&. SYSTEM protection — PART.2 Bons sie Mpcsce cian @ Power system sheuld be devided inte Zones called Zones of protection . e@ Each Zone must be protected by at feast on CR. Dr. Mohammed Tafeeq. ie must be Ver! lapped to ref leave any © Zones Area witht protection (blind aren) - Transducers ne ay ao oe oe Curren Transformers oe c IRON CORE There are twe eof OT: type of eT: : @ Two ‘aihaling os cal ¢ a gre Primary eg Secanday Prey seealary +o uindag bpe e Bar type : Te Ns Is NP symbel can be as hahas F5000A ~ CTs ave rated interms of Standard 5A (American) ov 1A (Europe) Secondary » Pimary Current Typical Standard © T rahas are: 50:5 , 100:5, 15075 ie 2S) 2 Feo:5 , \ooe;5 and 1200:5 200:5, 250:5 , 300:5, 400:5 » 500!S , 600:55 Ba0'5 sP/4Connection of Protective Relays With Curent “Transformers A ers — Ta Rs Relay : — § (== arn Es % i » Earth faul 34 6 ere _ tee) gag ao ala a [I ge Lp: Primary c eT3 Ip) 28 az Fault Current : LA ms Lg .Secondary fio} 29 | 4 tscay Fase Curren ® ® Te: Residual Current \r Typical Star — connections @& Ve ef CTs protecting Line _— or equipment, Example: The circu't of Figure above has soo.5 CT raho, FL phase—to -ground fault occured en phase A with foule Current magnitude of quoo A. Find the relay currents in the three phases and the residual Current in’ the earth foul relag . Take phase A as a reference : Solution ; Te) 00:5 Lsceay = 4000x(CT ratio) ~ OA = 4ov0x-S = 754 LO ea Eyam) a eo Bn ht} sE)= 0 for 1-¢fak =n | Te = Escay+ Lseq) + Este) ° = F514 040 = 751A | &2. Nolrage “Was former VT Also called potential transformer (PT) - Tae HYP % vrs are used in power system Protectan : 1. e-winding type s used for veltages up to IZ KV - Tp is considered HV Line as an ideal ardinag n s meer tran sfe mer, So that a ‘, Ve= Meter BBV Vs _ Ns \ Cphase Voltage) Vp NP” oe Capacitive Volpe. Transifrmer + Used for HV and EHV Levels. (33kV, 66 KV, 132 KV , 400 kV ond bevel). Uswally called €VT) teint ev. ; t Sot =q i TS capaciror 1 i i Voir Vs a i equnvali Capacitor Coupling Velie srl leet as tt trons former CCevr) oo Standard Secondary Noltage 2 Vs = 67V (line-to-neutrel ) or VEK67= IG line-te line spillVarious VT connections Various VT connections e ® e (b) delta —wye connection (a) Open delta connection A B c a . @ 6 e (© wye—wye connection SP/2.Damage is Extensive When Relays Do Not Operate Correctly Damage is Extensive When Relays Do Not Operate Correctly “mK SP/IZSYSTEM PROTECTION PART-3 Over Current Frotection_ Overcurrent Releys : tectron of tremsmission © Overcurenr relays ave used for pre rmers and electrre motors, OVercureent lines, Feeders’, trany 4 the eae ancl checyest type of protection Velen is agevns overboading and short circuit faults. @ There are two types of overcurrent relays: 1 - Enstantanuous Relays. 2-Time overcurrent relays © Defint time @ Inverse time — mederate inverse = \nverse = Very inverse — Extremely sinverre @ Tnverse definite minimum time og. Cipmte) - Lnstantanwoys Relay s @ these relays operate without time delay . They are vsed fer dled close te the source ahen the felt curvent is very igh . The operating time is apprenimatel o:| Second, The construchon of these instanranuew s Telay is usnally attracted Srmature, plunger om Screw Induction disk - E : = = For adjurn. @ Pick vp current Ty the aa: ae ore relay is adjustable t—F coil Fixed a? ~ oT, contac Hinge pout ee st ea Movin, contact Lig tAttretcted Armature type Enstantanuens overcurrent Releg 14Tine Qverevrrent Relege @ These relay operate delay ts adjustable. The pick up curren with time delay . We ime t eas alse ad justable 4 Circut Breaker Line Tx i B/B aes | Trp Gil Time De yy Current level Devecter plug = of carrent Te Sey Time (Leer) Cin) Ue. 1 Tine} \ aperatiny ' | \ Bene Operating ' Zone ' a pee i ae ! Lolas : ela Teer Curent Tea Current (ti) diferent typee (1) Tnverse Tine (1) Definite Time charateniaes of inverse time Charetenste CharacterisHies e@ The Characteristre ef the time Overcurrent relog can be adjusted as shown in “Figure (iv) bg varying the time multiplier Seltini and plag seting of the Current > Defines TMs : Time multiplier Setting Time Tame Seting £3 =~ multiplier if Ps 5 plug Setting fee the conenr PSM : Plug. selling mulhpher- @ Most of the time wercusrent relays ore of induction ty Pe - Corcent GY) adjustment of time overcurrent reley IsLnverse Definite Minimum Time Lag Overcurrenr Relays Comm) Tpmre relay ts one in whith the Operating time 1s inversely propertronel to the fault current near pick Up Value’ and becomes appronimately constant abeve pict UP value of the releg current as Showa tn Figure below , @ For portren(a) of the curve tx or t=K or ple = % tt ik © Far portion (b) of the curve t =k or |T°t =k Characteristic of the TomTL velag is the sam of (@) ond ch) : Cc = (ub). Curcear oe Wattmetric and Shaded pole relegs © induchon type can be used te ebtain this characteristic * @ Play Setting PS: For a relay rated 5A: | ~ For PS at B= loo% aay eae | Top A shade» j 2 Lge ls - For’ ps at A-Sef a” oh * = 5 Top = B2xs=2.5A ie aaa! = _ For Ps at c- 150% tsa | heen han Lep = Boys 758 {___ SY Shaded- pele Line Anductron type relay Retanns Disc Note: eTgpical PS is from Sof, — 2086 ar asf gracing (BS stander) e In American standard PSS CTS (current tap Selting ) CTs is usally given as: 48 ,28,3R 40,58, 0A 58A7 ICA and 12h. 16Time Sesing Top View of Undacion type rela TsdeTpy Current Fg @ w Figs) @An ce currenr signal apphed te the cvrrenr coil of the velag produces a magnetic field that is perpendicular to a ee eed Gah re Induced in the disi and interact tuith the magnetic flux produciny re ahich results 17 producing torque on the disc and rotate it Re tahon of the diseris desteaned by a spiral spring » When L>Ten, movable contact (a) travel ever angle © te meet the fired Contact Ca’) , Frg-(A) » @ Time delay is adjusted by mechan really adjusting the anes eo. Fig (8) - Time SeHing has usually positven marked from ol—1 tn Brirish Standacd and tt ts called Time multiplier settyhy (TMS). ~ In American standard Tus = Tps (time dial Setting) and marked © — lo.Jim +t Characterist 6s The relanon between the operating tine 7 the releg and the multiple of pick up value of the current 1s shower rn figure below : PSM = Pla Sein Maupler ci ae Releg caren t- Setting Example : Determine the time of operation t a a of rating 5A . IDMTL an faving a relag setting (Ps = 125%) and TMS=0:6 Tt connected to % supply through a C.F. 400:5 raid. The fault current is 400A. Current as naluple of Setting (PSM) Solution , The pick value Ps = (254, therefore 4 relay is: of the relog Tpv=5A, he cperating current of the Bxi2s 2 6.25 A [ee ip = doco A Fee oocix =a On : ep: 1.427 os From She curve : t a9 With TMs=e-& eo tops 192 Sec - We100 eee 3 OMB IT} IE#9000 0 |91 0. ae io iples of plug setting current Mu! 40 O47 “soas uj aun Bulqoiado it characteristic to B.S.S : LD.M.T, time curren Fig. wymort and Backup Protection Consider a 5-bus power system shown in Figd Figst 4 Pyvimary proteciven e Primary protective Zones are shown ta Mg-2 Zone 2 @ There are five primary Protective Zencs 6 For fault at Pp breakers F and G are Primary protection devices and should operate first. @ Cireuit breakers closest to the fault should operate first : spli42. Backup Protection © frovided in case when the primary protectron Rail to operate - @ Framary and backup pretechens are independent (relay, breaker, CT ,VT) - than the @ Backup Protection is slower tn time Primary protection . he ‘ it a Oe eee ot H Cc e-— @ Twe types of Backup protection © Lecal backup i clears “ovale in the Same Station adhere the failure has occurred « - Fer fault ct ee) pat F not workin Garay due ainU stectoioag For lecal backup t Es \r on station (it) Remote backup § clears Foul away. from ees the failure \ras accurred: Be Gare anc ere eno operate A ,Dd and H oparate 9S vemare backup » Sp/2oOvercurrent and Eorth Fault Feeder Protection @ Feeder mean a transmission line , short» medeum or long lines @ Overcurrent protection of feeders is normaly used as backup protection cohere the primery protection 's provided with distance protection scheme - @ In overcurrent Protectioh of feeders the discriminetion ts achieved in the fellowrng, ways: C1) Time graded system. (2) Gurent grad System. (3) Time - current Graded system 4 @ Time grading ( Diserimination by time) = This is acheved by using relays with defomte- tine characterises as shown in Fig-4 ag = 0:5 See. Time e+(8) Ee ene 1 ' g-1 Time graded sqstem- 2 - © Current gradéng ( Discrimination ey cvreent) — 1g. 2 ser (8) Tsetee arg e Current greded Sole Splat@e B oth time -qraded and Current- graded Systems ate disadvantage that, Por a fault near the Source , the clearing time will be long and destructive effecr may @ccur. a combination of the tue grading, @ Usuall tie. Current—trme rading is used to solve this problem - g - eae ®@ Time ~ Current Grading “This is achieved lay using relays and the most wardely vse Inverse time overcurren + dis the TDMTL velay spjzeTine —Correnr Grading in a ‘adial Feeder Relay Coordinabisn) Consider the simple radial system shown ra figure below: Cc Ot te Fig | eT eon OMT Relay Epmr rely a 4 cB.2 Seige epee ore lene tion cee ecm ne and Ry: © Find the maximum short circa current from three- phase fouls and maximum generatron - eo Set the relay eohich is taal from the source worth lowest Ceime setting ef o-l sec Gor relay Ra)- @ Cheese relay with the Same operabin Characreristt€ Lo operate ‘in series arth each other Gp possible) @ Let 05 sec as Spare time for relay Ri and circuit breaker CB1 to Give enough time fer cgr to clear the Fowl ~ Fig-2 Time Coordination between relag Ry and relay, Re @ Fer a fault shown in Fig-4, relay Re trip CB2 quickly cm time TRe , ohio relay Ri oprating Cal ts followed 2 the <1 Rey operating time Res TRet 6:5 Sec. Sp/23E Example » Lt is required fo provide time - current grodin for the following system: = O42 — Relay Point Sige Fault Gren Zi PS Ccehiny) A 4o0;5 Go00A 125% B 200:5 SoooA 125% ce 200: 5 Aoook loaf, ). ‘ Use IpMT time- current Characterishe Fo BSS. Sclution: The Secondary current wrth maximum curcenr atC is: 4o00xS = Isec) = XB, = loo A Since PS = 100% , thus Psi 2 See - For the farthest relay we choose the lowest setting ef TMS sot + Hence from t he curve, the eperating time of relay eet snes oe Seting s of releg Pre Gem ee eee @ Te achive discrimination belween Bade: B should vesponse te four ¢ end fault Current before C Lime between BAC urrent of 4oooA after ~ Let the Aisenminanen ys 0:5 Secs fence : topes) = Qe On oes Cn cea Tsp) = 4oooxS, = oo A Zee PSce esa B Geics we pam = (Ses 16 spaFrom the Curve for tepgy= 0% and PsM=16, the TMs wil be 0-24 Cappreximately) s For Poult near 8, Lscpgy = Soe - Isce) = Bo0ox 2, = sooo A. Psm = 80¢°____ 25 . V-25¥5X40 The operating time corresponding €o this PSM = 0.64 Sec- Hence relog 8 Seling s : TMs | ep) | O24) 0.64 Lsec-___I To coordinate between A&B: For fault after B or near B: SS - 5ov0o Tscay = 50° Xp = Bo 5ove ot PSM of A when fowler take place near B = jesxsxto Bre poi |O- + operating brime °f A curt B = 0-6440-5= 14 sec TMS correspond to this operating frme is 0-3F For fue near A Iseay = doaoxS; = £222 1 oo PSM = 2G = 2 1-25%5x 80 he operating time cerresponding to psM=12 is 4 Sec- Hence Settings of A Tota A sec splesOperating time in secs. a ae 1 T 1 | Multiples of plug setting current ligt 101% oe Fig .1 : 1.D.M.T. time current characteristic to B.S.S too sp/2 6[ Transmission Lines Protection Distance Relays These Tee Ree fer protecron of Eransmsssisn anes lunges tina) Solon). There fahree main jas ef distance relays: 1. Tmpedanee Relays , 2. Reactance Relogs- 3. mho Keleg s . (Admittance relays). @ Distance CTmpecdance) Protection Scheme Consider the simple radial line wir Aistance Protection system installed in the lne ARB .at end A- Ez ir lareemee Ved (AS Zp 2 fault tmpedance Genaeen | Auto pom oF fouls . © Impedance relay measures footh Voliage and Current Compares theic © sxcondayy vee , Rondeng, these redo whrch is an Impedance Ym cohere + 5 ee _ Vy Si ratio cece 0 VT. ratio e@ yahoo TMs aleo culled the secondary impedance ~ while Zp is called the primary impedance - De/iRelay Bench of @ distance relay yefers to how far The “reach” clown a Une the rele ath respond bo a fault set to A veach of dletect faults at any Joojh means that the relag fs point olown to the far end. x Three Zones distance protection commen to use three distance In prance , tt is velays per Phase « @ Relay 1 has protective Zune Czonei) 1s Set abour Bof% reach and has time of operation Ti € Usually instantaneous) » @ Relay 2 has protecr'on Zone (Zone 2) ¢s set to reach |20-($o with operatny time (ES S20 3 @ Relay 3 “has protection Zone (Zone 3) is rech Ae about 250% eth operating Sel GS ime Te 7T?- A 3 c > @ + + t od 2009-25070 Ea Sees eee 120-15% Aco Fe dlek ee Zone! Ee ' 3% B [ee A ——» alistance pe 2 T3= 0.60) 5Und Protection Unit protectiun means protect’on of an electron! unit Such as a transfermer, generator , motor, busbar on even short Aransmissian Sane . 2 Unit protecrren iz usm made by differenttad preci See a as shown ict In Fg ot Len genecal , there are two types Tf differenrreR protection Schemes : 1. Cavent differentral protectron 2. Voltage differential protectton ; usec Carrere A ffecenrial protection iF the mest widely in Unit protectton - @ At normal condition Tpjzte2 & Isj=tse Hence the relay (R) Current is AT = Esi-Ts2=? athe relay wi nor operate » @ in Gse eg external fault Be at K the Velay wi wot operate also~ etn case of irene Pour at Y ( winding Faule For example) Lsz widR veverse its divection and AX =Is4Is2e #6 - Hence the relay euy He th Volta defferenriak protecrion the current is Changed to a voltage using summation vans former + sp/2i