16 BAPAAHAH, B. 1, ANAPEER, w 645 HL MLATAPOR, A A. TOPUIKOB COMPOTHBJIEHHE MATEPHAJIOB C OCHOBAMM TEOPHH YIIPYrOCTH MW MWAIACTHYHOCTH Flog ponaxyuod 2acnyxonnoro gosmona nayru_u mexwuKu PocculcKoH Denepaijuu, npodeccopa "goxmopa moxwuyecKux naye rc. Bapaanana Honymeso Tocysaperaeumnt rosarreron Pocesticxofi @enepartm nO BhicaeMy o6pasosasmo wb aveeToe yseGnKa June cTyseHTOs CrpOMTeBALX. Tcreumamnocrell BuICHINX YHeORDIX 3aBeremnt MOCKBA # 1995OF JABJIEHHE Tpeswestoane 54 YACTb MEPBAR Taasa 1. Ocnopusie nowsTua Mexanuxn sreopmpyemoro Tuepuoro tesla Banaue wexamKH aeopsmpyesioro rsepaoro Tena Ocuosuuse mowers, tnoreast pwns Tlousrie o pacievitix cxesax Bast arpysox Hanpexeuis 1 aebopsaivor Buyrpenmine youu 5 nionepewix cevenusx crepxwell Taasa 2. Teomerpuyecwe xapaxrepucruxu nlonepesmbix ceve- mi crepacneit Crammeckne MoMeNTA M MomeNTAI Mieputtt BapncnMOcTH MeKAY MOMEHTANOL HHEpIUM OTHOCHTEHO Mapa:t isMewenne MoMetrron iepusit px nosopore xoopaunarieix Ocei Toapube Ok M TIapHMe MOMENTA uBepIeH Hexoropste cooficrsa womexTos MNEpUNK m OceR wHEpLUN Monenrer wiepum npocrsix ceveHit veces ‘Moneursi epi coctasusix ceventit Onpexesenme MoMeHton wHepum ¢ noMouio KPyTa NHEpLUK Taasa 3. Wentpamuoe pacraxenme m cxarue crepans Tipoxospnas outa w ee omopa Hanpexcnne 5 nonepewisix 1 wakonuix ceveHusx Aepopwauwm nepeentenus. 3axon Tyxa Crammeckn weonpeneaumiie satan Mexauuecke cpolicraa warepia.ion. Tlorennmansias oneprist steopstaiuin Tipn Pacrioxeitin ea Pacers ua mpowwocts . arpa “pectexcne Faasa 4, Teopas wanpsoxeunit Hanpwxcuoe cocrosmme 8 oxpectocr TouKH . . Audpepemuansuse ypapnenus pannonecis Temop uanpaxennit Thapibte nacmaakn iw riasnsie Kanpexceia Zpyxocuoe mampaxestioe cocrosmne Onpenenewue nanpaxennit ¢ noMoutbo Kpyra Mopa Taga 5. Teopua xehopmaunit Tlepesemten#s ot sesbopmaumt 10 4 7 19 95 $52. $53. §34 $55. Jlnicinan a yrtoxax netopmauun 9 oxpectHoctH TouKK Tena, ‘Aeanorns Mexay sanpaxcinn n AshopsnposainiM cocTonuas ‘Tensop aedopmaunit Taasuute aeopwanu Wactnnie caysan aebopuporaiioro cocrosnns Trasa 6. Coss» MeKAY nanpsxemanH m Aeopsaummmn, Tlorenumazsnan oneprax sesopmannn Oso6uenm sax0H Tyna Panywsuie opws1 sauien o6o6uennoro saxona Tyra Saxon Tyka ant apyxoctHoro ManpRKCHHOTO cOcroRE Conse mexay HANpIOKeHMAME H AeAopMaMUsMH 18 aHiESOTPOMHOTO Tlovexwasisnax oxepris aeopmani Taasa 7. Buytpemme yuma m nanpaxems up wwe crepaneli Ociiosnsie nowsras Tink onop m ollopuwte pease Bryrpennne younwa np wsraGe. Dbvpepenamaronite saikcuMoctn Tlogrpoctne omop tonepexnix cH HW HBTMGaKOUNNX. MoMeHTo® Hopwansinte anpexciix mpi swcroxt sub. Hopsanuusie w Kacavenbuie Hanpsxelita npit Honepewiom Ware Thapniie nanpsxewin ® Gaskax opi wre Pacter as0x na nposmocts. mpi warwGe aimowasbusie Tams cesetnh Gasiox Tlowerne o uewrpe woru6a towxoctenmsx crepanell Taasa 8. Kpyseune crepxnelt Buyrpense yews npw xpysenmm Hanpsxcnux pu xpysemnt ctepans © xpyrbiM momepesitint Onpenenewae nepemeutenit xpyrstoro coven Pacer xpyrasix crepxtell a mpostiocrs 1 xecTKocT® Taapxete wanpexcine mpm xpyseHim crepaws xpyrioro cexeHMR Crammeckw neonpesesumite 3aqaun mp xpyyenu Kpyvenne crepxieli ¢ HexpyraIM llonepesnkiM cevenwent, 3asava Con-Beniaa - Tipnwepst pene saaay xpysena cTepaneli ¢ wexpyrbiot ronepewsim cevenmiem CeoGonKor Kpy¥eHHe ToHKOCTeHHBIX crepAHel YACTb BTOPAA Tiasa 9. Onpenestenne mepememennit 8 Gaakax npr mpamow wrnGe W yraos saxpysupanns crepawett O6ume nonoxeans Anbypepenumaasnoe ypanuenne wsorwyro oc Gan Meroa wenocpeacrmenuoro witerpponanna Meron wavansiux napametpos 99 101 102 106 no Ml nz na 116 7 120 12 130 136 146 150 153 157 159 16 165 167 168 169 10 14 18 133 186 190§ 10.1 § 102. § 103. $104. § 105. $38. 5139 § 13:10 § 13.1. § 14 § 142. § 143. § 144. § 145. Taaea 10. Onpenenenue nepeseuennii metox0m Mopa PaGora sueumux cu 4 noTeHMMATEHAs sHeprHs AebopMaALK MPH voruGe crepaxwelt M cTepawenbix cucTem Teopemsi Berra a Maxcpenna . . . ®opuyna Mopa vis onpenesieunt mepeneuternit Tipannno A. K. Bepewarstia Tlonsrue o pactere craTH¥ecKH HeOMpEAGANN G8TOK METOHOM CHA Faasa 11. Pacet Gasox a yupyrom ocHonaunn Tlousrue 0 cnoumon ynpyrom ocuonaxwu. Mozens Buxepa ‘Audpepemmmansuoe ypasnene usruGa Gamxm wa ynpyroM ocnona- aa : Pacer Gecxonewrio itwiux iH HonySecxonewx 69x10" Pacwet Ganox xonewoit autmes . Taaea 12, Caoxnoe conpotunsieune O6ume nonsms Kocolt wsrn6 Buenenrpenoe pacrooxeune Ww oxatwe Pactexcine H oxaTHe ¢ HarH6OM Teopux mpomocr . Taasa 13, Tiposoasmali mw nponomuo-nonepewtli wsru6 crepanelt TlonsTue 06 ycroitsunocrH @opmyaa Siitepa ans xpuruveckom cus. Bruise cnoco6os saxperiaens Kowos crepyHa Ha nerirMRy XpHTH¥ecKOM CHIE Tlorepsyeroiumocta mp nanpametie, mpessimaouu pene ‘ponopuwowansiocra Marepwaza Tipaxruveceuli pacer oxaTMX ctepanel wa ycroiiwimocTe TIpogosbwo-nonepewmusl waruG crepxuell - Towne peuexe ypaBness npososisHo-nonepesnoro wriGe crepe ns, Metoa Havanbnsix napaMerpos TIpxGmexennoe peace ypennenHs nposombHo-nonepewHoro Ha ri6a crepanis Pacuer cxavo-wioriy Tix Crepxnell a powwocT W ycToiiwHnocrs Onpereremte xprrinecns on © noMouiO MeToat bvamimsA apanerpon ‘Onpenenenne EpwTHMecKHX CiLI ¢ NOMOUIbIO aHepreTHNecKOrO MeTOAR Taasa 14. Ocuowst pacvea TonKoctenmux crepxneit Ocuossiie nousras Onpenenenwe cexropanbisx HopMambatux Kanpaxei Onpenexenme cexropmasibmbix xacaTeRDHBIX. ManpaxeHt Cexropmmnse roopminerst mn cexTopmamie Teonerpavecane xapaxTepucruKH cevewutit ‘Onpeneneme yrnon saxpysnnanus Ww nhyrpemioix youu 203 212 216 204 225 229 235 237 243 250 252 260 263 266 267 270 216 2” 281 282 287 290 295 297 301 302 307 Taasa 15. Tymamuveckoe nelicrowe warpysox TlonsTe o aumamyseckoit narpysne . Hanpsxenns 9 crepxe mpx ero BWKeHDH ¢ yexopenneM ‘Yaapuoe selicrawe arpysxi Pacter ctepaucit mpi Yaapiom selicrai warpyoxi powoeTe marepaAon Mp HANpERERN, NepRONEMECE ToMeHs- ouuxcs no BpeMernt a YACTb TPETbA Taasa 16, Mlocrawonxa sana% reopwa ynpyrocra Tamas cucresn ypessémt Teopm yapyrocra Tparieentie yeronns . Wirrerpanousie rpanwinite yei0nHs Tlocrauonea saaaen Teopuit ynpyrocra nepeweennsix Tlocrawonxa saa Teopu ynpyrocTH 8 wanpsxeHuax Tipocteiiume saan Teopyy yapyroctu . ‘Taasa 17, Tlaoekaa saza%a Teopan ynpyrocra ® slekapToBiix oopamnarax Tlaockan aeopsatix . . Tliockoe wanpsxennoe cocrosume Tloctawowxa mioexoit saan m nanpsoxeiisx. yukuts Ha Peitenne muiocxoil saaasH 8 nosHNOMaX Wra6 xoncomsioit Gann cumoii, mpnioxennol ma Komue - Banka ua anyx onopax nom aefcraneM passiomepuo pacnpesterenolt warpysxH . Tlonopras crenxa ‘peyronsworo nomepeworo cevemus Peamnme mioerolt aun ¢ noxoutho TpronoMerpntecan pasoe OGocuosaune npmuuna Cen-Benana wees Taasa 18. Taockas saqa4a Teopua ynpyroctu 8 nosspasix oopammarax OGume ypapnenns mnockolt sanasK B noaspuuX KoopamHarax Kou, narpyxenmuti » pepunie cocpegorosenuioll cunoit Aeiictene cocpeaotoreniolt cum na noaynaocKocre (sanaya dna- wauta) sees Tlosspno-cwanerpwsnoe pacnpetexenve nanpsixestt Toneroctemas Tpy6a non acleTanem pantomepioroskyrpexmero Mi onewero aannewuit (sanava JIawe) . Uucrati sprn6 xpunoro Gpyca (Gatava X. C. Fonopyna) Visra6 xpaoro Opyca cwiol, mpuoxennol Ha KOMUC Pactwxenwe nnacrum ¢ xpyrostim oTsepeTuem (saze%a Kpuia) Taasa 19. Ocnosst repMoynpyrocra ‘Ypannewne TenonponoasocTa a Ocnionunie ypanuenus tepMoynpyrocra . . Tliockas samawa_Tepwoynpyrocra Tepmoynpyrie wanpaxewia u TlonoM HLAMKApe TM waNeneweH ‘Temepatypst mo pansycy : . 312 3B 314 319 323 329 332 336 338 340 Bal 315 382 387 391 394 396, 398 402 409 a3 snBBBB BBB BB Taasa 20. Vara a ycroismpocts tomkex miacran Ocwosutie nowaTua 4 runoTeau Tlepementenus a aebopmanma B naacTHHe mpi warH6e Hampexcina » maser upa wate, Angipemramceypabie Buyrpemme youn » naacruax npw ware, ZudibepenaeMse coormoutena Tpaneanbie.yexonva ma xowrype naacrins! HlawGonbume wanpmxeia a numermax. Pacwer msacrai ia pomoct® Uumapisccesit warw6 naacran Uneruit war mpaMoyronswuix nacrwt Pacter mpawoyrosbitix HAACTHH € HoMOUIO ADO TPHTONOMET: ivecex paOR Pacer npsMoyromeiisk IUIacTuit € HoMOWULO OAIApHK TpHTOKO- erpieckan pat08 Tlowarie 0 pactere macritn ¢ HoMoutio BapwaiaionNiux MeTOIOR Ocosnise coorHoUennn npn worwSe xpyENXNAACTHN Heroropkie saaawt maru6a xpyraiin nnacrit HiaruG tnacraat nom aelicraweMe nonepewibix Harpy20x i arpy20x 1 cpemmoll nagcrocr# Hexoropue sanasm yetollunaoct mpaMoyroneutax naserm Taasa 21. Uncnenmbie MeTob1 pewenua 3124 conpoTus.IeHHSL MaTepuaios m TeopRM yupyroctH Meroa xonewnix pasnocrelt Meroa Konewiix atemeuton : Taasa 22. Ocuonsi teopua naactuwocta m nosyvecTH Tipocrefume sama teopan naacrasnocr#t Ocsosst aeopmaumonioli Teopam nnactuswocrH |. Ynpyro-naacruvecxoe cocrosme Toncrocrenuol tpySu |. TIpuGmxenmie Mevomi peullents saqa¥ Teopun maacrinocT# Tlomaysecrs HW pesiaxcanwn 5 TRepabix Tenax . Montes nasxo-ynpyrax Te . Taasa 23. Seenepumentababte MeromsI SyYeHN HANpsKeMHit 4 nebopmaunit OGumie nosoxewMx Meron snexrpotessonerprin - Meroa_goroynpyrocrs Fonorpapwscoras ‘wstepbeposerpne Chexs-ororpabus Merton myapa Tipaaoxenne. Copramest mporatioi craam Tpenueme, TaGrmer yen A. H. Kpeizo Camcoxe sm ‘urteparypba 416 418 a9 23 426, 430 431 433 436 443 453 455 526 ssi 566 MICy Mockoscknit TocyaapcTBenupiii Crpoutesbubiii Yuuspepcuter Moscow State University of Civil Engineering 1995BBK 30.121 YJIK 539.3 Penensentu: xadeapa conpormpiemna Matepi- aslo Canxt-Ilerep6yprckoro apxHTexTypHo-crponTest- Horo yuMBepcutera (3aB. Kadenpoit saci. ewTem HayKH a Texumkn P@, goxr. rex. wayk, npod. B. IT. Havun); mpop. Koaxyuos H. B. (san. Kadeapoit crpowrenbHolt MexaHHKH H TeopHH yrpyroctH MockoBckoro HHCTHTyTAa KOMMYHamLHOrO XossiicTBa HM CTPOHTesbCTBa). Conpotmmtenne Matepuaztos ¢ ocHopaMM_TeopHH yn- pyroctw a mractimmocra. YueGunk nos pen. I. C. Bapia- ana—M., Msnatemerso ACB, 1995.—568 crp. ¢ wz. ISBN_5-87829-014-6 B yseGnure wanoaen emi xype conpoTiazewas watepmaon ¢ ocHosan Teopin ynpyrocTa, macrHNHocTH W NOM3yseCTH, cOoT- neterayiommi nporpamme Tocyxapcrsenoro xomitrera Pocciticxol ‘Penepantoy no suey oGpasoesiono 2 erpowTenux eneuHa- octet nyson. Hexoropiie opaymn KeCT Kocte. HekoTopple BTOpocteneHHBIe BOTIPOChI B YYCOHHKE M3/IOKeHBI MeHee TOApOGHO MI BOOGIMe HcKMONeHBI H3 PaccMOTPeHIs, TTO COOTBETCTBYeT MpaKTHKe HAOKeHHA yueOHOrO MaTepHAasIA B Aay.tH- ‘TOPHEIX. YoOBHSX. ‘Yee6iux Hanlcal KomIeKTHBOM kadenpst CoMpOTHBIEHHA MaTe- PpuanoB c YYeTOM ONBiTa MHorosleTHerO MpenowaBaHHA yKazaHHoi Acuanmat B MOcKOBCKOM rocyylapcTBEHHOM CTpOHTesIbHOM yausepcurere (Gus. MACH um. B. B. KyiiGumesa). Tapa «OxcnepueHTambEble MeTORBI H3y%eHRA HanpsxeHHi nebopmaniiiy mo mpockGe aptopos wamlcaHa crapumm 3HayaHbIm corpyannkom Vi. B, Kanoponxom, a rasa «Hucnenmpie MeTOMM peuleHua 2a1at CONPOTHANeHHA MaTepHAIOR H TeOpHH ynpyrocty—aouentom B. HM. Mpoxonsensi. ApTopst Beipaxaior iM GnaronapHocts 3a mponenannyio paGory. Asropit BEIpaxaioT Tawke 61aromapHocts pop. B. B. Tap- OBY 3a WCHHbIe 3AMeYAHHA H TOMOMI’ B TOATOTOBKe pyKOMHCH x HanaHMO, B yseOuuxe ucnomsonana Mexstynapostas cucrema enmin (CH). Coornomenna mexmy OcHOBHBIM MeXaHHTecKHMH BesTTSHHa- MH B eumMMyax CM m B TexHiMeckoi cHcTeMe mpanenenbt B cnenyrouei tabnuue. Enna Hanweroranne Coormomente ial ‘Haumenionanne HayeHne] cae Cana, warpyora, acc | Husorom 4H 1 HSO1 ae 1 anzod te Jinneiinan yak Hsworon ma. Him 1 H/m=0,1 rej ma sep TxHieoll tehe Mowery cams, woven Hoovonserp | Hw | 1 Husa are poe Vaiwz0 Tene Hanpecenne, aanaeme | Macxame Ta | 1 Tazo) argc | Mflas10 xrcjcm? Tipu onpegeneuun wanpwxkenuit » KavecTse BcHoMoraTembHol cOMHMUBL HSMepeHHA TaKKe Mcriomsyerca KH/om? (1 KH/cm? =10 MIla). 4ACTb NEPBAA TTABA 1 OCHOBHBIE MOHATHA MEXAHMKM E®OPMMPYEMOTO TBEPOTO TEJA § 1.1. 3azaum Mexanmn jedopmupyemoro Teepaoro Tena Mexaumxa aedopmupyemoro Taepgoro Tea—HayKa, B KoTOpoH HayialoTCR SaKONBI NBHXeHHS H PABHOBCCHS TBEPALIX Test B ycnoBHAx HX nehopMHpOBARNA TIpH pasaHuMIX BoszelicTBHAX. Tehopmauna tRepsoro Tesla 3akmowaeTCA B TOM, 4TO WIMCHATIOTCA ero pasmepst u dopa. C atHM cpolicTsoM Teepabix Tel, KaK aueMeHTOB KONCTPYKUMi, COOpyXKeNHit H MaIIHH, MEDKeHeP TlOCTOAH- HO weTpewaetca B cBoeli mpaxTuseckoi nesTestbHOCTH. Hanpumep, ctepxen nom aelicrawem pactarupaiomytx cit yasunseres, Oanka, narpyxennaa nonepesioil uarpy3Koil, wsrHGa- eres wT. 1. Tipu aelicremm warpys0x 8 TeepmeIx Texax BOSHMKAIOT BHYTPEH- Hue CHILL, KOTOPHIe XapaKTepHByIOT COMpOTHBUIeHMe TesIa sledopMa- uw, Baytpennve cui, OTHeceRHBIe K eNMEHNe TLIOUIaNH, HasbIBa- yoTea nanpaowenuamu, Uceneosanme nanpsxennoro # mehopmuposanioro cocrosmnit ‘TBepAbIX Ten MPH PasIMYNBIX BOSHEMCTBHAX COCTABAACT OCHOBHYIO 3anayy MexaHHKH sebopMupyemoro Tsepzoro Tena. Conpotnenenue marepnanos, TeopHa ympyrocTH, Teopua ma- CTHSHOCTH, TeopHs NOMy#eCTH sBASIOTCA paylenaMH MexaHAKH nedopmupyemoro Teepxoro Tea. B TexrwyeckHx, B vacTHOCTH, CrpouTesbMBIx By3aX 3TH pasuenbI UMeIOT npuKAAAHOH xapaxtep M cHYxaT NH cOSNAHHA M OGocHOBAHMA MeTOnOB pacieTa MibkeHlepHEIx KOHCTPYKUMli H CoOpyxxeHHMli Ha npownocms, mcecm- kocms u yemoituusocms. Tpasansioe peulenme oTHx 3aa4 aBsIaeTCA OcHopoit’ mp pacteTe HM MIpoeKTHpoBaNHH KoHeTpyKUMi, MamIEH, MEXAHHGMOB H T. TL, TIOCKOJIBKY OHO OGecrlegMBaeT UX HaneKHOCTS B TexeHne ncero nepHona oKcnnyaranuM, Ton npowxocmsio o6b14H0 NOHHMAeTcs cHlocobHOCTS GesonacHoit PAGOTBI KOHCTPYKUHH, COOPYACHHA WIA HX OTOIBHBIX aeMenTOB, KoTOpas HeKMOWanAa Gut BOIMOKHOCTS WX paspymtenus. Ioreps sRa Pw. Lt 5 Phy) [oP . ' ! ' i Pe. 1.2 (aciepnanne) mpoxnioctn noxasana Ha pute. 1.1 Paspyuienns Gasikn nipw aelictaum cui P. Tiponece ucuepnanna npoutioctu Ges U3MeHeHHs cxeMBI paGOTBI KOHCTPYRUMH HIM €€ (OpMbI PARHORECHA OBKIIHO ConponoxACTEA HapacTaHmem xapaxTepHbix snsIeHMil, TAKHX, HANpHMep, Kak NOSBLIC- He M pagBMTHe TpewH. Yemoituusocm» Koucmpyxyuu—3t0 ee cnoco6HocTh coxpaHaTs DIIOTs 10. paspylleHH mepnonayamuyro opMy pabHopecus. Hanpumep, 18 cTrepxus Ha puc. 1.2,@ 20 onpeneneHHoro 3HayeHHa cxuMatoutell cits nepronayanbuas npaMosuneiiias bopMa PaBHo- necua Gyzer yeroiiumpoit. Ecnu cia MpesbicHT HeKoTopoe KpHTHIe- ckoe 3Ha¥eHHe, TO ycToi¥mBBIM OyneT w30rHYTOe cOcTOsHHe crepxns (puc. 1.2,6). Tipu atom crepxenb Gyzer pa6orarh ne TOMBKO Ha CKATHe, HO W Ha WSIHG, 470 MpuneneT K GLICTPOMY ero paspyllenMio 3-32 noTepu ycToiuuBocTH. Tloteps ycroiumpoctu oveHb onacha 18 coopyxeHnit HU KOH- CTpyknMii, MOcKONBKy OHA MpOHCXOMMT B TeNeHHe KOpoTKorO MpoMexyTka BpeMettit. 2Kecmkocms Koncmpykyuu xXapakTepwsyeT ee cMOCOSHOCTH Mpe- MaTCTBORATh pasBUTHIO ebopMauMit (yaNMHeNHi, mpornGon, yrios 3axpysupanus u 7. n.). OGsIMHO 2eCTKOCTS KOHCTPYKuMit M coopyxenmii pernaMenTupyetca HOpMaMH mMpoeKTHpoBaHHs. Hanpamep, MaxcuManbuste nporu6 6a10K (pic. 1.3), npHMens- eMbIX B CTponTemscrae, eKaT B mpenenax f=(1/200+1/1000)1, inet saKpyaMBAHMA BarOR OOKYHO He MpessitaroT 2° Ha I MeTp SUE Bata MT. 2 Peuenue mpo6sem HazexnoctH Koncrpyxuuii conponoxsaerca TloMcKaMH HaHGONee ONTHMAMGHMIX BApHaHTOR C TOYKH speHus oeKTHBHOCTH paGOTEI WIM SKCTLTyATANMH KOHCTpyKMMi, pacxoza MaTepHaOB, TexHONOTHYHOCTH BO3BEIe- Hua WAN WoroToBneHnA. Conpornpenie MatepHanop 8 TexHu- WeckHX BAX siBNAeTeR m0 cyIeCTRY TepBoii B Mponecce O6yYeHMA HEDKeHEpHO AMCHMILIMHOH B OGsaCTH NpoeKTHpoBaHHA W pacuea coopyxennii M Maun. B xypce CONPOTHBMIEHH MaTepHasIOB B OCHOBHOM. wa mpumepe wgmaraoTca MeTombI pacieTa HaHGozee MpOCTHIX KOHCTPYKTHBHBIX anementon—ctepxnell (Ganox, Gpycues). Tpu tom BBoaaTcs PAIINNHBIe ‘YMPOMLAIOMIME THTOTESBL, C NOMOULIO KOTOPBIX BEIRO- BATCH mpocTsle pactersmle PopMystsi. 'B cOmporHpNenAH MaTepHastoR WMpoKo HCHONb3yIOTCA MeTOuBI ‘TeopeTHeckoil MexaHKH u BuIcUIelt MaTeMaTHKH, a TAKKE aHHBIE OKcIepHMeHTABHBIX uccrexoBanHii. 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MexaHMKM, KaK NPaBMsIO, BOIMOKHO B cilyiae, KOrA Harpy3ka 3aHMMaeT HeOOMBILYIO oGsacTs 8 cpapHenmu c pasMepamn Tena, Ecnm o6nacts pelicraHa HArpy30K COHSMepHMa c pa3MepaMH Tea, TO MpuMeneNMe Yyka3aHHLIX TIpaBMI TeopeTM4ecko MexaHKH MoxeT MpHBecTH K cylilecTaenHoMy usMeneHmro xapaxtepa HanpsxeHHOrO 1 edbop- MupoBaHHoro coctosnuit Tena. Hanpuep, ans crepxxus na pic. 1.13 papnonecue we Hapyumrca ‘apH NepeHoce TO¥K MpHLIOxeHHs CHIL. OmHaKO, B MepBoM,cmyHae mc. 1.13, a) aedopmupyercs Bech cTepxeHb, a BO BTOpOM uc. 1.13, 6)—Tombko ero BepxHaa 4aCTb. 9 ) az Pac, 1.13 BBamena qByX CHI HX paBHonelicrayromeli He OTpa3HTes Ha BesIH- uuHe M HANpaBseHHH OTOPHEIX peaxuMii WapHMpHO ONepToi GankH wa puc. 1.14, a, 6. Onuako, xapaktep wsrH6a GaakH py TaKoli 3aMeHe HOMeHHTCH (WIOTHYTAR Och OANKH TIOKAIaHa MyHKTHpOM). § 1.4. Baws warpysox B nponecce paGoTn win 9kcnayaTanaH KouCTpyKUHi, CoopyxeHuii M MALIK MX SueMeHTH McTMTHBAIOT seiicTBHe pasiMaHBIX Harpy30x. Harpy3KH MOXHO KJACCHHINpOBATh 110 Pauly mpHaHaxos. OTMeTHM HeKOTOpbIe M3 HUX. ‘Harpyska nosepxoctunie H oGkemubie. Flonepxnocrabie Harpy3- Ki MOH PaCCMATPHBAT KAK pesysIbTAT BIAMMOelCTBUS pass HBIX KOHCTPYKTHBHEIX QIeMeHTOB pyr C APYTOM WI C pa3zim- HIME uairieckuM OGbeKTaMH (rpyHT, Boma, cHer, HT. 11). IIpH NOCTPOeHHH PACHETHBIX CXEM BeeT/a BAXHO YCTAHOBHT» XapaxTep M MlopsqOK (nocneqoBaTemBHOCTS) MepeayH Harpy3KH OT OZHOTO KOHCTPYKTHBHOTO 9sleMeHTa K spyromy. Obsemubie Harpy3KH selicrByIoT Ha Kaxuylo YacTHMy BHYTpH tena. K TaKHM Harpy3KaM OTHOCHTCH COOCTREHHBIH BEC KOHCTPYK- MM, CHI HHePIUAH, CHT MATHUTHOTO MpHTwDKeHMs HT. 1. B npaK- THKe MIDKeHepHEIX PaceToB OGKEMHBIe HArPY3KH YaCTO MpMBONAT K MOBepXHOCTHEIM Harpy3KaM, TO YpoulaeT peleune 2aza%. AKTHBHEIC HAarpy3KH HM peakuMM cBs3el. Taxoe pasgeneHue HArpY30K BAXHO WIA MOCTPOCHHS PacueTHOH CKeMBI KOHCTPYKUBH 1M miponenens paciera. AKTupHbie Harpy3kH, Kak paso, MaBeCTHE! WAM saqaHht 8 HOpMax mpoexTHposarna. PeaKunM cBasei BOSHMKAIOT B MecTaX 3aKPemLieHHs KOHCTPyKTHBHOTO aieMeHTa (Ha oMlopax) H MomUIeKaT ompezenenmo 43 ypapHeHuii cratukm. Ecnu 9THx ypapHennit HeqOCTaTOYHO UIA ONpeTeTeHMA ONOpHBIX peaxuull, TO KPOMe YPaBHeHH CTATHKM HEOOXONHMO HCHONb3OBATb NONOMHATEIbEBIC YpapHeHMs, COCTABAeMBIe CXONA 3 XapaKTepa WIM CXeMBI hehopmawim KoneTpyKii. Harpy3kw pacnpeyterennute m cocpenoToennme, Bce nopepxtoct- Able HArpy3KH SBISIOTCA PACTIpeneseHHbIMH 10 HeKOTOpOll NOREpX- HOCTH KOHCTpyKUMH WIM ee aseMeHToR (pyc. 1.15). PacnpeenenHEre HArpY3KH XapaKTepH3ylOTCA HHTHCHBHOCTHIO g, KOTOPai MOXeT GuiTe NepemenHOi uM nOcTosHHOl. B HocaenHeM cnyiae Harpy3Ka Ha3bipaeTca paBHOMepHO pacmpertestentiol. Pacnpenestenlibie MOBepxHOCTHBIe Harpy3kH HMeIOT pasMepHOCTb cH, OTHeceHHO! K enMHMe MomaaH, Hanpumep H/m? (Ila) TIpwmepamu pactpeseeHHbix MOBepXHOCTHIX Harpy30K MOryT CHYAHTE AaBAeHMe KUNKOCTH Ha CTeHKH peseppyapa (puc. 1.16), HaBKeHHe cHera Ha IOKPHITHE SAHA, BETPOBHe Harpy3KH MT. 1. Tipu pacuete ctepxteii pacnpenlenenHad no 1WIoWanH Harpy3ka MpwBogutca K sHelHOi Harpy3Ke, pacnpeneneHHoi mo JUMMHe Phe, 115 Puc. 116 crepxns (pyc. 1.17). JIanelinas pacnpenenennas narpyska uMecT PAa3IMepHOCT CHIBI, OTHECeHHOM K eaMHMNe AMHHEI, Hanpamep, H/M. Ona_ xapakrepusyetcs paBHosielicTaytoulell, BeM4MHa KOTOPOit B o6miem cnyyae papa ay Touka Mpwioxerua pabHoseiicrayroule (Towne, mHHUA ee aelictsua) onpemtensetca no npapusam cratuku. TIpupeqenwe PABHOMePHO PacnpereneHHoH H Tpeyrombuok (rampocraTH4ecKoit) Harpy30k K paBHofeiicTayroutuM moKa3aHo Ha puc. 1.18, a,6. Tip mpasenewu Harpy3kH K OCH CTepxHA MOryT BOSHMKHYTE pacnpeslenennbte To AUIMHE MOMeHTHEIe Harpy3kH (napst own). Yame Boero BeTpewaetes pacnpenenenHas cKpyamparouian Harpy3Ka mx), papuozeiicrayiomas KoTopoii (puc. 1.23, ) B oGulem caysae pana (1.2) Tipa Manoit niomaay pacnpenenenua Harpy3Ky c Toit WH HOF cremeHBio TONHOCTH MoxHO CIHTATE cocpenoTOYeHHOH (puc. 1.19, a, 6) mam pachpenenentolt no smumK (puc. 1.20). [nx satay, paciera 18uM me, a of © fe} a at 9 9 Pil |e 5 roa a H pe) Pity i cl Puc. 119 Pre. 1.20 KOHCTPYKUMM B UENIOM Taka CKeMaTHIANNS HArpy3kH OGocHOBDIBA- etca npwxnunom Cex-Bewana. Onnaxo, oHa HelonycTHMa, ec ayo HSYSHTS XapakTep HanpwxeHHOTO mM JeopMupoBanHoro COCTOAHHiH KOHCTPyKTHBHLIX 3eMeHTOB B caMOli 30He WX B3aHMO- nelicTBHa, TO XapakTepHo WIA KOHTAKTHBIX 3aaay. Tpumepamn KOHTAKTHDIX 34721 sBASOTCH, HanpuMep, Jaqaya o qaBieHui Koueca Ha peste (puc. 1.21), sana¥a 0 BsaHMHOM qaBneHMH 3yGbeR mectepenvatol nepenauH MT. 11. Jina crepxueii cocpén0TOueHHBIMH Harpy3KaMH ABIISIOTCH CHIBI uw ‘Taps cua (MOMeHTH), TO MoKasaHo Ha pwc. 1.22, a, 6. Cocpetorouennas cusia Meet pasmepHocts H, xH, a cocpeoro- 4eHHEI ~MoMeHT—coorsetcrsenHo Hm, KHM. [lo oTHomennio K OCH CTepxKHA BCe Harpy3KH MOKHO MpHBeCTH K OceBBIM (puc. 1.23, a), nonepestsim (pac. 1.23,6) 4 ckpysmBaroumm (pwc. 1.23, ¢)' cocraansroumn. Harpyskn crarwveckne jtmammueckne. Craruueckoe narpyxe- Hue KOHCTPYKUNH xapakTepusyercs mocTeNeHHBIM HapactaueM Harpy3kH 0 ee KoHedHOrO sHaveHHs. TIpH 9TOM cHIaMH HHepuHHt Ges yuiepGa sua TOOTH pacteTa MOxHO mpeHeGpexb. 9 “te =: , M=Rd a 7, 0D, Puc, 1.21 Puc. 1.22 16 Pac. 1.23, Tipm aunammaeckoM HarpyxXeHHM Harpy3kH 160 MeHsIOT cBoIO ReAMIMHY HIM MlONOXeHNe —B TeyeHHe KOpOTKOrO MpoMexyTKa BpeMenn (HanpHMep, Np ynape), NGO ABIAIOTCR MepHOMMYeCKHMH C MaNBIM TepHOsIOM KoneGanHil (NanpuMep, BUGpaNWOHHBIe Harpy3- xu). B 9THXx cayyasx yaeT cH MHepuHM H YaCTOTHI KoseOaRHit KOHCTPYKIMM aBsLeTCR OOXSATEAIBHGIM H HX onpenesteHue COCTaBI- ef cylilecTBeHHyIO YacTs pacyera. Harpy3kn noctosumme u Bpemenmure. Taxoe pa3jenenne narpy- 30K O6YCNOBNeHO MeTORAMH pacieTa KOHCTPyKuMii, B YaCTHOCTH, BBEHeHHEM KOIUUMeHTOR HALEKHOCTH M10 Harpy3ke MAK KOO) ganwentos sanaca. K noctosHHsim Harpy3KaM OTHOCSTCH Te H3 HHX, KOTOPBIC AOWKHbI peicTBOBATh B TeHeHMe Boero NepHona 9KcTIyaTaNHH KOHCTPYKLNH (HaNpHMep, coGcTBCHHEIH Bec). Bpemennste Harpy3KH HOCAT TepMomMuecKHii Xapaktep, HampuMep, AaBseHHe smozeit 4 OGopysOBAHHs Ha MepeKpsITHe 3iaHMs, Hanop BeTpa Ha GaulHo HOT. OTM Marpy3KH B SKCILTyaTAIMONNBI MepHOA MOTyT CYMIeCTBEHHO H3MeHATECA TIO BENMYHHe HM XapakTepy ZeiicTBUS. TlomHMo BHeIIHHX Harpy30K KOHCTPYKUMS MOXET TaKXxe HCTIbI- ‘TuIpaTh TenTOBOE BOSTEHCTERe (RATPEB HM OXTAXNEHHE), BBIIEIBAIO- lee HaTIpwxeHUs H MeopMalNH B ee oTIeMeHTax. MeTombt pacieta KOHCTPYKUMii Ha jleficTRHe TeMMepaTypEl PaccMaTpHBALOTCH B CTeLH- ANbHOM pasqere MexaHMKH secbopMupyemoro TsepHOTO Testa. § 1.5. Hanpsxenna 4 aeopmanmn Tlog aeiictsuem Harpy30K MexXiy OTJeIbHBIMH 4acTaMH ‘Tena BOSHHKaIOT CMI BsaMMOnelicTBUA (BHyTpeHHHe cust). OT- MeTHM, 4TO CHIBI BIAMMONEHICTBA MeKAY WACTAMH Tesla B HeHar- PYXeHHOM M HeZeopMMpoRaHHOM (€CTecTBEHHOM) COCTOSHHH 3 MexauHke JedbopMupyeMoro TRepaoro Tea He paccMaTpuBaoTcs., Aas pusenenus sHyrpenuux cum p Tene mpH ero HarpyxeHH Upumensetcs memod cevenuit, B COOTBETCTBHM ¢ 9THM MeTOIOM TelO MBICIEHHO paCceKaeTCA TIOCKOCTHIO, oma H3 ¥acTeli Tena orOpacuinaeTes, a ce RAMAHNe saMeHseTCH BHYTPeHENMH cHIaMH, BenpepsiBHo pacnpenenenmBIMH To cevenMio (puc. 1.24, a, 6). BEienM —B OKpeCTHOCTH mpomsE ceueHHsa GeckoHedHO Mamyto TnomaaKy (Puc. 1.24 oTy momasky qelicrayeT CBOR YaCTh BHYTPeHHHX cH ¢ paBHosel- crayromei AP, wanpapnenve xKoTopol B o6ulem ciyyae He copiiagaet ¢ Hanpapsennem HopMany v (pic. 1.25, a) x miomanKe. Tipit tie OeHb CHBHOM HETeHCHBHOCTH HOMeHeHHS BHYTPEHHHX CHL B OKPeCTHOCTH aHHOH TOUKH MOXHO CHHTATb, YTO paBHoselicTRyIO- max AP npusoxena p ueHtpe TwxccTH miomanxn AF. Ornomenne pasioneticrayromel AP x miomann AF mpencras- siaeT co6oi cpenHee HanpmxeHHe Ha BbUIeneHHOM momtamKe. Yerpemaaa penmunny AF k Hys10 M Mepexoua K mpeziey, HOny4HM ositioe HaNpHxeHe B paccMaTpHBaeMoit TOHKe (1.3) THe wHUIeKC V YykaSBIBAeT HaMpaBsieHHe HOPMAN K MATOMLAKe. PasioxKHs p, Ha COCTaBNIMOMINE NO HOPMAN H 110 KacaTe THO! K mmomlaaKe,” NonyYHM = HopMasbHoe Gy HM KacaTembHOe Ty HanpsxenHa B TOHKe M (pyc. 1.25, 6). Mexny Hampaxennamnt cmpanenmmso cooTHomenne PE=O+th. (4) ‘Takum o6pa30M, B3aMMogeiicTaMe MexKAy YaCTAMM Tela NpH ero HarpyXeHun XapakTepusyeTca HamMNeM HanpsxeHHii B TOYKAX MBIC- eHHO MposeeHHBix cevennii. Hanpaxenus uMeloT pasMepHOCTs CHA, OTHeceHHOM K eXMHMUe MiotllaaH, HanpwMep, Ta(H/m?), 4 5 2 A » an 5 7 F 5 E 5 a y 19 y ie é < Puc, 1.25 8 MIla. Pacnpezenene wanpsxermii B Te- sie XapakTepusyeT ero HampsxKeHHOe Co- cTosHHe Ton felicTRHeM Harpy3kH, ompe- sleneHHe KOTOPOTO cocTaBNeT O;HY 13 OcHOBHEIX 3aza4 MexaHUKEE ne>opMupy- emoro Taepsoro Tea. To enwumiam HANpsxensii, Kak MpabMio, —cyasT © MpOHHOCTH suIeMeHTOB KOHCTPYRUMi Manu. Kak yxxe Gsino oTMexeHo, mpouece nebopmuponanus Tena mom jelicTBHeM Harpy30K cONpoBoxsaeTeR NepeMelitenH- siMH ero TOWeK. PasmM4He NepementeHMii COCeAHHX TOYeK BbISbIBACT Tlospenue aGcOmOTHEIX H OTHOCHTeNbEEIX ZehopMannit. CymecTBy- 10T sia THNa Leopmalmii B TBEpABIX TeaX— AuneiinDLe u yeaoaDie. PaccmorpuM onperte.tene stHHeHHOH u yrioBoH nedopMaunit B TouKe K nehopmupyemoro Texa (puc. 1.26). [na storo BEinenHM B OKPecTHOCTH 9TOH TOYKH 78a GecKOHe'YHO MaJIbIX B3aHMHO nepnensuKyaspHbix orpeska KM «KN. B pesymbrare nebopmanun Tena Touka K nepemectutcs B nonoxenue K,, a orpesxu KM u KN HOMEHAT CBOYO AMHY Myron MeKMY HUMM HCKaSHTCS. Benusuna d(As)=ds,—ds, xapaxtepwayioulas WoMeteHHe A.1HHBt orpeska KM=ds, naspinaeros abcomotHolt simnelinoit aedopmann- ei. [pu Tom OTHOCHTenbHas sUHHeitHaa ehopmanms B TO¥Ke K 110 Hampapnenuro s panna Pac. 1.26 dsy—ds_d(As) a ds CyMMa yrion HeKaxenHa Mexay Hanpapnenuamn KM u KN HagbibaeTex OTHOCHTENBHOM yrsonOH LehopMauweli (yTOM cABHTA) B TINOCKOCTH, THe PACHOAOKeHM ITH OTPEIKH: yao to. OrHocutenbinie amneimbie yrnopKe aebopManun sanmoTCH GespasMepHbIMH BenHMHaM. § 1.6. Buyrpemmme yeusma p nonepesubsx COneHMSX cTepat PaccMoTpuM cTepxeHb, HaxonsuMMlica B paBHOoBecHH nO Aelicrsvem MpowsnosIbHBIX Harpy3oK (puc. 1.27, a). OrHecem cTep- XKeHb K JeKapTOoBoi cvcTeMe KOOpAMHAT, HanpaBuB och Ox BiOmb OCH crepxHa M pacnonoxue ocu Oy, Oz B mlocKOCTH ero Momepesoro ceyenus. Paccetem MuIcsIeHHO CTepxeHD TuI0C- KOCTEIO, NepMeHAMKYJINpHOH K OCH, MepeHecem Hayano oTcueTa B MeHTP THKECTH TOMepedHOTO ce¥eHHA H TOKAKeM jelicTRYLONHe »B MpowsBombHOH ero TO¥Ke Hanpsxenua (pre. 1.27, 6). Tlommoe wanpaxenne ” p, % PasloxHM 110 OcAM KOOp- AMAT nla HopMamtoe na- mpwxenue o, uM KacaTestb- HBC HANPHKCHUA Tye H Tye. Ocratiopumes Ha 060- shaveHuM HanpsxKeHMH Ha TIOULANKe ¢ HOPMAMIBIO, 1a- PantembHo och Ox (TaKan MaOUIanKa HasbIBaeTCR KO- opamnatiol). Y Hopman HOO HANpsxKeHHS HULeKC nokasbipaeT — wampapnenme ero gelicraus. Y Kacatems- HBIX HaNpwKeHMH TlepBbiit HUIeKc ykasbIBaeT HaNpansenne JejicTBHA HAMpsCHHs, a BTOPOH— HaMpaBseHMe HOPMANH K TWIOMATKe, Ha KOTOPOH OHO selicrRyeT. Hanpsxkenui 8 janHol To¥Ke CBA3aHEI MexiY COOOK co- oTHomIeHHeM 9 4 Puc. 1.27 pinol+titth. (1s) Bpienmm B OKpecTHOcTH paccmarpuBaeMoil TONKH GecKOHeHHO Many maomaaky dF 4 npupeiie xelictayronmie Ha Hee BHYTpeHHHe cus dF, t,,dF 0 t,.dF k WecTH paBHoselicTByIomuM: NaffodF Q,=fftydF; ? ? (1.6) fozdF; O,=[ft rd! iJovars My Sflen2—tay)dF. Vinterpposanie mporspomHrea 0 Bceli miomaaH monepessoro cevenna F. Besmunint (1.6) Hasnimaiorea BHYTeHHHMH YCHTHAMH B n0- epewmix ceveHHSX cTepxHs, cooTBeTCTBeHHO N—nponosbHas (sopmansnas) cama, M, ‘« M,—warnOaiomme Moments, uw Q,—nonepewnie ch x M,=M,—xpytamai Moment (pic. 1.28, 0,6). Buytpenmme yous’ » crepxne onpexersotesa ¢ MOMomtbto MeToma cevenuii. B oOmteM ciysae OHM nepeMertisi 110 IUIMHE CTepXHA, TO ECT ABNSOTCH YHKUMAMM KOOPAMHATE! TONEK ero ocw. Tpabukn tux dysxuuii, noctpoeHmnie B cooTnercTay: Yomem MacurTaGe, Hasbipatores 2mopamu axympennux ycuaul. mops CTposrca Ha OCH CTePAHA H 3ALITPHXOBMBAIOTCA Hepren- AMKYASpHbIMH K Heli NpsMEIMH THHMSMH. BAYTPH ‘KAxOH sTOpEI crapHTcn sHaK BHYTpeHHerO yeuNHs. 2» B conporusnenun MarepHasioB pacier crepxHs OObINHO HaNHHaeTCs © OnpeneneHHs BHYTpeHHUX yCHLAi H MlocTpoeHHs Hx ontop. ipa 2ToM MOXHO 11460 YCTAHABMBATS 3aKOHB WIMeHCHHS BHYTPeHHUX ycHIMii 10 JUIMHE CTEPAEHS, JTHGO BHURCTATH HX aHaxeHHa B ero XapaKTepHBIX ceventH- ax. B nocnemHem caysae sua no- crpoeHHs Smkop BHYTPeHENX yc HeOGxomHMO SHAT xapaxtep ux WOMeHEHMA Ha YNACTKAX CTepKHS MeKAY eTO pasiwuHbIMH CeveHHaMH, ro Yeranapsupaetes 13 smdybepen- TMasbHBIX COOTHOMeRM == MeExay BHYTPeHHUMMH YoHIMIMH 1 KTEHCHE- HOCTAMH PacnpeneeHHEIX Harpy30K. ‘SHaHMe BHYTPeHHHX ycHIMA HesocTaTONHO ANA oMpesenenus 3aKOHOB HSMeHeHHA HANpsKeHHI NO MOMepeYHOMY CeNeHIO cTepX- Ha, TOCKOsIEKY KaKNOMY BHYTPeHHEMY YCHJIMIO MOTYT COOTRETCTBO- BaTb pAaMIMWHBIe 3aKOHMI pactperenenia Hanpsxenuil. [ns peure- Hux 9TOM 3a1a4M Hago paccMoTpeTb xapaxtep sehopmMannH CTepKHs H BBECTH ynpomaiomMe rHnOTesbI. Ip 9TOM OKAbIBAeTCH BOIMOKHEIM BBIBECTH MPOCTBIe pacieTHBIe POPMYsBI AuI8 onpesteste- HMA HaNpsxeHMM Yepes BHYTPeHHMe CHA B TOMepedHbIX ceyeHHAX crepxns. B conporupienwa MaTepwanos m3y¥eHHe xapaKTepa paOoTst MpsMOTO CTepKHA MPOHSBOAMTCH passeMbHO OT eliCTBHA KAXKTOTO WG TpeX BHAOB BHeMINel HarpysKH. JlelictRMe OceBBIX Harpy30K (puc. 1.23, a) cootsetcrayet yexmpaabHomy pacmascenuo usu cocamuo ' cmepocna. Tip TOM B ero MomepesHibix cevennsx ZelicTBYeT TOMKO OHO BHYTpeHHee YouNMe—nponombHas cura N. Tlelicrswe nonepewnsix Harpy30K BEISEIBAeT uz2U6 cmepmcHA. B o6tiem caysae warnGa B moMlepeuiibix ceveHHAX CTepKHA MOryT Relictaonats 1a usTHOaiouwx Momenta M, u M, um se Tonepesnste cum Q, H Q.. Cxpysmparoume Harpy3KH (puc. 1.23, 6) BBIsBIBaIOT Kpyuenue emepocua, 4TO cooTaetcTayer selicreMIo B eFO tonepeuttbix CeeHMax KpyTamero MoMeHTa M,. CopsmectHoe ZeiicTRHe OCeRBIX, MonepedHEIX H CKpy4HBaroulHXx Harpy30K BEIObIBAeT Tak HAIKIBAEMOe caomCHOe cOnpomusseHUe cmepxcna, KOTOPOe MOXHO pasieiuTh Ha OTHeNbHbIe 3ala4H B SaBHCMMOCTA OT cO¥eTAHHs HArpy3OK (HaNpHMep, PacTsKeHHE © M3rHGOM, H3rHG C KPyeHHeM HT. m.). Pre, 1.28 aTABA 2 TEOMETPHYECKHE XAPAKTEPMCIMKH MONEPEYHBIX CEYEHMM CTEPOKHE/ § 2.1. Cratuyeckue Moment Momeni wueprian B conporpnenun marepnanon onpexesimotes Hanpsxe- kms, aeopmanum nu nepememenus B Crepxnax npx xelicraHH PAMINYHDIX. HATPY30K, BMIOBIRAIOMINX eHTPabHOe | pacTwxeHHE (exarue), wsrH6, Kpy'ieHHe 11H OfHOBPeMeHHO Bee BMAD HasBanHIx aepopmanuii, B opMysst 21a. Hanps- Xxenuit m nepeMentenuii » 2apHicHMOCTH 4 Ye ‘OT Bua AeopMupoBanHsA BxogAT pas- suiHble TeOMeTpHNeckHe | xapaKrepac- TweM nonepedmeIx cevennit crepxn, Besuwnbt 9THx XapaxtepwcTHx 3aB1- cat ot opMni H pasmepon nioneper- Horo ceveHma, PaceMotpHm —mpon3- J RoABHYIO TOcKyio durypy (nonepey- Hoe ceveHMe CTepxHA) TIOMAADIO F, L$ orecenayio K mMpsaMoyrombHOi cuc- oe © — teme xoopannar Oxy (pc. 2.1). Beute- JM B TulocKocTH urypst SnemeHT woman dF ¢ xoopanuatamn x, 1) H OMpenenHM ocHoBitbte TeoMerpH- YeckHe XapakrepHCTHKH MonepesHbIx CeveHMiA CTepAHeH, KAK BINTHIC no sce romain F cyMMst npowaBeneHMii onemeHTapHbIx Miouta~ elt dF na Wx paccrosHs x Hy (B COOTRETCTRYFOUINX cTeTIeHsX) 10 ocell Oy m Ox. Cmamuieckue Momenms cerenua orHocuTensHo oceii Ox H Oy: Sx=ffydF; S,=[fxdF. Q.1) ? ? Pre. 2.4 Ocesbie Momenmbi WHEpUAA: Se=Sfy2dF, J,=ffxtaF (2.2) * 7 2 ‘© puc. 2. Llenmpobeoenoiii Momenm wnepunn: Jay=[fovdF. 2.3) ? Tloaspuoit momenm wnepunn: J,=ffredP=[[(x?+y?)dF=J.+J,, (2.4) ? F Crarimecrne MowenTst meter paaMeproers exmuias summit B tpeTéeli cremenn (HanpuMep, cM°), a OceBHie, WeHTPObexHBI H MOJSPHEI MOMeHT! MHepuMM—eaMHMNEI AMHEI B YeTBepTOH crenenu (cm*) Kax BHO H3 npHBeneHHEIx PopMy.T, CTaTHeECKHe H HeHTpOGex- BI MOMCHTSI B 3ABHCHMOCTH OT BBIGOpa CHCTeMEI KOOpHHaT MOTYT OLITE MOOXUTENDHBIMH, OTPHYATEABABIMH H PABHLIMH HY210. OceBse HM onApHBI MOMEHTSI HHepUMH Boerja MOAOKMTETbHBI. ‘Ha ocHoRaHM W3BecTHOH H3 TeopeTH¥ecKOli MexaHHKH TeopeMbI © MOMeHTe paBHogeiicrsylomleH MOxHO HanucaTs cyenyloume panencrsa: [[ydF= Fy; S,=ffxdF= Fr, 7 ? rae F—nnomane ncero cevenus, M3 a1mx panercra onperenstores KOOpAMHATH UeHTpa TwKECTH Cesena (puc. 2.1): @5) Oct, mpoxoasmme Yepes UeHTP THKECTH CeveHHA, HasKIBAIOTCR yenmparonoinu ocasu. Vis (2.5) cileayer, 4T0 CTaTHIecKHi MoMeHT BETO CCCHHA OTHOCHTENEHO O6OH LeHTpanbHOlt OCH papel HYsO. § 2.2. 3apucumoctH Mexiy MOMeNTaMM wHeprin OTHOCHTeNBHO NapaitenbHbIX ocelt Tlycrs wapectmst Moments mnepunn J., Jy, Sup ce- Nenu oTHocHTeMLHO HeHTpanbABIX oce Ox, Oy (puc. 2.2). Onpe- Zemm Momentst uepumm J,., Jy,, Jx,y, OTHOCHTEMbHO ocel O1x4; O11, y napahnensietx ‘ocam Ox, Oy. OdosnasuM wepes a Hb Koopaunats: TOUKH O B cHC- Teme KoopmuHat O;x,);. B coorsetcraxi x1=x+a, 1=y+b, C yserom Stor. nomysum Jay=SfyidF= [f+ 6)'de= = lfytde+ 26] yd +b? (fdF= t+ 265.4 & +b7F Pre. 22