36 Table 2.12a. ‘Type of Gas Acetylene, commercial Blast furnace Blue (water), bituminous Butane, commercial, natural gas Butane, commercial, refinery gas Carbureted blue, low gravity Carbureted blue, heavy oil Coke oven, by-product Mapp Natural, Alaska Natural, Algerian LNG, Canvey Natural, Gaz de Lacq Natural, Groningen, Netherlands Natural, Libyan LNG Natural, North Sea, Bacton Natural, Birmingham, AL Natural, Cleveland, OH Natural, Kansas City, MO Natural, Pittsburgh, PA Producer, Koppers-Totzek' Producer, Lurgi? Producer, W-G, bituminous? Producer, Winkler® Propane, commercial, natural gas Propane, commercial, refinery gas Sasol, South Africa Sewage, Decatur SNG, no methanation ‘ 0-blown ? air-blown 10.9 13.5 32.3 99.6 87.20 97.38 81.20 70.0 93.63 90.0 82.9 84.1 63.4 0.09 5.0 27 1 28.0 68.0 79.3 GH GH, GH». CO H; CO, 0, (97.1% Cah, 2.5% C:H.0) 8.61 247 2.90 15.0 3.25 5.0 11.9 67 15.8 2.2 2.0 Analyses of typical gaseous fuels NORTH AMERICAN COMBUSTION HANDBOOK Analysis in % by Volume 15.0 2.74 0.10 0.36 10.0 0.69 97.3 72.9, 07 70.7n- 23.3is0- 50.1n- 16.5iso- 61 8.2 3.2 10.0 1.07 0.05 0.14 3.5 0.27 0.5 0.8 N. 0.084 0.28 275 10 115 — 600 28.2 325 5.5 0.9 27.6 (28.3% CH.) 21.9 496 36 04 5.0 26.8 32.2 60 09 124 55 519 20 03 48 (66.0% C.H,, 9.0% C,H.) -- - = 04 = — — ays - - = = 030 — — 087 — 1440 ee ee — — 013 — 178 =o ae. — — 02 03 44 - — 08 — B84 ee S51 397 08 - —-) ee 16.0 25.0 140 — 40.0 28.6 15.0 34 00 503 10 12 22 — 55 (24.3% GH.) 22.0 48.0 ——1.0 — 20220 — 60 121980 05 — —FUELS 37 ‘Table 2.12b. Properties of typical gaseous fuels (See Example 2-7) Calorific Value Gross Gross Gas Btw/ft? kcalm* Btwft? —_kcal/m? ‘Type of Gas Gravity Gross Net Gross Net of Std. Air of Std. Air Acetylene, commercial 0.94 1410 1360 12548 12105 115.4 1027 Blast furnace 1.02 92 91819. B19_«135.31204 Blue (water), bituminous 0.70 260 «-239«-2314 «2127 126.20 1121 Butane, commercial, natural gas 2.04. 3210 2961 28566 26350 104.9 932.6 Butane, commercial, refinerygas 2.00 3184 2935 26334 26119 106.1 944.2 Carbureted blue, low gravity 0.54 586. 461 «4770 4102 106.1 944.2 Carbureted blue, heavy oil 066 530 451 4716 4013 101.7 905.0 Coke oven, by-product 0.40 569 509 5064 4530 105.0 934 Mapp 1.48 2406 2282 21411 20308 113.7 1011.86 Natural, Alaska 0.55 998 906 8879 8063 104.8 932.6 Natural, Algerian LNG, Canvey 0.64.—««1122: 1014 9985 9024 104.3 928.2 Natural, Gaz de Lacq 0.57 1011 911 8997 8107 104.1 927.3 Natural, Groningen, Netherlands 0.64 «875 789-7787 7021 104.4 927.3 Natural, Libyan LNG 0.79 1345 1223 11969 10883 106.1 928.2 Natural, North Sea, Bacton 0.59 1023 922 9104 6205 105.0 934.4 Natural, Birmingham, AL 0.60 1002 904 8917 8045 106.1 945.1 Natural, Cleveland, OH 0.635 1059 959 9424 8534 106.2 942.4 ‘Natural, Kansas City, MO 0.63 974879 8668 7622 106.3 946.0 Natural, Pittsburgh, PA 0.61 1129 1021 10047 9086 106.3 945.1 Producer, Koppers-Totzek' 0.78 288 «271 «2563 «2412 135.2 1.203 080 183 167 1629 1486 «125.3 1115 084 168 158 1495 1406 129.2 1150 098 117 «111-1041 «= 988 188.7 1679 1.55 2558 2358 22764 20984 107.5 956.6 1,77 2504 2316 22283 20610 108.0 961.1 055 500 448 4450 3986 114.9 1022 0.79 690 621 6140 5526 105.3 936.2 047 853-765-7591 6808 105.8 943.3 ? air-blown52 NORTH AMERICAN COMBUSTION HANDBOOK Example 3-5. Predict the gravimetric (weight) analysis of the flue gases resulting from the perfect combustion of a 15°API oil having the following gravimetric analysis: 88.50% C, 10.50% H, 0.10% N, 0.80% S, 0.06% O. Find %CO: in the dry flue gas. When the correct amount of air is supplied, the quantity of CO, in the flue gas (by formula 3/19) will be (88.5 x 0.0366) = 3.24 wt CO,/wt fuel. Similarly, formulas 3/20, 3/21, and 3/22 give 0.94 wt H.O/wt fuel, 0.016 wt SO,/wt fuel, and 10.59 wt N,wt fuel. ‘These total 3.24 + 0.94 + 0.016 + 10.59 = 14.79 wt cp/wt fuel. The %CO; by weight is therefore (3.24/14.79) x 100 = 21.9. Similarly for the other combustion products, the gravimetric flue gas analysis is 21.9% CO:, 6.4% HzO, 0.1% SO:, 71.6% N:. To predict the volumetric %CO; in the dry flue gases, formulas 3/24, 3/25, and 3/26 may be used as follows: (88.50 x 1.508) + (10.50 x 3.553) + (0.80 x 0.5650) + (0.10 x 0.1353) - (0.06 x 0.4477) = 171.2 ft' dry flue gases/Ib fuel; (88.50 x 0.3155) = 27.92 ft' CO,/lb fuel; so 100 x (27.92/171.2) = 16.3% CO, in dry flue gases. This is the so-called “ultimate %CO;" which is discussed in the following section. FLUE GAS ANALYSES Flue gas analyses are used to indicate the air/fuel ratio and to indicate the degree of completeness of combustion. If the mixing is poor, an excess of air must be supplied so that every particle of fuel will contact some air and burn. Figure 3.4 shows the effects of poor mixing or quenching. If the flame or hot intermediate combustion gases contact a cold surface or meet a blast of cold air, gas, or water, they may be suddenly chilled to a temperature level at which the combustion reaction cannot promptly go to completion. This quenching action may result in incomplete combustion with gases such as O:, GO, Hi, and aldehydes in the flue products, as with cases of poor mixing. Significance of %CO., 0., and combustibles. With good mixing, perfect combustion is obtained when the flue gas analysis shows no CO, H:, or Oz and when the %CO, is at a maximum. The theoretical maximum %CO, in the dry flue gases is termed the ultimate %CO;. By adjusting the air/fuel ratio until the maximum %CO, is obtained, and until the minimum %O, and com- bustibles are indicated, an operator can set a burner close to the point of best fuel efficiency. This permits approximate setting of the air/fuel ratio on single- burner furnaces without metering the fuel and the air flow. For applications requiring either reducing or oxidizing combustion, the flue gas analysis may be used as a means of duplicating certain desired conditions if all other conditions are exactly the same. With poor mixing such as results when coal is burned on grates or when gas or oil is burned in a delayed mixing type of burner, the manner in which the flue gas analysis varies with changes in the air/fuel ratio is a function of the physical arrangement of the burner and combustion chamber. The poor- mixing curves of Figure 3.4 represent only one of many possibilities for this case. These curves demonstrate, however, that the flue gas analysis may beCOMBUSTION ANALYSIS 53 used as an indication of the air/fuel ratio or of the relative completeness of combustion. Table 3.5 shows the %CO; readings that should be obtained with perfect mixing of various amounts of air with some of the specific fuels described in Tables 2.1 and 2.12 of Part 2. Figure 3.4. Effect of fuel/air ratio on flue gas analysis for 1108 Btu/ft? natural gas (0.63 gas gravity) containing 83% CH, and 16% C:H,. Values for rich mixtures depend somewhat on combustion chamber design. The average values shown are within ¥% of correct for H:, CO, and CO,, but may be as much as 2% low for other constituents. Some external heat is usually required for mixtures with less than 70% aeration (dotted lines). Dashed lines show the trends with poor mixing or quenching. Gas constituent percentages are on a dry basis to allow comparison with gas analyzer readings, that measure the gas volumes after water vapor has condensed out of the sample. With the correct amount of air (10.56 ff), each cubic foot of this fuel gas produces 2.14 ft HO, 1.15 ft’ CO,, 8.39 ft’ N.; so %CO, 100 x 1.15 ft! CO, + (1.15 + 8.39) ft’ dry flue gas = 12.1%, See also Figure 3.13. 30 ae =~ | N, 80 3 IN, 4 S 2 224 70 = Ff 3) S 5 $20 a & ey E 3 g . a > 50 5 Se Hi ‘02 £ £ 5 2 Lot=> = co, : Co; = 8 H.0) oO re Sone =o L L 1 1 1 20 0 2 40—~=«asitiSCSSCOC800 % Deficiency of Air % Excess Air 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 600 1000 % Air 250 1.67 1.25 1.00 0.83 0.71 0.62 0.56 0.50 0.167 0.111 , Equivalence RatioNORTH AMERICAN COMBUSTION HANDBOOK 54 Vee zest S616 oeT9 Zt'SS — OGRSCsCLG'z 8298 1L€e $908 "OO% ayeuHIN $ “syrum yue}sysu09 Uy SouMNjoA Jo ONBI Aue JO “Jong ,UH/ATE e SET Feely aaeot! c60> = 2n0.> seco. Manon, Pe 89'F 116 Set sect reer eroz so'Iz eFez PEE He's counties GO4t OFET 976 sho O99 Thy Ore ct ef0 0 Bor 7 Ea. kee O08 . GG9E. 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