INTERNATIONAL COURSE ON COMPUTATIONAL GEOTECHNICS Civil Engineering Department, Itenas 21-23 September 2010, Bandung, Indonesia Lecture 7 Drained and Undrained Analysis Prof. Helmut F. Schweiger @itenas qe. Grez University of TechnologyDRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR Helmut F Schweiger Computation! Gctchnies Group iat Sal Mechanics and Peundton Engneeting (Ge Universe of Tctnoogy eee DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR ay, CONTENTS = Definition drained / undrained = Drained / undrained soil behaviour + Tyical osu rom drained and undrained asa tests + Skempton's parameters Aand 8 + Modelling undrained behaviour + Intec of efectve stresses with drained strength parameters + In terms af elective stresses wth undraned strength parameters + interme of tots stresses + Influence of constitutive model and parameters Influence of dtetanay + Uneained behaviour wth Mol Coulomb Moet + Undrained behaviour wih Hardening Soil Medel ity of embankent * Example - sta = Example - deep excavation in very soft clay = SummarySysseiitien DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVOUR wry, ‘DRAINED / UNDRAINED Qiieiitiies: DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL. BEHAVIOUR my, UNDRAINED BEHAVIOUR * Drained analysis appropriate when + permeabity is high rate of loading is low ‘hort tem behaviour is no ofntrest for prabiem considered * Undrained analysis appropriate when permeahity i lw ant eat af lnang is gh + Short term Behaviour nas tobe assessed permeabity ‘edometer modulus unit weight of wer srainage length constuction ime ‘dimensionless tie factor ‘Suggestion by Vermeer & Meler (1998) for deep excavations: T<001 use undrained conditions T>040 use drained conditions Implications of undrained soil behaviour ‘excess pore pressures are generated + novolume crange infec smal verti sin devel Henan fii vt igh Suk modulus of water rraducic nthe ive element formulation + predicted undrainad shear strength depends on soll model used ‘assumption of dletancy angla has serious effects on resultsDRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR iy. UNDRAINED BEHAVIOUR peut ae es essed x Sabian ac Wikia DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR =, PORE PRESSURE PARAMETERS A AND B. Skempton 1954: Ap» =B[Ac, + A(Ac, — Ac, )] fully satiated soil Ro inflow /outfow of pore water ~ bulk modulus of soil grains >>> isotropic linear elastic material behaviour (Hooke’s law) AC vesttewe = AE ve, pore water Assign? “ nap poem ~ ee :ee DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL SEHAVIOUR iy, PORE PRESSURE PARAMETERS A AND 8 ‘assuming triaxial compression: do, ; 40, = 40, leading to Ap» = B[Ac, + A(Ac, —Ac,)] 1 1 2. with ae 3 K a DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR =. PORE PRESSURE PARAMETERS A AND 8 Notes on parameters A and B: * fork, large comparedto K’, parameter B~ 1.0 (corresponds to Ap, = Ap > Ap’ = 0) ‘© small amount of drapped air reduces parameter 8 significantly for elastic material = parameter depends on stress path, e: behaviour * parameter A cannot be determined a priori for complex elastic-plastic constitutive models > is @ result ofthe model behaviour for the stress path followedt= DRAINED AND UNDRANED SOL BEHAVIOUR aw. PORE PRESSURE PARAMETER B Inova 22S spondence ct sre pressure premsteBondeiee of sturston bs DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR. =u, UNDRAINED BEHAVIOUR WITH PLAXIS. PLAXIS automatically adds stiffness of water when undrained material type is chosen using the following approximation 2G(+v, 3(-2¥,) assuming v, = 0.495 Note: this procedure gives reasonable B-values only for v’ < 0.35 real value of Kn ~ 1.108 kPa (for n = 0.5) = NB: in Version 8 B-value can be entered explicitelyDRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR, mv, UNDRAINED BEHAVIOUR WITH PLAXIS Example 1 E"=3000kKPa, v'=03, 0.495 =118000kPa > K,n= 112500 kPa 500KPa, Ky, 0.978 > reasonable value for saturated soil ak? Example 2: E'=3000kPa, v'=0.45, 495 > K'=10000KPa, Kiya) = 103 103 KPa > K/n = 93 103 KPA. B = 0.903 > poor value for saturated soil eae DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOI. BEHAVIOUR. mw. UNDRAINED BEHAVIOUR (WITH PLAXS) Method A (analysis in terms of effective stresses): type of material behaviour: undrained effective strength parameters c’, oy" etfective stitness parameters Exp, v ‘Method B (anaiysis in terms of effective stresses): type of material behaviour: undrained undrained strength parameters ¢ = ¢,, @ = 0, effective stifiness parameters Ey’, v Method C (analysis in terms of fota! stresses): type of material behaviour: drained total strength parameters c =c,, undrained stiness parameters E,DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR. =. LUNDRAINED BEHAVIOUR (WITH PLAXIS) Notes on different methods: Method A: * recommended, but check undrained shear stenath mode! predicts * sol behaviour is alvays governed by effective stresses (parameters are vald for drained, undrained and consoldation analysis) * increase of shear sirength during consolidaton included * essential for exploiting features of advanced models such as the Hardening Soil model, the Sof Soll model and the Soft Soll Creep model * it mode! Is appropriate correct excess pure pressures wie ealculated * undrained analysis can be followed by consolidation analysis Method 8: * when no information on effective strength parameters is available * when data on undrained strength is used directly * excess pore pressures may not be realistic » consolidation analysis should not be performed + cannot be used with the Soft Sol model and the Soft Soil Creep model Method ¢: * Not recommended + no information on excese pore pressure dstnbution (total stress analysis) * consolidation analysis not possible DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR my, UNORAINED STRENGTH FROM MOHR CIRCLE Consider fully undrained isotropic elastic behaviour (Mohr Coulomb in elastic range) Ap, = Ap> Ap” = 0 —> centre of Mohr Circle remains at the same point 72 A (oz +03 hing’ + coesg!DRAINED AND UNORAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR UNDRAINED STRENGTH: MOHR COULOMB vs ADVANCED MODELS Parameters used for Hardening Soil model (HS) Parameter [Wea Var an | ee eR [ we a Pears te on SITE RIT Ta Sea roaie msy race | PO aig es DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR UNORAINED STRENGTH: MOHR COULOMB vs ADVANCED MODELS Undrained triaxial test (numerical simulation - Method A) Preconsoiaton to 100 kPa > compression / extension ‘riaxial extension: 0.35 (Mc) Triaxial compression: eyo’ =0.47 (MC) Gio, = 0.36 (HS) ay, wy,Rissa DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR. a LUNDRAINED STRENGTH: MOHR COULOMB vs HARDENING SOIL MODEL Undrained test plane strain (numerical simulation - Method A) consolation a,'= 100 kPa > compression / extension Hardening Soil model Ay ei Plane strain compression: 32 (MC) 29 (HS) Rea DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR iy, UNDRAINED STRENGTH: MOHR COULOMB - HARDENING SOIL MODEL Undrained triaxial test (numerical simulation - Method A) Tes 1 Preconsoldaton to 200 KPa > compression extension ‘Tesi 2: Preconsoldaton to 200 KPa > isetropic unloading 10 150 KPa > compression / extension ‘est 3: Preconsoliation to 200 KPa > gtropc unloading io 100 KPa > compression /exension vse {Bee ne) Ps Mohe Coulomb modiRs [DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR =u ‘UNORAINED STRENGTH: MOHR COULOMB vs HARDENING SOIL MODEL Undrained test plane strain (numerical simulation) Ke-consoiation te e,'= 100 KPa > compression Comparison METHOD A/ METHOD B Rs DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR ay, UNDRAINED STRENGTH: MOHR COULOMB vs HARDENING SOIL MODEL Undrained test plane strain (numerical simulation) X,-consoldation oa, = 100 KPa > compression ‘Comparison excess pore pressures - METHOD A/ METHOD B (Wot esse tesa) ‘rode change’ riosiing wiecus seen arrears) sasud nearest pore esses 10DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR, my, UNDRAINED STRENGTH: INFLUENCE OF DILATANCY |aentis Sawa ge eh Pee | 5H Bisse DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOL BEHAVIOUR =a UNDRAINED STRENGTH; INFLUENCE OF DILATANCY ‘w>0: unlimited strength | 1 i Nn") T i 1 1 a} pssst kN 1"wy, No 12i [DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR LUNDRAINED STRENGTH: INFLUENCE OF Kg" ame = ao ae Soft Soil Model aes DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR, UNDRAINED STRENGTH: INFLUENCE OF E,.. and Ky" ny ! : | | PN Hardening Soil Model ay, ay. 13Rear DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL. BEHAVIOUR mw. INFLUENCE OF FLOW RULE (09: SOREIDE 2003, consequence of flow rule in undrained triaial compression stress path Unarainad shea strength often coreated to elective vertical stress: = aa’ with a ~ 025-035 Note: unained tear strong of &-<~0.28 vith HS mode ict to achieve te DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR Cll EXAMPLE - EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION Influence of consolidation on stability (only possible with Method A and advanced model) influence of construction speed is investigated ast" construction: 2 days of consolidation per placement of 1m embankment "slow construction: 3 days of consolidation per placement oft mayer mbankmentReais DDRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR EXAMPLE - EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION Influence of consolidation on stability (Method A) “slow: max. excess porewater pressure: 86 KPa “Yast”: max. excess porewater prossure: 100 kPa DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL. BEHAVIOUR, EXAMPLE - EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION Influence of consolidation on stability (Method A) “fast: fay wy.eee DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR, =, EXAMPLE - EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION Influence of consolidation on stability (Method A) time [days] kee DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR = EXAMPLE - EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION ‘Simplified representation of stress path during embankment construction lata) ‘rom Ontgao, 1995Asai DDRAINED AND UNORANED SOM. BEHAVIOUR maw. ‘Praesent: Soon dksuaton mao ca Practleal exampl ‘parameter table Re DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR ry, ‘COMPARISON METHODS A AND B Practical example: deep excavation in soft cay Method A: Mohr-Coulomb effective (¢! and c’) Method B: Mohr-Coulom® (c,) > significant difference in undrained shear strength 417w DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR =, COMPARISON METHODS A AND B Practical example: deep excavation in soft clay CA ‘Method A with Mohr-Coulomb (!) wy vis] overestimates uncrained shear = TR te" strength for normally consolidated @ sof soils > erence in calulted orizantal Sfeplacament signfcsnt > bending maments dif by a factor shine ota . > sit forces ler by approx. 10% minor sifeerces in earth pressures DRAINED AND UNDRAINED SOIL BEHAVIOUR ay, ‘SUMMARY = Undrained analysis should be performed in effective stresses and with effective stiffness and strength parameters, + Unurained shear strength is result of the constitutive model Check if you have data on undrained shear strength ! If uncertain use undrained parameters directly! + Dilatancy angle should be set to zero! + Note that for NC-soils in general * factor of safety against failure is lower for short term (undrained) conditions fr lading problems (e.g. embankment) + factor af safety against failure is lower for long ferm (drained) conditions for unloading problems (e.g. excavations), but for very soft soils it may be ifferent 18