W6 Module 5-Business Process Modeling

Week 006
Business Process Modeling

Week 006: Business Process Modeling
Learning Objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Identify terms related to business process modeling
• Analyze basic concepts, principles and procedures in
business process modeling and management
• Examine principles in transforming performance
management
BUSINESS PROCESS
A set of partially ordered activities intended to reach a
goal.
PARTICIPANTS OF BUSINESS PROCESS

1. Active Participants – these are agents who actually perform the
activities
2. Passive Participants – these are objects which are produced,
consumed or change during the business process.
FOUR VIEWS OF PROCESS DYNAMIC

1.Input/output flow - passive participants are the focus of
this view.
2.Workflow - order of activities is the focus of this dynamic
view.
3.Agent-related workflow - its focus in on agents.
4.State-flow - changes which are produced by the activities
in the relevant part of the real world is the focus.
Data – driven approach to process definition
PROJECT
refers to a coordinated effort to achieve product or service

that did not exist before a given level of quality.
MATURITY STAGES OF A DATA-DRIVEN

PROJECT MANAGEMENT
1. Choice of measurement metrics for the project.

2. Data collection
3. Data analysis
4. Support for decisions
1. Choice of measurement metrics for the

project .
TWO CHOICE CRITERIA THAT CAN BE UTILIZED IN
MANAGING A PROJECT
1.Base oneself on metrics which have a solid link to the
goals of project.
2.Refrain from reinventing the wheel and to consolidate
metrics in “literature” always give precedence.
LIST OF METRICS FOR THE PROJECT
1. Metrics of predictability
2. Quality metrics
3. Response metrics
4. Efficiency metrics
5. Productivity metrics
2. Data collection
- includes decisions on how you will make the measurements.
• Which detection of data and tools for memorization one will

use - timesheet for work day accounting, trouble ticketing
system for tracking project deliverable faults;
• How frequent one will measure the data - monthly basis

and the faults on what has been realized on a daily basis;
• Who will be managing each finding , processing and

presentation of results – work team members , the client or
the project manager?
3. Data analysis
• Filtering, grouping together and processing the

collected data.
• In data-driven approach, it means expressing
project metrics in terms of analytic certainty.
QUESTIONS THAT SHOULD BE

ADDRESSED IN STATISTICAL DATA
ANALYSIS
• “What is the probability that the project cost comes
under budget?”
• “What cost guarantees us the 90% probability of carrying
out the entire project?”
• “What probability is there that a certain activity will
finish by a given data?”
4. Support for decisions.
Modeling in advance data-based project

management actions.
The Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

(DMAIC) Process
refers to the data-driven strategy utilized to improve

processes. Generally, it can be implemented as a stand
alone improvement procedure in quality or as a part of
other process improvement initiatives.
STAGES OF DMAIC
1.DEFINE the problem , activity for improvement,

improvement opportunity goals of the project and the
external and internal customer requirements.
2.MEASURE process performance
3. ANALYZE the process so as to determine variation root

causes, defects or poor performance
4. IMPROVE process performance by addressing and
eliminating root causes.
5. CONTROL the process that was improved and the future
process performance.
SKIPPING OF SOME DMAIC STAGES
• Presence of trustworthy data which shows that it is the

best solution to the problem
• Presence of possible outcomes which are unintended
have been identified and mitigation plans have been
developed.
• There is buy-in from the owner of the process.
TWO APPROACHES WHICH CAN BE

UTILIZED IN IMPLEMENTING DMAIC
1. Team approach
2. KAIZEN event method
DMAIC LEARNING
• Define will lead the team what to measure

• Measure will lead the team on what to analyze
• Analyze will lead the team on what to enhance or
improve
• Improve will lead the team what to control
Logical vs. Physical Database Modeling
COMPOSITION OF LOGICAL
DATA MODEL
1. Entity types
2. Attributes
3. Relationships
4. Domains
1. ENTITY TYPES
A representation of a person, thing, place, event or interest
concept to a retailer.
• Item • Retail store

• Customer • Purchase order
• Website • Retail transaction
2. ATTRIBUTE
names, identifies and defines a property or a characteristic
of an entity type.
3. RELATIONSHIP
names, defines and identifies an association between
two entity types.
4. DOMAIN
• A named type of data representation which may apply to

one or more attributes.
• Data representation defines a data type such as string,
integer, floating point, time, date or other standard data
type of an extended definition which assigns customer
properties and constraints to a base type of data.
Data models are developed so as to have something

that will serve as :
• Information as a currency and asset
• Cost of misinterpretations and inconsistent semantics
• Data model as a reflection of business assumptions,
constraints and rules
• Data modeling and regulatory reporting and
accountability
DIAGRAMS AND REPORTS THAT CAN BE

MADE AFTER COMPILING INFORMATION:
• ERD (Entity relationship diagram)

• Business Process Diagram
PHYSICAL DATABASE MODELING
depends on the software already being used in the business

organization. It is a software specific. It includes the
following:
• Server model diagram
• Database design documentation
• Feedback documentation of users
SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

LOGICAL AND PHYSICAL DATABASE
MODELING
1.The data modeling which is mainly for information

gathering about business needs and does not involve
database designing is the logical data based : whereas
what is mainly required for actual database designing is
the physical database modeling.
2. Indexes and constraints are not included in the logical

database modeling ; the logical database model for an
application can be used across various database software
and implementations; whereas the one which is software
and hardware specific and has indexes and constraints is
the physical database modeling.
3. Business process diagrams and user feedback

documentation are included in the logical database
modeling while database design documentation, server
model diagram and user feedback documentation are
included in the physical database modeling.
Business Process Management
BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT
• a way of looking at and then controlling the

processes which are present in the business
organization.
• a business practice with techniques and structured
methods.
ACTIVITIES INVOLVED BUSINESS PROCESS

MANAGEMENT
• Organizing around outcomes to ensure maintenance of
proper focus.
• Correcting and improving processes before automating
them.
• Establishing processes and assigning ownership .
• Standardizing processes across the enterprise

• Enabling continuous change for an extended
improvement and propagated over time
• Improving existing processes, rather than building
radically new or “perfect” ones
STEPS IN THE BUSINESS PROCESS

MANAGEMENT
• Analysis
• Re-designing and modeling
• Implementation
• Monitoring
• Management
• Automation
The Way Forward
FOUR DISCOURAGING CONDITIONS

CONTINUE TO EXIST
• Performance management’s is on performance
appraisal.
• Performance appraisal continues to be an HR-driven
process. It is done more for the people than for the
business.
The Way Forward
• People in-charge continue to bear the major

responsibility for conversations related to performance.
• The link with the larger business is often a secondary
priority. Plans and strategies are set and evolve apart
from the people who must bring them to life.
The Way Forward
3 KEY AREAS TO FOCUS

IN THIS RETHINKING
• Alignment
• Culture
• Transformation
The Way Forward

WAYS ON HOW TO TRANSFORM
PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT
1.Create a new mental model of business.

2.Equip and hold people accountable for managing
themselves.
3.Redesign the business management processes to fully
integrate important performance management events
that link people with the business.
REVIEW OF THE LESSON

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Week 006

Business Process Modeling

Business Process Modeling

Business Process Modeling

PARTICIPANTS OF BUSINESS PROCESS

Business Process Modeling

FOUR VIEWS OF PROCESS DYNAMIC

Data – driven approach to process definition

refers to a coordinated effort to achieve product or service

Data – driven approach to process definition

MATURITY STAGES OF A DATA-DRIVEN

1. Choice of measurement metrics for the project.

Data – driven approach to process definition

1. Choice of measurement metrics for the

Data – driven approach to process definition

LIST OF METRICS FOR THE PROJECT

Data – driven approach to process definition

• Which detection of data and tools for memorization one will

Data – driven approach to process definition

• How frequent one will measure the data - monthly basis

• Who will be managing each finding , processing and

Data – driven approach to process definition

• Filtering, grouping together and processing the

Data – driven approach to process definition

QUESTIONS THAT SHOULD BE

Data – driven approach to process definition

4. Support for decisions.

Modeling in advance data-based project

Data – driven approach to process definition

The Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

refers to the data-driven strategy utilized to improve

Data – driven approach to process definition

1.DEFINE the problem , activity for improvement,

Data – driven approach to process definition

3. ANALYZE the process so as to determine variation root

Data – driven approach to process definition

SKIPPING OF SOME DMAIC STAGES

• Presence of trustworthy data which shows that it is the

Data – driven approach to process definition

TWO APPROACHES WHICH CAN BE

Data – driven approach to process definition

• Define will lead the team what to measure

Logical vs. Physical Database Modeling

Logical vs. Physical Database Modeling

• Item • Retail store

Logical vs. Physical Database Modeling

Logical vs. Physical Database Modeling

Logical vs. Physical Database Modeling

• A named type of data representation which may apply to

Logical vs. Physical Database Modeling

Data models are developed so as to have something

Logical vs. Physical Database Modeling

DIAGRAMS AND REPORTS THAT CAN BE

• ERD (Entity relationship diagram)

Logical vs. Physical Database Modeling

PHYSICAL DATABASE MODELING

depends on the software already being used in the business

Logical vs. Physical Database Modeling

SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

Logical vs. Physical Database Modeling

1.The data modeling which is mainly for information

Logical vs. Physical Database Modeling

2. Indexes and constraints are not included in the logical