use pesticides.

Fig 2.6 Pesticide spraying

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(g) Hand Weeding: The process of removing the unwanted plants in the field to ensure
complete utilization of resources only to the crop.
- Manual weeding (once in 3 weeks).
- Before sowing, field has to be ploughed well to remove all weeds.
- After germination tiny weeds area removed using weeding blade.
- After vegetative stage weedicides are sprayed. Chemical weeding - spraying
of weedicides like "pendimethalin" of 1 liter is mixed with 200 liters of water for one
hectare. Spraying during weeding will prevent formation of weeds during next one
month.

Fig 2.7 Hand Weeding

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2.4 SOWING
Seeding or sowing is an art of placing seeds in the soil to have good germination in the
field. A perfect seeding gives
(h) Correct amount of seed per unit area.
(i) Correct depth at which seed is placed in the soil.
(j) Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant-to-plant.

2.6.1 Methods of Sowing:

The sowing method is determined by the crop to be sown. There are 6 sowing methods
which differ in their merits, demerits and adoption. Those are:

1) Broad casting: It is the scattering of seeds by hand all over the prepared field followed
by covering with wooden plank or harrow for contact of seed with soil. Crops like wheat,
paddy, Sesamum, methi, coriander, etc. are sown by this method.

 Advantages:
(a) Quickest & cheapest method
(b) Skilled labor is not required.
(c) Implement is not required.
(d) Followed in moist condition.

 Disadvantages:
(a) Seed requirement is more.
(b) Crop is not uniform.
(c) Results in gap in germination & defective wherever the adequate moisture is
not present in the soil.
(d) Spacing is not maintained within rows & lines, hence interculturing is
difficult.

2) Some other forms of sowing are:

 Row planting: Mark the placement of a row within your garden, and then make a
furrow at the correct depth along the row. Some seeds may not sprout, so sow seeds
more thickly than you want the final spacing of the crops to be. Thinning rows is less
of a chore if you space seeds as evenly as possible. Cover the seeds with fine soil and
then firm them in with the back of a hoe to make sure that all the seeds are in contact
with the soil. Water gently. If you plan to use furrow irrigation, fill the furrows with
water first and then push the large seeds into the top of raised beds.

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2.5 METHODS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION

Fig 2.5.1 Methods of fertilizer application

2.6 Advantages of Fertilizers

 When the fertilizer is placed, there is minimum contact between the soil and the fertilizer,
and thus fixation of nutrients is greatly reduced.
 The weeds all over the field cannot make use of the fertilizers.
 Residual response of fertilizers is usually higher.
 Utilization of fertilizers by the plants is higher.
 Loss of nitrogen by leaching is reduced.
 Being immobile, phosphates are better utilized when placed.

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CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVES

3.1 Objectives of Our Project

The purpose of this project is to provide farmer with multipurpose equipment which
implements all the scientific farming specifications and technology to get maximum yield and
good quality crops by reducing investment and number of labor, different applications of
autonomous vehicles in agriculture have been examined and compared with conventional
systems and are proved as efficient and effective. To reduce human effort in the agricultural field
with the use of small robot by perform many operations at single time, hence increases
production and saves time. The usage of solar can be utilized for Battery charging. As the Robot
works in the field, the rays of the sun can be used for solar power generation. Solar power is used
and the Power output can be increased.

3.2 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE DESIGN AND FABRICATION

 Scientific farming methods.
 Acceptance for all types of farming.
 Low cost.

3.3 COMPONENTS OF THE EQUIPMENT

1. D.C motor for cutter

The most powerfull brushless DC motors by maxon pole motors for maximum performanance
per unit of volume and weight guarantee a long service life

 volt: 12v d.c

 watts: 90w
 rpm: 60 rpm

Fig 3.1 Cutter blade

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2. Battery
A battery is a power source consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with
external connections for powering electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones,
and electric cars.
 Material – lead acid free Battery
 Output voltage – 12DC
 Output power – 40 Ampere-Hour

Fig 3.2 Battery

3. Solar panel
Solar panels are those devices which are used to absorb the sun's rays and convert
them into electricity or heat.

Fig 3.3 Solar panel

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4. Engine
An engine is machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical
energy. This converts electrical energy into mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use
compressed air, and clockwork motors in wind-up toys.
 It is the type of 2 stroke air cooled engine (scooter engine).
 Displacement: - 97.2 cc.
 Max. Torque:- 0.82kg - m (8.05 N-m) @5000 rpm

Fig 3.4 Engine

5. Hopper

Hopper, a storage container used to dispense granular materials through the use of
a chute to restrict flow, sometimes assisted by mechanical agitation.

Fig 3.5 Hopper

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6. Fertilizer Sprayer
Fertilizer sprayer kits are great tools for quickly and efficiently spraying
fertilizers, herbicides, or pesticides on your crops and plants. It is widely suitable for
spraying pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture areas. It helps the crops to grow
healthy and free from pests & insects.

Fig 3.6 Fertilizer sprayer

7. Plough
A plough is a farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before sowing seed or
planting ploughs were traditionally drawn by oxen and horses, but in modern farms are
drawn by tractors. A plough may have a wooden, iron or steel frame with a blade
attached to cut and loosen the soil.

Fig 3.7 Plough

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3.4 FINAL ASSEMBLY (Iso-Metric View)

Fig 3.4

Fig 3.5

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3.6 ASSEMBLY

Fig 3.6.1

Fig 3.6.2

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CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 WORKING

This is equipment used for ploughing the land by using the bike engine that is 2
stroke IC engine and as well as it can remove the weeds which grow in different crops so that
the machine can be used for multi-utility and reliable this device has a bike engine which will
work on petrol and serve the farmers in better way As the engine operates it drives the wheel
by using sprocket & chain mechanism, As this device moves in forward direction the wheels
rotates and move in forward direction the engine is mounted on the frame and back side of
the equipment is flexible to adopt different tools for different agriculture operations.
The power from engine is transmitted from GV shaft to sprocket which is fixed to the
shaft with the help of bushes, then the Chain sprocket mechanism is going to actuate and
power is transmitted to the shaft. Shaft rotates which in turn drives the two wheels mounted
on the bearings and wheel hubs. The vehicle then moves in forward direction and the blades
attached at rear end enter into the soil between rows of crops and thus weed removal takes
place. Due to this, a huge amount of labor effort can be reduced and within less time more
weeds can be removed with less cost and easy operation. Then finally one labor is required to
remove the weeds which are not removed by powered weeder around the plants. Depending
on the requirement of the farmer, tools can be designed & fabricated & can be mounted on
the tool holder. This machine can able dig the ground and can sow the seeds and spray the
water automatically. The seeds are fed manually in the hopper.
The hopper is connected with an impeller which sprays the seeds in the ground and the
impeller is operated by a motor. In this setup, it consists of set of blades, which is also
operated by a motor which cuts the grass in the ground. Then a sprinkler sprays the fertilizer
stored in the tank and the pump delivers the fertilizer from the pump to the sprinkler. The
cutting and the seed spraying operation are controlled by an on/off switch. Another motor is
provided for the movement of the setup. The digging operation is done first followed by the
seed sowing operation and finally the fertilizer sprinkling operation is done. The motor is
powered by battery and battery powered by solar panel.

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CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 DESIGN OF ENGINE SHAFT.

MATERIAL SELECTION: -Ref: - PSG (1.10 & 1.12) + (1.17)

Table 5.1.1 Strength of Given Material-Mild Steel

DESIGNATION ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH YEILD STRENGTH

N/mm2 N/mm2

Mild Steel 800 680

5.1.1 ASME CODE FOR DESIGN OF SHAFT.

Since the loads on most shafts in connected machinery are not constant, it is necessary
to make proper allowance for the harmful effects of load fluctuations According to ASME
code permissible values of shear stress may be calculated from various relations.
fs max = 0.18 fult
= 0.18 x 800
= 144 N/mm2
OR
fs max = 0.3 fyt
=0.3 x 680
=204 N/mm2

Considering minimum of the above values :

 fs max = 144 N/mm2

This is the allowable valve of shear stress that can be induced in the shaft material
for safe operation.

 T design = 8.05 x 103 N.mm.

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5.2 CHECK FOR TORSIONAL SHEAR FAILURE OF SHAFT.

Engine shaft is provided with 19 mm at the output side hence the diameter of shaft to be
checked in torsional failure is19 mm

 d = 19 mm

Td = {/16 } x fs act x d3

 fs act = 16 x Td
xd3

= 16 x 8.05 x 10 3
 x (19) 3

 fs act = 5.97 N/mm2

As fs act < fs all

Hence Engine shaft is safe under torsional load.

For maximum shear stress value as material grade we are calculating shaft diameter so we
are assume Allowable shear stress =144 N/mm2

This is the allowable valve of shear stress that can be induced in the shaft material
for safe operation.
 T design = 8.05 x 103 N.mm.

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Table 5.2.1 Comparison between present technologies of farming

Steps involved in Primitive Tractor Hybrid Multi

agriculture and features of method with powered Utility Agro
the mechanization manual bullock Vehicle
equipment

1. Crops selection All types of Only predesigned Suitable for all

crops can be type of cultivation types of seed to
cultivated can be done seed cultivation

2. Field operation Oxen ploughing – Tilling using Quick Ploughing

3 times cultivator once
and gyrovator
once and harrow
once
3. Fertilizer application Single worker and Seeder and seed sowing and
one day is enough fertilizer has to be fertilizer
used application takes
place at a time
4. Sowing Single worker is One hour for seed No need of
enough sowing in seeder additional worker

5. Weeding Extra workers Weeding cannot Weeding is

required depends be done by using mechanized here
on the area of the tractor and no need of
land extra workers.

6. Quality and yield of crops Moderate High High

7. Suitable for total area of Less than 3 More than 3 3 hectares

land hectares hectares

8. Time consumed for More Less Moderate

working

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HYBRID MULTI-UTILITY AGRO VEHICLE 2021

5.3 Features of our model

1) Multipurpose, can perform cultivations operations such as ploughing, seed sowing,
fertilizing, weeding, applying weedicide application.
2) Multitasking, assembly of the equipment it performs sowing, fertilizing and it
performs weeding and weedicide application.
3) The Successful implement of scientific farming with our equipment will lead to
higher yield and better quality of crop.
4) Applicable for all type of seed to seed cultivation.
5) Sequential spacing of seeds will reduce the wastage of seeds and helps in the best
utilization of the field and reduces the thinning and filling effort.
6) Number of workers required is reduced excessively, which in turn reduces labor
charges.
7) Variable with dimensions and farming specifications.
8) Adopted scientific farming and Precision forming technology.
9) Our equipment is completely flexible for easy assembly and disassembly.

5.4 Application of our model

1. Ploughing
2. Seed Sowing
3. Fertilizing
4. Weeding
5. Applying weedicide

5.5 Advantages of our model

1) Includes scientific forming techniques. Sequence spacing seed sowing machine has
more advantages than regular seed sowing machine.
2) Involves precision forming by using this machine, a single seed can be placed in the
desired spacing, so that the wastage of the seeds will be reduced. This will reduce the
thinning operation during the germination time.
3) Suitable for all types of seed to seed forming.
4) Low cost, it‘s the lowest priced multipurpose agricultural equipment ever built.
5) Multitasking, Both sowing and fertilizing is done simultaneously.
6) Initial investment is less and maintenance free.
7) Reduces labors because of automation
8) Reduces time consumptions, since it is a three row operated equipment.

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HYBRID MULTI-UTILITY AGRO VEHICLE 2021

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
We fetch many ideas from various fields of mechanical engineering and agricultural
knowledge to improve the yield and by reducing the labor effort and expenses. The whole
idea of multipurpose equipment is a new concept, patentable and can be successfully
implement in real life situations. This work is about integrating of mechanical system to the
agriculture fields for the agriculture operations. Many operations including ploughing, weed
removal, ground softening etc can be performed. Different agriculture tools can be adopted
by applying different mechanisms to the machine. Hence it’s a multi operational device that
can be effectively used in fields. The device is cost effective, feasible & sustainable. It
effectively reduces labor work & save the time. It accelerates the farm work, affordable by
farmer & is farmer friendly. Proper designing in accordance with the farmer requirements
surely popularizes this tool & implements in near future. Applying the innovative ideas &
advanced technology to the farms is necessary to revolutionize the Indian agriculture there by
erasing the old manual methods, By using the modern wisdom, theses traditional implements
needed to be standardized keeping in the mind economy of the rural people.

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CHAPTER 7

SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

Semi-automated wheel hoe can be made into fully automated with the use of sensors
which can detect obstacles, crops and weeds. It can also be made to operate under remote
control. Few more operations like steam cutting with the addition of rotating cutting hard
blades, automatic pesticide sprayers along with the attachment of sprayer, seed sowing with
the respective attachments to the equipment, can also be performed. The size of the model
can be suitably reduced to the optimum size which can be used for the weeding in between
the crops like ground nut, Jower, sun flower and other vegetable cultivation. Advancement in
wheel hoe which can be made to perform various operations to multirows at the same time in
order to save time.

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CHAPTER 8

REFERENCE

[1]. M. Kamaraj, Akshay Kumar Chhabria, Kartick Kumar, Nishant Kumar, “Design and
Fabrication of Multi-Purpose Farming ToolsEquipped”, International Journal of Innovative
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2017).

[2].M.V.Achutha, Sharath Chandra, Nataraj.G.K. ,“Concept Design and Analysis of

Multipurpose FarmEquipment”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced
Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2763 Issue 02, Volume 3 (February 2016).

[3] Planters and their Components - J R Murray, J N Tullberg and B B Basnet, School of
Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Queensland, Australia.

[4]. Suraj V Upadhyaya, VijayaVittalaGowda G, Poojith M B, Vikranth, “A Review of

Agricultural Seed Sowing”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
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[5] F.A. Adamu, B. G. Jahun and B. Babangida [2014] research paper author.

[6].Main Features of Indian Agriculture – Explained! - Article Shared by Pooja Mehta.

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[7]Basic aspects of harnessing and the use of implements by Vieberg U, 1982..

[8].Tejas P Phadnis*, Apoorv N Mulay, Anand S Bhujbal and Gautam J Narwade, “Design
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[9]. Aravind C, Shivashankar V, Vikas R, VikasV, “Design & Development of Mini Paddy
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[10]. Ms. TruptiA.Shinde , Dr. Jayashree. S. Awati, “Design and Development of

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[11] SaurabA.Bobde, RohitV.Gajapuri, “A Review on Solar Operated Agri Cutter”,

International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology, Volume 3, Issue
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, BEC, Bagalkot. Page 26