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Μ Wave Link Design: Fundamentals OF
Μ Wave Link Design: Fundamentals OF
OF
µ WAVE LINK
DESIGN
SHIV DUTT
RF Lead Engineer
Intarvo Technology Pvt Ltd
Microwaves are electromagnetic radiations in the
frequency range 1 GHz to 30 GHz (generally for
Telecom).
Small capacity systems generally employ the
frequencies less than 3 GHz while medium and
large capacity systems utilize frequencies ranging
from 3 to 15 GHz. Frequencies > 15 GHz are
essentially used for short-haul transmission.
Less affected by natural calamities
Less prone to accidental damage
Links across mountains and rivers are more
economically feasible
Single point installation and maintenance
Single point security
They are quickly deployed
As the frequency increases, the length of the link
decreases. Due to the high frequency range (2–
58GHz),the microwave links can be classified into
three main categories:
(a) Long haul
defined as
As pressure, temperature and humidity all change
with height, the refractive index also changes with
height, as refractivity varies with pressure,
temperature and humidity. This also means that
the radio refractivity N also changes with height:
N ∝ η (3.12)
η= 1 . 000 300
We can define K Factor using above information
K-Factor = R / R`
where
R = Radius of ray beam curvature
R` = Radius of earth
K=4/3 for earth's atmosphere.
Fig. shows value of K according to path traveled
by MW wave.
Fig: K-Factor in MW
Link
• Vertical Polarization is less affected by rain fading. Rain
droplets are generally flattened with increase in size and
thus Vertical polarization is less affected.
• However, horizontal polarization is very much used to
avoid interference but they are more prone to rain
fading, in case nearby areas are using Vertical
Polarization.
So, vertical polarization is generally used for high
frequency links, because high frequencies are
less affected by rain fading and horizontal
polarization is generally used to avoid
interference. However, this cannot be treated as
rule. Each operator is free to decide.
Diversity in MW Links is a sort of redundancy in
network. They also help overcome various factors
which affect MW links.
In regions where multipath fading conditions exist,
• GA = Gain of Antenna A
• Lfs = Free Space Loss
• Arain = Attenuation due to rain
• GB = Gain of Antenna B
A microwave link frequently is used to transmit
signals in instances in which it would be
impractical to run cables.
If you need to connect two networks separated by
a public road,
for example, you might find that regulations
restrict you from running cables above or below
the road. In such a case, a microwave link is an
ideal solution.
• In areas with lots of rain, use the lowest frequency
band to handle such projects.
• Microwave hops over or in the vicinity of the large
water surfaces and flat land areas can cause
severe multipath fading. Reflections may be
avoided by selecting sites that are shielded from
the reflected rays.
• Hot and humid coastal areas