REPORT RESUNWES ED 016 493 4s HINDT BASIC CouRSE. BY- HARTER, J.-WARTIN AND OTHERS CENTER FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS, WASHINGTON, D.C. REPORT NUMBE2 NDEA-VI-213 PUB DATE 60 EDRS PRICE MF+$0.5¢ HC-$14.6¢ — S67P. DESCRIPTORS- GRAMMAR, #HINDI, PHONETICS, #LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION, #LANGUAGE PATTERNS, LANGUAGE GUIDES, #PATTERN ORILLS (LANGUAGE), $PRONUNCIATION INSTRUCTION, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, TEXTBOOKS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA THIS TEXT PROVIDES AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE IN HINDI, A DIALECT OF WEST PAKISTAN AND NORTHERN INDIA. FRIHARY EMPHASIS IN THE COURSE LIES IN THE USE OF BASIC SENTENCES (BRIEF CONVERSATIONS) WHICH INTRODUCE VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES. & NUMBER OF APPROPRIATE EXERCISES OR DRILLS ARE PROVIDED FOR EACH GROUP OF SENTENCES. A PRONUNCIATION WORDLIST AND A GLOSSARY OF PHONETIC TERMS ARE INCLUDED IN THE TEXT. (6c)Aaa ee pan rp at iceptannearnngganten viii: oon Ect ania ete NN SATA Ut NN OA RTE aN U.'S, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE Oifce of Education ‘This document has been reproduced exactly as racetved from the ‘Berson or organizaton originating it. Points of view oF OpInONG ‘tated do not necessary represent official Office of [estion or potcy. E009 93 /HINDI BASIC COURSE / SNITS 1-18 Vijay Budhroj Roprinad By Center for Applied Linguistics of the Modern Language Association of America ‘Washington 1960It 1s the policy of the Center for Applied Linguistics to maxe more widely available certain instructional and rel- ated materials in the languije teaching field which have { only limited accessibility. ‘This policy calls for the re-publication of works which are out of print and of stens { which are normally Linited in thoir distribution to mesbers Of the organization under whose sponsorship they were Prepared, auch as government agencies, special university Programs, and private business concerns. ‘The users of these Feprints should bear in mind that in many instances they are Aacomplete or provisional in nature and that the Center has chosen to reproduce them either because, even in their Present form, they are better than other available works, or because in some respect. they may serve supplemental to existing materials Whenever appropriate, the authors’ names are indicated. ‘The kinds of prices set for the reprints ~ vary considerably depending on the nature of the financing Of the projects, but in every instance the price is determined in the Light of the fact that the Modern Language Association 48 a non-profit professional association. Special Acknowledgement ‘This Basic Course has been reprinted with the permission : of the Foreign Service Institute and under the provisions of j a contract between the U. S. Office of Education, Department 7 of Health, Education and Welfare, and the Center for Applied Linguistics,sasha ‘Te Langutge nom as Hindi or Urdu is spoken in West Pakistan and over a large part of northern India, It is related to inglish linguistically, belonging a3 it doos to the sane ‘ently! of Languages. English; as is vell inom, is related to Gernan, and both of these languages are included in a group of languages called Germanic. ‘The Germanic group, in turn, is related to the Ronance languages and to a number of sintlar oups or "branches'. All of these related languages and groups of Languages are classed together under the heading "Indo-Burovean! which in tum is included in a larger Gow labeled MIndo-Hittite'. One of the sub-groups incluted under this larger classification 1s the Indo-Iranian branch, to which Indic belongs. Indic refers to the great majority of the languages epoken in Pakistan, northern India and Ceylon. Sone of these are Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Panjabi, Nepali, Sindhi, Sinhalese ant, Assamese, 411 of these languages are rather closely related to each other, and since ‘they belong to the Indo-European language family they are aleo related, though of cour ‘much more distantly, to English. It should be borne in mind that this relationship means identity of wltinate origin, which 18 s0 far in the past that you will not find specific oluilarities such as readily recognised related vords in say, modern Hindi and Raglish, Moot of the Languages epcken in Southern India bexong to an entirely separate language fanily called Dravidian, and are not related to the languages of northern India, Sone of the Dravidian languages are Taxil, Malayalan, Telugu, Kote and Kanarese (Kamada). : Mindi and Urdu are nét two different languages. They are only dialects of the ‘same language, To illustrate what is meant by dialect w may compare the speech of an Englishman with thet of an Axerican, While agreeing that both men speak English, yor could not fail to notice the many differences in promunciation, vocabulary, intonation, ete. This is roughly the situation pertaining to Hindi and Urdu, except that An the case of the Englishman and the American, both are quite willing to accept fe tarm 'Biglisht for the nane of tha Langutge wich they speak, whgneas there 48 no ech inclusive term acceptable to all. speakers of the Kindi-lieu dialects. ‘iindutant! 48 often used in this sense but is objected to by many speakers in both countries Decause of earlier associations of the term. Tee aifictal Language of Pakistan is called 'Utu!, and the official language of Inia ie called ‘Hindi, In actuality, no clear-out geographical or national boundery-Line can be dram to describe where Untu stops ant Hindi begine. Whether ‘© speaker uses Hindi or Urdu is based on cultural considerations, The primry Gistinction 18 between Hindus, who prefer Xinil, end Moslens, who prefer Urdu. The snout of difference between speakers of either of these varies tremendously. One Hindu may speak very much like an Urdu speaker, while another, prinarily influenced+ HO. by nationalistic and puristic tendencies, will use quite a different vocabulary. Other factors alec eater in, of course, Nor does the fact that these are designated as ‘national Languages! by the respective countries naan that they are spoken or ‘understood throughout those countries. There are a great many other languages spoken an the sub-continent of Asia, and usually only the educated in these other Language ‘areas will have supplesiented their native language with a nowledge of Hind’. or Urdu. There are two major differences between the dialects of Hindi and Usdus The ‘Siret 4s in pronuetation. In words which are of Persian or Arabic origin, Urdu covsistently retains certain Arabic or Persian pronunciation features. Many rpeakers of Hindi when using the same vocabulary items will substitute a sound fron the sound system of Hindi vhich most closely appratinates the Arabic or Persian sour, Faget lady Hint, Arabte Frerit/ /earitt/ — *poort ‘Yarith ‘etranger! Saarite/ Aeavitb/ —tneart qeritd 'neer" /eiimt/ ~ — /cdimat/ "price! qlinat "priest /aaat/ /ealat/ "wrong! valat — ‘xiateket Yhether the speaker of Hindi uaes the ‘borrowed’. sounds or the approvtzating Hind souds in the above words depends uncon many factors ~ vhat his native language 1s, how he learned Hindl, educational background, travel backgrownd, ates The second major difference 1s that Urdu uses many losnwords and also sume Gamatical features of Arabic and Persian which are usually neither found in Hindi nor understood by the Hind! speaker, However, Hind! in tum uses many Sanskrit loanverds ‘and gramuatica! foatures which are neither wed nor unierstood by the Urdu speaker. This difference has been intensified since partition, There is a third very iuportant difference shich ocours on the literary levels ‘This ts that Uxiu i9 written in a modifiet form of the Arabic soript, whereas Hind! is written in Devanagari. This soript ie also used for Sanskrit and Marathi, and is related to those used for other Indic languages. 4 person spccking either Hindi or Urdu can, with varying degrees of difficulty, xpress Linself and unteretand others over most of West Pakistan and northem Indias 0.2 Classroom Notes For Stuents: As indicated by the title,' "Spoken Kindustant'', this in course in the spoken langcige. This does not imply that the written form af the language is unimportant. ‘The order of study ~ first spoken Language, then uritten - is dictated by the nature of language and by the practical aine in leaming any language. To stuly the spoken ‘Jariguage first is the most practical and most efficient method, while it is at the sane tine the most sniantific pedagorically. The following Lmportant points sbould be noted? 1s Every Language is unique. You cannot expect to tranalate literally from one Language to another.2. Language is learned by saying it. You cannot learn a language by memorizing ‘Gamay or by talking about gramur. Oramar is the statement of the ‘language's structure, It helps you understand the language, but you do not Learn the Language by Jnowing 1 clone. ‘Ths gramar necessary for your understanding of the language is included in ‘the lessons and is for home study. Do not ask your tutor 'why’ a thing is said. One may know the gramer and not be able to speak *i> language well encugh ‘to carry on the simplest kind of conversation. The purpose of this course is to ‘teach you to speak Hindi. By this ve mean giving you the ability to handle yourself in ordinary common language situations. ‘Tf you master the course, you will not only know the grammar of the language but will be able to use the language outside the classroom, ‘Dus to the nature of the course, it is very difficult to make up for sersions xissed, You are advised not to begin unles 8 you can attend regularly. ‘3+ Learning @ language is a hard job. There is no easy way. The course is designed to teach you effectively, but there is no substitute for effort on your part. ‘Sone people lesrn fester then othars, ‘Do not be discouraged if you are not learning as easily as you think you should. Only a few arc natural polyglots. The important ‘thing is not apeed but mastery of the material. Study outside of class as much as Possible ~ but do not study netorial you have not heard. Master each lesson in turn. 4. Thero is no one way of studying, ‘If you do not have long periods of tine 4m which you can concentrate on tis language, do it in shorter periods. ‘Learn short ‘sections of the material at a tine, De not atteapt to mmorize the whole unit at once. 3+ Your basic iverning of the languge takes place in the classroom. Be attentive but not tense. Do not wosry about scking mistakes. The tutor will correct, ‘You, and you will then havy a chance te suy it correctly. : ‘When the tutor is drilling otters, say the ‘Same sentences to yourself. You camot re.sat too often. 6+ There is no ons correct way of speaking any Isnguage. Your tutor should be ‘one whose mother tongue is Hindi and who speaks the variety of Hindi you need. He is ‘then your model for initation and your authority as to how a thing is said. ‘All Hindi ‘speakers do not speak exactly the jane way and tie sano speaker will not always say ‘the sane thing the sane way, ‘This 1s perfectly natural and is the sane situation ve have in English, Th doth Hindi and English (and other languages as well) such ‘variations are limited in scope and always follow the general pattern of the language. (For example, thore may be variation as to which sound is used in a giveswrd, but Doth sounds xust be Hindi sounds.) ‘If you are listening to the tapes, you will find ‘that they agree with the printed material, But the sane speaker who made the tapes | would not always say these things in exactly this way! The differences might not be ‘Very great, but there would be some differences. If you are working with a Hindi, pee ~ —— oan Erspeaker, then, he will very likely say scae things in a slightly different vay. Ia SYSFY much case, follow hie prommotation. Just be sure you are learning noraat, speech. Mindi 4s a particularly dteftcult language to desoribe in terme of & "standard! speech There are many dialects, geograrhically and socially, Take differences for Granted but observe them carefully, You need not alent your speech to everyune. Learn one dialect wll, Suggested resding: Foreign Service Institute Publications. (+) Recommended Classroom Procedures for Regular Field Programs (2) Study Procedures for Intensive Language Students (5) Techniques for Language Learning +3 Motes oa Material 1+ Basic Sentences. ‘ee Basic Sentences, which are brief cenvereations, introduce vocabulary ant Sumatioal structures. The stuient should not attempt to go on to any new materic) mitil the conversation is faultlessly menorized, 2+ Baste Sentence Variation Det11, ‘Toeve are sentences patterned after Basic Sentences, with ord or phrase qubstitations. Thay are desigued to stress sone of the patterns t1lustrated by the Basic Sentences, 3+ Baste Sentence Translation Drill, These are sentences in which the new vocabulary i used in contexte diftering fron that of the Basic Sentence, he Baste Sentence Response Drill, ‘Tose are questions to which the stulent should give ansvers. The questions utilize the new vocabulary, 5+ The second section of a unit consists of Lists of words such as numbere, colors, foods, ete. These are intended as reference lists and as study Lists for expansion of vocabulary. &+ The third section is Gramutical Drill, vaich contains Gramar Hotes and sets of drills which 1Tlustrate and offer practice in the particular grammatical features discussed in the notes. 7+ The fourth section - Pronmotation = gives additional ant sore detailed Practice on prommatation features of Hindi, Suggested Methods of 14 Basic Sentencos, (Conversations) 1» Books closed. bs Repeat as best you can imediately after the instructor. Sr Almye wait for the instruoter to supply the model = don't anticipate,H.0.6 a, Repeat the sentences a3 a mit - don't break a sentence into sections, Try to speak the Hindi sentences with the sane speed you use for English - no faster, 20 slower. ¢. Pay attention to intonation and strevwe as well as the scunis. ft, Concentrate first on mastering pronunciation of the sentence, Meaning sci ‘analysis cen come Inter. & Repeat constantly undar your bresth as the instructor moves around the class, hh, When corrected, do not Just acknowledge the correction. Repeat the corrected pant after the instructor, and then repeat the sentence in which the error occurred. - 4, Repeat each individual sentence until fully mastered. 4. Take parts and drill the Basic Sentences as a conversation - instructor takes one role, stulent the others k, Reverse roles, *, 2, Students converse among thenselves. Instructor makes corrections. 2. Variation Drill. ‘4, Books closed. , Repeat after instructor. cs Translates 3» Translation Drill, Sane procedure as above, 4, Response Drill. A, Books closed. by If you do not waderstand, repeat and try to translate. ©. ive a suitable reply, preferably a comlote sentence. ‘Tlustration Drill, ‘8. Books closed. ' 4 Note the point being illustrated in each sentence, 6. Completion Drill. + Books open. d, Don't read the partial sentence, Firat decide what you are going to 111 ‘the blank with, e+ Then say the complete sentence as a mit with no pauses and with normal, Antonation, a, Translates 7+ Translation Drill, (English to Hindi) ‘&. Books closed, (If you have trouble understanding your instructor's English f : you may open your book for thie dri). "by Decide what you are going to say before you start the sentence, seHO.7 + Than give the sentence as a unit with no pauses. Substitution Drill, + Bocks closed. ‘be Repeat and translate the model sentence. & Substitute as directed by the instructor, always giving the complete sentence. 4. Be very careful of your intonation, 9 Variation Drill, (English to Hindi) ‘a. Repeat and translate the model sentence, ‘by Translate the succeeding sentences given to you by your instructor, using, in s0 far as possible, the besic franevork of the model sentence. 10, Bad Conversations. a, Books closed. ‘b. Listen for comprehension as the conversation is read twice by instructor. ©. Give a short sumary in English of the conversation. 4. Repeat tie individual sentences after the instractor. Practice as a conversation, (Books may be opened at this point 4¢ you cannot do the conversations with prompting from the instructor. However, the Jess you have to depend on the book, the more you have accomplished.) 14. Conversation Stimlus, . Students are assigned roles. b, Practice as a conversation, translating into Hindi, Note: There are mmerous tectniques which can effectively be applied to drills suh as those listed above, The Procedures suggested here are those used in Hindi classes in the Foreign Service Institute. 05 Pronunctation ‘The following outline will introduc: 1 of the letters used in the transcription ‘with practice word lists, More detailed explanation and practice will be found in ‘the Pronunciation sections of the units, Glossary of Phonetic Terns Aspirated - released with a puff of breath Consonant = 2 speech sound made with a closure or constriction at the point of articulation (such as tongue tip touching teeth) ‘Dental = made with the tongue against the teeth ‘Diphthong = a sequence of two vocalic sounds of which only one is syllabic. Flap = & single very rapid flipping movement of an articulator (such as front, part of tongue) ‘Labial ~ nade with the lips1.0.8 “Nagpal - an /n/ or /n/ Uke soma Wagalization - nasal resonance acconpanying oval articulation Wagalized ~ made with accompanying nasalizetion Retroflex - made with the tongue tip retracted or curled back tovard the roof of the mouth (hard palate) Rounded ~ made with contraction (rounding) of the Ips Sextvowel - a tern for certain consonants vhich are best described in terns of non-wyllabic vowel articulations. E.gey /v/ and /y/ ‘Trill - made by rapid successive novenents of sone articulator (such as tip of tongue) Unaspirated - released without a puff of breath Voiced = made with accompanying vibration of the vocal chords Voiceless ~ made without acconpanying vibration of the vocal chorie Vowel ~ made without closure or constriction at the main point of articulation Letters Used in the Hindi Transcription ~ A short sound sinilar to the u of but, him, gub. Practice: > ‘now yeh "thet aman "peace! han Swot smal" promigation’ deb "vent assii "G0! sab ‘at sfsoos regret! vas * enough! 4A tong vowel, sindlar to the a of calm, fay la, Practices aaj "today! = nam ovening’ yan tort tum "mango! nant excuse! ncaa ‘*hopet ab ‘water! bang gardent concen = ‘uncle! ang "fire! nash ‘month! havas Saar! asian ‘hope! saa ‘clean! mesma uncle! A very short sound, sinilar to the 4 of lip, in, pit. Practicer Fry "ente! Sis "wénkcht in ‘these! ain taay! idbar thither" din ‘who! inaan "reward! van tent istrii — ‘udte! Kis ‘whicht 41 A long vowel, similar to that of be, sea, key (but without the glide of the English sound), Practice: Missa "Jesus! bis a0! $4 (honoritte) fire "Iran's. thing! agli text! . finsen "honesty! bic = between! =f pert * bits tweed isi "this very! fis "fees! ‘eld hight2 Avery short sound, rounded, sinilar to the u of Puts push. Practice: um ‘those! tom yout i ts "thatt ‘budh ‘Wednesdsy* 1 uinea to get bored! orn "sore! ue (exelanation) anid “seit! uma age! inl. total! uA long vowel, rounded, sinilar to that of ‘Bugs moo (but without the glide of ‘the English sound). Practice: wuper above! jun tJunet paguy ‘animal! i dmudh get hindu "Hindu i mb excelent! maamu ‘uncle! | rus "Russia! baabuu — tclerkt : dwe ‘distant? bassuu tam! | © Avery short sound, sintlar to the ¢ in net, pet, get. Practice: { etraas "objection? cok "check! : aehnaa "to say? i reins "to live! neher ‘canal! meherbaan tind! Se A Jong vowel, sintlar to the ay in day, say, pay (out without the glide of the Buglish sound), Practice: eek fone == dees tcountry! kee tort yas "Asti Seed" pocket* 300 front coven —tand' —meez "tablet yee these? seed apple! vee they! teez sharp! aagee ‘ahead! ce A Tong vowel, rounded, siniar to the sound in phone, 90, hoe (but without ‘the glide of the nglish sound), Practice: con (magic ay2able) tooman to be! doo. tgt cor "direstiont Boonta "to sow! koe tot Soonta ‘to sleep! hoo tare! hooS ——conscioust Joo who! ven ae ne ne Ae Soocnsa. 'to think’ loo taket ‘Si A diphthong composed of the short ‘vowels /a/ and /1/. Practice: aisaa ‘such’ = kaisaa "how hai tg! . paisaa ‘money! daisaa "Aker bail Sox! pair "Loot! * Prenat OYHO.10 au A diphthong conposed of ths short vowels /a/ and /u/. Practice? aur ‘ana ken "iho! naz *3? aurat "vonant paun ‘s/t sau "root fej tang! Jeu "barley! Suk desire? cauvan Sif Flaced over vowels and diphthongs to indicate nasality - the air passes through the nose. Practice: da tee! pie tg sii ‘nother! fiucoa hight «th, ‘mouth! ni tat hit camel! = pithis 3s" nahft not siftsis —t37! tint doon8s both “s bat tare! slr doats right! pase ust naa tyest kahdd ‘where! ky85 ty" Unaspirated, similar to the k in baking. Practice: kab 'vhen' = bikmaa_—'to be sold’ eek Kis tho! fukn “ew cok Kaan ‘work! = wukaan "building! ook kam "Ie: pakaanaa "to cock! naak kaanteart saknaa "to be able! = =tak until? Sixtlar to /k/ but with the tongue further retracted. The back of the ‘tongue presses aginst the soft palate just sbove the unule (your Anstructor nay use /k/ rather than /e/), Practices Qaabil. ‘worthy! naujaa opportunity! sabe "Lesson! qiinat "price! mugadma "lawsuit! Sauq "desire" dion dnd! Saugtin enthusiast” qabs constipation’ tagriir speech’ ‘tagriiban ‘approximately! deckhnaa "to see! Leskh 1000008 rakhnaa "to keep' = leek = tarticle! ‘ikhnaa "to write! «ith eyo! siikhnaa ‘to learn! Aikhaanaa "to show!HOw Made against the soft palate, just atove the unula, with friction noise. ‘Your instructor may use /ih/. Practice: suub —Yexeeent! mud tgeift xum "blood! xair —thovever! xaas—epectal! ~ Similar to the g of go, game. Practice: omer "fever! Sex sheik! ‘fingernail! —taariix ‘date! "harat ‘time! "finally! eat "ast? ea ‘yard! angee "ahead! ‘Lo0g "people! Volced counterpart of /x/ (your instructor may use /e/). Practice: vulean ‘slave! devair "without! baat garden! Yalst wrong! vayairah ‘etcetera! © daay ‘stain! yaltii ‘error! dineay ‘brain! use. "bath? Aspirated. Practice: ghar ‘house! ahs "ghee! aha, "watch! ehookaa horse’ ghatiTaa "hourt Unaspirated. Sinilar to the ch of church, check. Practice: eck = teheckt = fiflean thi ght bite — betweent car ty! caecaa —tnclet wire "peppert coor "theft niece below maac ‘dance! ctiz "thing! —pacas tg! vie Ist caeval ‘'rice' nancnaa "to dance’. sae "true! Aspirated. Frecticer chee ‘6 machi = fight kuch gone! chaap "tnprint! Piichee ‘behind? heed "note! Puuchnak to ask! choofea —‘anall! Pichlee "last? chappan —'g6t aechan "good? Stmidar to the 4 (or dg) of judge, jury, Joke. Practicer Joo at punjaa vanjan whot (honorific) ‘worshipt "eingtHOe12 he tet sanajh ‘understanding! ‘to understand! fang army! big ‘seed? Sintlar to the z (or g) of 200, 4g. Practice: 00r * etrengtht ‘ranaanoa Nera beasun ‘arnt rool "aatly Living! ees "table! teen "sharp! Aspirated, Practicet Shuufh "lie! mughes Shagtsa ‘quarrel! sanajhnaa suughna Retroflex, usspirated. Precticet "to suggest itselt" "to occur to oneself! Toop that? dgeTea sont fT ‘caret! Tusa — to break! JavInaa "to return! pee 'stonach' ‘ikea ‘vaccination! —kalaanan ‘to get cut! fT *aeat? Tetksii ‘taxi! maTar "peas - choofen "anal! Aspirated retréfiex. Practice: Maik touket baiTinaa ‘to sit! saath "eo! ‘ThaNDen cold! aaTwat eth! aam tet ‘Thahernas ‘to wait! uthannan "to Lift! = piTh "back baiThak "session Uhaspirated retroflex. Practice: Daak ‘ait! aDDaa, "base! Dabbaa "ox! atDaa ‘eae! Der "fear! DaXDaa ‘stick Duuinaa "to sink! ‘ThaNDaa teold! Deekh ‘y s/2t Retroflex flap, unaspirated, Practice: beRas "big! bhigR ‘crowat gait ‘watch! hook trace genRid “traint peek ‘treet ghooRaa ‘horse! pahaaR ‘mountain* SaaRaa ‘winter? AsRaali, "var" Aspirated Retroflex. Practice: Dhasid, "2 ofa ‘buDDhaa ‘old mnt Dhool ‘aru uD Dnt, ‘old worm! |H0.3 Bh Aspirated Retroflex flep, Practice: baRhnaa ‘to increase! DeeRh ‘1 af2 caRhnaa "to clinbt peRhnaa “to study! saaRhmu "brother-in-law! saafhee "sfe! paRhesnaa, "to teach! N Retrofiex. Practice: atu *atont + — Uhaspirated dental, Practice: “too 'thent deat, mat "opinion! tab "thant maaten rast "night! tak hunt" poten et — song! teel toll! neetaa saat ty! tun tyout kuttan dog! baat ‘thing! th Aspirated dental. Practice: ‘thas ‘wast haathii ‘elephant! haath hand? taken "tired? pathear — 'pleteaut rath — "chariot! thooRaa ta little’ —tathan = tand! saath Twith! thoothaa 'tcothlesst —sasthii_—_ companion ‘thee ‘wore! 4 Dental, Practice: . sadar train! madad —thelp! deadal ‘cloud! cheed — thoie! caadar "sheet! safeed ‘white! Saadii‘narriage! had "extent! deer ‘delay! VideeS foreign! vustaad «teacher! ch Aspirated dental. Practicer han ‘wealtht andar "basis! duudh ttt , @iuup sunshine! aedhaa "4/2! ‘viroodh opposition! dhoobii —twasherman' = ddhar = "hither budh "Wednesday! @hoenaa to wash! budhvaar "Wednesdey! bandh dant Ghootid ta garment! —paudhaa plant! n Dental, Practicer me tnott aanaa "to cone! in nar tg! binge tudthout! «un nase ‘dancet deonaa to sot ain ‘anak ‘nose! deenae to give! in naan ‘nana! gemma "to sing! = kaan Cn Ba ry tegen ee eee ee