Mid-Western University (MWU)

Four Years B.Sc.

Course of Study

(VII Semester)
 Classical Mechanics and Relativity

Course No.: Phy 471 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3
Course Objectives:
At the end of the course, the students will able to:
 acquire sufficient knowledge in Classical Mechanics and Relativity.
 apply their knowledge to learn major courses.
 solve mathematical problems related to the topics.
 deduce mathematical relations and formulas.

Lagrangian Formulation: Constraints and degrees of freedom, generalized coordinates,

D’Alembert’s principle and Lagrange’s equation, calculus of variations, Hamilton’s variational
principle and Lagrange’s equation, method of Lagrange undetermined multipliers, cyclic coordinates,
conservation theorems and symmetry properties (8 hours)

Rigid Body Motion: Motion of rigid body - angular momentum and kinetic energy, the inertia tensor,
Euler’s equation of motion, torque free motion, heavy symmetrical top with one point fixed
(7 hours)

Oscillation: Formulation of the problem, the eigenvalue equation and the principal axis
transformation, free vibrations of a linear triatomic molecule (5 hours)

The Hamilton Equations of Motion: Legendre transformations and the Hamilton equations of
motion, cyclic coordinates and conservation theorems, the principle of least action (5 hours)

Canonical Transformations: The equations of canonical transformation, Poisson brackets and other
canonical invariants, equations of motion, infinitesimal canonical transformations, the angular
momentum Poisson bracket relations (5 hours)

Relativity: Micleson Morley Experiment and Newtonian relativity, postulates of special theory of
relativity, simultaneity, Lorentz transformation, length contraction, time dilation and velocity addition
theorem, Fizeau’s experiment, Four vectors, relativistic dynamics - variation of mass with velocity,
energy momentum and mass energy relations, light cone - space like, time like and light like four
vectors, light cone, causality (12 hours)

Text Books
1) Goldstein, H., 1993, Classical Mechanics, Narosa Publishing House
2) Mathur, D. S., 2008, Mechanics; S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi

References
1) Einstein, A. (translated by Lawson, R. W.), 2010, Relativity: The Special and the General Theory,
Andras Nagy
2) Greenwood, D. T., 1977, Classical Dynamics, Prentice Hall Inc.
3) Mann, D. S. and Mukherjee, P. K., 1981, Relativity Mechanics and Statistical Physics, John Wiley
& Sons
4) Rana N. C. and Joag , P. S., 1991, Classical Mechanics, Tata Mc-Graw Hill
5) Spiegel, M. R., 1987, Theoretical Mechanics: Schaum's outline of Theory and Problems, McGraw-
Hill
6) Takwale, G. and Puranik, P. S., 2006, Introduction to Classical Mechanics, Tata McGraw Hill
7) Waghmare, Y. R., 1990, Classical Mechanics; Prentice Hall
8) Wells, D. A., 1967, Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Lagrangian Dynamics: with a
Treatment of Euler's Equations of Motion, Hamilton's Equations and Hamilton's Principle,
McGraw-Hill
 Physics Practical

Course No.: Phy 472 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2
The objectives of practical courses is to train students to
 develop proper laboratory skills.
 design basic physics experiments.
 interpret experimental results and draw logical conclusions.
 relate theoretical concepts to practical skills

List of Experiments:
Estimation of Planck’s constant using photoelectric effect
To study the characteristics of a solar cell
Determination of specific rotation of sugar solution using Laurent half-shade polarimeter
Wave length determination by Newton's Ring method
Resolving power of a telescope
Zener Diode voltage regulation characteristics
Verification of network theorem of maximum power transfer
Study of characteristics of i) CB ii) CE and iii) CC configurations of a transistor
Estimation of wavelength using Fresnel biprism
Verification of network theorems: Thevenin's theorem and Norton's theorem

Nuclear and Particle Physics

Course No.: Phy 473 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3
Course Objectives:
At the end of the course,the students will able to:
 acquire sufficient knowledge in Nuclear and Particle Physics.
 apply their knowledge to learn major courses and research in Physics.
 solve mathematical problems related to the topics.
 deduce mathematical relations and formulas.

Nuclear Properties: General properties of nucleus - constituents, mass, charge, size, spin, magnetic
moment, parity, electrical quadrupole moment, nature of the nuclear force, Yukawa’s meson theory of
nuclear force (5 hours)

Nuclear Reaction: Conservation rules, Q values, different types of nuclear reactions, nuclear fission
reactor - construction and principle of generation of energy, types of nuclear reactors, nuclear fusion -
energy in stars and sun (6 hours)

Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model, semi-empirical mass formula - explanation and applications,
nuclear magic numbers, shell model, energy level scheme, concept of mirror nuclei (6 hours)
Radioactivity: Theory of radioactive disintegration, half-life, mean life, alpha, beta and gamma ray
spectra, absorption of α particles, range, straggling and stopping power, Gammow-Condon and
Gurey’s theory of alpha decay, quantum mechanical treatment of alpha decay, Geiger Nuttal law and
range of alpha particles, neutrino hypothesis of β-decay, theory of β-decay (8 hours)
Gamma Rays: Origin of gamma rays, interaction of gamma radiation with matter - absorption,
photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, internal conversion, Mossbauer effect
(5 hours)

Elementary Particles: Classification - mass, charge and spin, fundamental interactions, conservation
laws and symmetry properties, quark model, interaction of quarks and leptons (5 hours)

Cosmic Rays: Origin of cosmic rays, primary and secondary cosmic rays and their composition, the
East West effect, latitude, longitude and altitude effect, Extensive Air Shower (EAS) (5 hours)

Detectors and Accelerators: Proportional counters, ionization Chamber, Geiger Müller counter,
scintillation counter, linear accelerator, cyclotron, betatron (5 hours)

Text Books
1) Kaplan, I, 1998, Nuclear Physics, Narosa
2) Wong, S. M., 2008, Introductory Nuclear Physics, John Wiley & Sons

References
1) Ghoshal, S. N., 1994, Atomic and Nuclear Physics, Volume 2, S. Chand & Co.
2) Hans, H. S., 2008, Nuclear Physics: Experimental and Theoretical, New Age International
3) Krane, K. S., 1987, Introductory Nuclear Physics, Wiley
4) Lilley, J., 2001, Nuclear Physics: Principles and Applications, J. Wiley
5) Murugeshan, R. and Sivaprasad, K., 2007, Modern Physics, S. Chand & Co. Ltd.
6) Roy, P. R. and Nigam, B. P, 1997, Nuclear Physics - Theory and Experiment, New Age Int.
7) Tayal, D. C, 1997, Nuclear Physics, Himalaya Pub.
8) Weisskopf, V. F., 2010, Theoretical Nuclear Physics, Courier Dover Publications
 Physics Practical

Course No.: Phy 474 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2
The objectives of practical courses is to train students to
 develop proper laboratory skills.
 design basic physics experiments.
 interpret experimental results and draw logical conclusions.
 relate theoretical concepts to practical skills

List of Experiments:
Study of rectification characteristics of DC power supply
Study logic gates NOT, OR AND, NOR and NAND by using DTL
Study of the current-voltage characteristics of an ionization chamber
Determination of the ferromagnetic Curie temperature
To solve a differential equation by second order Runge Kutta method
To study the ripple factor in a d.c. power supply
Study of Hartley oscillator
Study the characteristics of phase shift oscillator.
Study the drain and transfer characteristics of junction field effect transistor (JFET)
Study the characteristics of uni-junction transistor.
 Applied Chemistry I

Course No.: Chem 471 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

The aims of the course are to enable students to:

 acuire the basic knowledge of principles of instrumental analysis.
 acquire workable knowledge of principles and applications of atomic absorption and emission
spectrometries; flame photometry; polarimetry; potentiometry; conductometry and
polarography techniques.
 aprreciate the importance of analytical chemistry.

Unit 1: Analytical Methods

Classification of analytical methods; Types of instrumental methods; Instruments for analysis;
Selection of analytical methods; Calibration of instruments. 3 hrs

Unit II: Spectrochemical Method

Spectrochemical analysis; Electromagnetic radiation; Fundamental laws of spectrochemical analysis;
Types of interaction of radiation with matter (absorption; luminescence; emission; scattering); A
generalized spectrochemical instrument. 4 hrs

Unit III: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Atomic absorption spectrometry; Instrumentation for Atomic absorption spectrometry; Sensitivity;
Interferences; Qualitative and quantitative analyses. 5 hrs

Unit IV: Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Emission spectrometry based on plasma source; Plasma charactersics; Instrumentation; Sample devices
and delivery; Inductively Coupled Plasma Source; Interferences; Senstivity; Application.
Emission spectrometry based on arc and spark sources; Sample types and handling’ Instrumentation;
Applications. 6 hrs

Unit V: Flame Photometry

Formation of atoms in flame (nebulization; desolvation; vaporization; ionization); Principle of flame
photometry; Instrumentation; Interferances; Sensitivity; Applications. 5 hrs

Unit VI: Polarimetry

Polarimeter; Polarized light; Optical activity; Specific Rotation; Optical Rotatory Disperson (ORD);
Circular Dichromism (CD); Applications of ORD and CD. 4 hrs

Unit VII: Potentiometry

Potentiometry; Instrumentation for potentiometric methods of Analysis; Indicator electrodes;
Reference electrodes; Potential measuring instruments; Principles and techniques of direct electrodes
for other cataions and anions; Applications of potentiometric titrations (Acid-base titration;
precipitation titration; complexometric titration; Redox titration). 6 hrs

Unit VIII: Conductometry

Conductometry; Ohm’s law; Conductance; Equivalent conductance; Resistance; Specific resistance;
Effect of dilution on conductance Parameters; Requirement for conductance measurement; Principle;
Instrumentation; Applications of conductometry; Conductometric titrations. 5 hrs
Unit IX: Polarography
Polarography; Polarographic cell and dropping mercury electrode; Nature of a polarogram; Residual
current; Polarographic diffusion current; Polarographic maxima; Equation of the polarographic wave;
Experimental techniques of polarography; Analytical applications of polarography: (determination
of metal ions; determination of inorganic anions; analysis of mixtures; Polarography of organic
compounds). 7 hrs

Suggested Books
1. D. G. Peters; J. M. Hayes; G. M. Hieftie; Chemical Separation and Measurements; Saunders
Golden Series; 1974.
2. D. A. Skoog; D. M. West; F. J. Holler; Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction; Saunders
College Publishing; Philadelphia; USA; 1990.
3. R. A. Day Jr.; A. L. Underwood; Quantitative Analysis; Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd.. New
Delhi; India; 1988.
4. U. N. Dash; Analytical Chemistry: Theory and Practice; Sultan Chand and sons Educational
Publishers; New Delhi; India; 1995.
5. S. M. Khopkar; Basic Concept of Analytical Chemistry; New Age International Publishers; New
Delhi; India; 1998.

Applied Chemistry Lab I

Course No.: Chem 472 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

The aims of the course are to enable students to:

 develop basic lab techniques in analytical chemistry.
 acquire the skill of handling spectrophotometer; potentiometer; conductometer; polarograph
and other related instruments.

List of Experiments
1. Verification of Beer-Lambert’s law and determination of concentration of metal ions
spectrophotometrically.
2. Determination of heavy metal’s concentartion by Atomic absorption spectrometer.
3. Determination of alkali and alkaline earth metal’s concentration by Flame photometer.
4. Acid-base (HCl vs NaOH) titration by conductometer.
5. Determination of limiting molar conductance of a strong electrolyte (KCl) comductrometrically.
6. Redox titration (ferrous vs dichromate) by potentiometer.
7. Determination of concentration of metal ion polarography.

Suggested Books
1. J. N. Gurthu; R. Kapoor; Advanced Experimental Chemistry; S. Chand and Co.; New Delhi;
India; 1987.
2. Sundaram; Krishnan; Raghavan; Practical Chemistry (Part II); Vishananthan Co. Pvt.; 1996.
3. D. P. Shoemaker; C. W. Garland; J. W. Nibler; Experiments in Physical Chemistry; McGraw-
Hill Book Company; 1989.
4. K.N. Ghimire & K.P. Bohara, University Experimental Physical Chemistry, Quest Publication,
Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2008.
5. K.N. Ghimire, M.R. Pokhrel & K.P. Bohara, University Experimental Inorganic Chemistry,
Quest Publication, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 2008.
 Applied Chemistry II

Course No.: Chem 473 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

The aims of the course are to enable students to:

 develop the sound knowledge separation and identification of chemical molecules.
 acquire the basic knowledge different aspects of chromatography and spectroscopy.
 To be able to interpret the spectra in terms of the structure of the molecule.

Unit I: Chemical Separation and Identification

Importance of separation and identification techniques in chemistry; Types of Separation techniques;
Identification of molecular structure from spectroscopic informations. 2 hrs

Unit II: Basic Chromatography

Definition of chromatography; History of chromatography; Adsorption and partition chromatography;
Types of chromatography; Parameters that influence the separation process-retention; capacity factor;
selectivity; resolution; Principles of chromatography; Plate theory of chromatography; Rate theory of
chromatography; Resolution. 4 hrs

Unit III: Chromatographic Systems

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC): Principle; Techniques of operation and separation; Adsorbents
in TLC; Role of mobile phase; Development of chromatogram; Detection of chromatographic zones;
Applications. 2 hrs

Column Chromatography: Principle; Adsorbents; Columns; Packing of columns; Method of

separation; Identification of compounds. 2 hr

Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC): Theory of GLC; General out-line of GLC apparatus; Columns
(packed and capillary); Preparation of partition columns; Solid supports; liquid phases; Retention
volume; Dependence of retention volume on column temperature; Carrier gas velocity and column
efficiency; The detectors (Flame-ionization; Thermalconductivity; Electron-capture); Chromatogram;
Applications of GLC.
GC-Mass technique; Aplications; Mass library. 6 hrs

Ion Exchange Chromatography: Ion exchange process; Preparation and types of ion exchange
resins; Cation and anion exchangers; Ion exchange equilibria; Separation by ion-exchange
chromatography; Applications. 3 hrs

High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC): Principle; Column packing materials; Pump;

Solvent; General out-line of HPLC apparatus; Reverse phase columns; Detectors (refractive index;
UV); Recorder; Usefulness of HPLC; Applications; HPLC-mass technique. 5 hrs

Gel Chromatography: Characterstics of gels; Selection of gels; Packing of column; Appication of the
sample; Mechanism of separation; Resolution; Advantages of gel chromatography; Applications. 3 hrs
Affinity Chromatography: Principle; Applications. 1 hr
Unit IV: Spectroscopy
Electromagnetic radiation; Spectroscopy; General principle of absorption spectroscopy; Uses of
different spectroscopic methods; Sensitivity of different spectroscopic techniques; Maintenance and
cost of spectroscopic instruments. 3 hrs
Unit V: Spectroscopic Methods for Identification of Molecular Structure
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Visible Spectroscopy): Nature of UV-Visible spectroscopy;
Principle; Electronic transition; Chromophore and auxochrome; Classification of UV absorption
bands; Basic instrumentation; Important chromophores (dienes and polyenes; carbonyl compounds;
benzene derivatives; and others); Effect of solvents; Woodward-Fieser rules; Applications; Role of UV
spectroscopy in structural elucidation. 4 hrs

Infrared Spectroscopy (IR Spectroscopy): Absorption range and nature of transition responsible for
transition; Molecular vibrations; Principle; Basic instrumentation; Factors influencing vibrational
frequency; Handing of the samples; General feature of IR spectra; Applications; Role of IR
spectroscopy in structural elucidation. 4 hrs

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR Spectroscopy); Proton NMR Spectroscopy-

Physics of nuclear spin; Principle of NMR; Relaxation processes; Basic instrumentation (Continuous
wave CW) and Fourier-Transform (FT); The Chemical shift; Dimensionless chemical shift scale;
Factors influencing chemical shift; NMR solvents; NMR time scale; Integration; Spin-Spin coupling;
Coupling constant; First order spectra; Failure of first order spectra; Nuclear Overhauser effect;
Analysis of NMR spectra; Role of NMR spectroscopy in structural elucidation.
13
C-NMR Spectrocopy- Natural abundance of carbon isotopes; Special feature of 13C-NMR
spectroscopy and its spectra; Off-resonance decoupled spectra; Proton decoupled spectra; 13C-NMR
spectra; Chemical shift; DEPT; 1H-1H COSY; HMQC; HMBC; ROESY; Role of 13C-NMR
spectroscopy in structural elucidation. 8 hrs

Mass spectrometry: Basic principle: Inonization process ( Electron Impact (EI); Chemical ionization
(CI); Electrospray ionization (ESI); Fast atom bombardment (FAB); Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption
Ionization (MALDI); Mass analyser (Magnetic sector; Quadrapole; Ion trap; Time of flight); Isotope
abundance; Molecular ion; Fragmentation pattern; Factors governing fragmentation pattern; Common
types of fragmentation process; McLafferty rearrangement; Role of mass spectrometry in structural
elucidaion. 5 hrs

Unit VI: Structural Elucidation

Utilization and interpretation of different spectroscopic spectra for structural elucidation of simple
molecules. 2 hrs

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. D. G. Peters; J. M. Hayes; G. M. Hieftie; Chemical Separations and Measurements; Saunders
Golden Series; 1974.
2. V. K. Srivastava; K. K. Srivastava; Introduction to Chromatography: Theory and Practice; S.
Chand and Company LTD; New Delhi; 1985.
3. Toma J. Quintin; Chromatography: Types; Techniques and Methods; Nova Science
Publication; 2010.
4. R. M. Silverstein; G. C. Baller; T. C. Morrill; Spectrometric Identification of Organic
Compounds; John Wiley and Sons; 1991.
5. W. Kemp; Organic Spectroscopy; MacMillan Press Ltd; 1991.
6. S. Sternhell; J. R. Kalman; Organic Structures from Spectra; John Wiley and Sons; 1986.
 Applied Chemistry Lab II

Course No.: Chem 474 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

The aims of the course are to enable students to:

 develop basic lab techniques in separation and identification of chemical compounds.
 acquire the skill of perfoming various chromatographic techniques.
 develop the skill of interpreting spectroscopic informations for elucidation of molecular
structures.

List of Experiments

 Preparation and separation of 2;4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of acetone; 2-butanone; hexane-2 and

3-ones using toluene and light petrolium (40:60) as solvent system by TLC.
 Separation of plant pigments from spinach in an alumina column.
 Determination of sodium and potassium in a mixture by ion exchange chromatography.
 GC-mass analysis of the components present in an essential oil.
 Preparation and separation of 2;4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of acetone; 2-butanone; hexane-2 and
3-ones by HPLC.
 Separation of haemoglobin and 2;4-dinitrophenyl aspartic acid on Sephadex-g 25 by Gel
Chromatography.
 Spectral analysis of atleast 8 compounds for identification of molecular structure.
 Determination of manganese in steel.
 Determination of iron with1,10-phenanthroline.

Suggested Books
 V. K. Srivastava; K. K. Srivastava; Introduction to Chromatography: Theory and Practice; S.
Chand and Company LTD; New Delhi; 1985.
 J. N. Gurtu; R. Kapoor; Advanced Experimental Chemistry (Vol I-III); S. Chand and Co.;
Delhi; India.
 S. Sternhell; J. R. Kalman; Organic Structures from Spectra; John Wiley and Sons; 1986.
 I. Vogel; A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry; Including Qualitative Organic
Analysis; Longman; Latest edition.
 Conservation Biology

Course No.: Bot. 471 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit:3
Course of objective:
At the end of this course,the student will able to:
 understand the concept, scope and different aspects of biodiversity conservation.
 describe the importance of protected areas system and conservation strategies of Nepal.

Unit 1. Conceptual foundations: (i) Concept, scope and fields of conservation biology, recent trends
in conservation biology; (ii) introduction to biodiversity, components and levels, global biodiversity:
patterns and processes, biodiversity hotspots; conservation values and ethics; (iii) principles of
conservation genetics. 8 Lectures (1+4+3)

Unit 2. Threats to biodiversity: (i) Species extinction: concept of extinction and extinction processes,
vulnerability to extinction; concept of rarity; (ii) major threats to biodiversity: habitat destruction,
fragmentation and degradation, overexploitation, invasive species and disease, and global climate
change; (iii) threat assessments, IUCN threat categories. 10 Lectures (4+4+2)

Unit 3. Conservation approaches: (i) Population and species levels: population growth and change,
population variation and regulation, problem of small populations, concept of minimum viable
population (MVP) and effective population size, introduction to modeling approaches for prediction
and conservation planning; (ii) Ecosystem and landscape-levels: ecosystem dynamics and resilience,
key elements of ecosystem approach, concept of adaptive management; spatial heterogeneity and
landscape-level conservation, concept of corridors and habitat connectivity; (iii) Local society, and
integrated and participatory approaches for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
17 Lectures (7+5+2)
Unit 4. Practical applications: (i) Protected area systems: types, establishment and management of
protected areas, major issues in the design of protected areas; (ii) Conservation outside protected areas,
ex-situ conservation strategies; (iii) Ecological restoration and conservation: restoration of damaged
ecosystem and endangered populations, animal reintroduction, establishing new populations; (iv)
Integration of conservation science and policy; national policies and legislations related to biodiversity
conservation 10 Lectures (4+1+3+2)
Suggested Readings
Groom M.J., Meffe G.K., and Carroll C.R. 2005. Principles of Conservation Biology, 3rd edition.
Sinauer Associates Inc.
Hamilton A. and Hamilton P. 2006. Plant Conservation: An Ecosystem Approach. Earthscan, London,
UK.
Krebs C.J. 2001. Ecology: the Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Fourth Edition.
Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc., USA. (Fifth edition).
Primack R.B. 2006. Essentials of Conservation Biology. Fourth Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Publishers, Sunderland, MA, USA.
WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Centre). 1992. Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth’s
Living Resources. Chapman & Hall, London.
Wilson E.O. 1988. Biodiversity. National Academic Press, Washington, D.C.
 Conservation Biology
Course No.: Bot. 472 Semester: VII
Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2
Course of objectives:
At the end of this course of study,the students are able to:
 understand the qualitative and quantitative methods of biodiversity survey.
 prepare the local biodiversity register of nearby protected areas.

List of experiment:
(i) Qualitative and quantitative methods of biodiversity survey and analysis,
(ii) study of various types of maps; (2) Biodiversity status and threat:
(iii) Collection of voucher samples of flora and fauna from nearby forest and preparation of local
biodiversity register,
(iv) Determination of the use value of local biodiversity in the nearby forest,
(v) Assessment of species diversity and distribution pattern along environmental gradients; (3)
Conservation approaches:
(vi) Setting priority for action using threat values and vulnerability index;
(vii) Assess viability of given populations of plant or animal (use secondary data) based on simple
demographic model and predict conservation strategies;
(viii) Review biodiversity conservation and management plans of a protected area/community
forest;
(ix) Excursion: visit to the nearest protected area
 Environmental Management
Course No.: Bot. 473 Semester: VII
Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3
Course of objectives:
On the completion of this course of study,the students are able to:
 understand different aspects of environment.
 understand concept, global supply of natural resources.
 identify the concept, status and alternative ways of forest and biodiversity management.
 acquaint the status, issues and problems of environmental problems and its conservation strategies.

Unit 1. Conservation of Soil and Food Resources                                       (3 + 2 = 5 hrs)

(i) Soil resources: process of soil formation, soil as a resource; soil erosion; soil degradation; soil
conservation; management of degraded soil; soils of Nepal (ii) Food resources: major food resources;
global and national food situation and food security, sustainable agriculture
 
Unit 2. Conservation of Water and Energy Resources                                (3 + 3 = 6 hrs)  
(i) Water resources: global supply, demand and use; water resource issues; water resource of Nepal;
water resource degradation and its management (ii) Energy resources: energy form and use: fossil
fuels, hydro-energy, solar energy, biomass energy; alternative energy sources and their prospect in
Nepal (wind energy, biodiesel, bioethanol); energy conservation; energy use pattern in Nepal
                                                                                              
Unit 3. Conservation and Management of Forests                                             (4 + 5 =9 hrs)             
(i) Concept of environmental conservation; status, types and distribution of forests in Nepal; status of
plant diversity in Nepal; protected plant species of Nepal (ii) Deforestation and forest degradation;
principles and approaches of sustainable forest management; forest management in Nepal; 
introduction to REDD and its initiative in Nepal; conservation education; institutional framework and
forest conservation policies in Nepal                                               
 
Unit 4.              Conservation of Biodiversity                        (4+5=9 hrs)                                              
(i) Status of biodiversity; value of biodiversity; biodiversity and ecosystem function; biodiversity
hotspots; threats to biodiversity; causes of biodiversity loss in Nepal; IUCN categories of protected
species (ii) Strategies of biodiversity conservation (in-situ conservation, ex-situ conservation,
restoration of endangered species, sustainable use); national and international efforts on biodiversity
conservation: CITES, CBD, Ramsar Convention, IPR and patent rights; protected flora and fauna of
Nepal, IUCN management categories and protected areas of Nepal; wildlife management in Nepal:
opportunities and challenges
 

Unit 5. Environmental Impact and Management Techniques                   (3+2+2+1=8 hrs)

(i) Environmental assessment: general perspective; Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)/Initial
Environmental Assessment (IEE) policies and process in Nepal (ii) Remote Sensing (RS): physical
basis of RS, application of RS; Geographic Information System (GIS): concept, application in resource
management (iii) Ecological restoration: concept, strategies of restoration, restoration measures,
examples of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (iv) Ecotourism: principle, opportunities and challenges
 
Unit 6. Society and Natural Resource Management                                                   3 hrs
Social-cultural perspectives on Natural Resource Management; natural resources and community
values; concept of ecosystem services; traditional knowledge and natural resource management
practices; sacred grooves and biodiversity conservation; agroforestry: concept, types and services
 
Unit 7. Management of solid and Hazardous Wastes                                          2 hrs
Solid wastes; hazardous/toxic wastes; waste disposal and management; concept of integrated waste
management; waste recycling and re-use; disposal of residue

Unit 8. Environmental Issues                                                                          3 hrs

Background, causes and mitigation of global and national environmental issues: habitat fragmentation;
climate change; deforestation and loss of biodiversity; water scarcity; energy crisis

Environmental Management
Course No.: Bot. 474 Semester: VII
Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2
Course of objective:
On completion of this course of study,the students are able to:
 analyse the status and quality of soil, water and other resources.
 able to explore and documentation of indeginous knowledge in community.

List of experiment:

1.       Determination of soil pH and organic matter content of soil samples from different land uses to
assess their quality.
2.       Analysis of soil profile from different land use types in the area.
3.       Listing of cultivated and wild food resources in the area; and prepare a resource map.
4.       Assessment of water resources in the area and analysis of drinking water/river, lake, pond water
quality by estimating TSS, TDS and DO.
5.       Analysis of energy use pattern in households of rural community.
6.       Determination of Importance Value Index (IVI) of vegetation.
7.       Comparison of communities using similarity indices.
8.       Determination of basal area of tree species of a forest.
9.       Analysis of forest management practice in the nearby forest.
10.   Exercise on exploration and documentation of indigenous knowledge of ethnic communities.
11.   Study on the status and management practices of tourism in a nearby protected area.
12.   Climate (temperature and precipitation) trend analysis using data from nearby meteorological
station.
 
Field visit: Students should visit different sites and submit the report to the department for which …. 
marks be allocated.
 
Case study: there will be one case study based on primary and secondary data related to the course
and some (10% of the total …?) marks should be allocated to its report in the final practical exam.
References:
Gupta PK. Methods in Environmental Analysis: Water, Soil and Air. Agrobios. India.
Zobel, D. B., Jha, P. K. Behan, M. J. and Yadav, U. K. R. (1987). A Practical Manual of Ecology.
Trivedi, R. K. & Goel, P. K. (1984). Chemical and Biological Methods for Water Pollution Studies.
Karad, India: Environmental Publications.
Southwood, T. R. E. & Henderson, P. A. (2000). Ecological Methods (3rd ed.). Blackwell Science.
APHA (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington, USA:
American Public Health Association.

Research Methodology and Biostatistics

Course No.: Zool 471 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

Course Objectives:
At the end of course,the students will able to:
 develop the concept of research in Zoology.
 use biostatistics in research fields of Zoology.

Research Methodology: Introduction to research methodology. Characteristics and significance of a

good research. Research process. Developing a research proposal. Selection and formulation of the
research problem. Literature review. Formulation of research objectives. Development of workable
hypothesis. Research design. Sampling and sample size. Data sources and collection techniques. Data
analysis. Data presentation. Formats for references. Writing a research report/thesis. Writing a research
paper for a journal of international repute. Ethics of research and publication. 30 Pds.

Biostatics: Introduction to biostatistics. Types of biological data. Populations. Samples from

populations. Random sampling. Measure of Central Tendency (Range, Mean Deviation, Variance,
Standard Deviations, Coefficient of Variation). Correlation and Regression analysis. Probabilities.
15 Pds.

Books:
Kothari, C.R., Research Methodology, Latest Ed. Vishwa Prakashan, New Delhi.
Gupta, R. and Pandey, D.P.,Research Methodology: Fundamentals and Practice. Ratna Pustak
Bhandar,
Kathmandu.
Singh,M.L. ,Understanding Research Methodology, Latest Ed., J.M.Singh Pub., Kathmandu.
Shrestha, S.L., Statistical Methods for environment, Biological and Health Science, Ekta Books,
Kathmandu.
 Research Methodology & Biostatistics

Course No.: Zool 472 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

Course Objectives: To support in understanding the theory part.

Preparation and Presentation of research proposal on the provided or desired and approved topic.

Preparation of Tabular presentation (tables) and Graphic illustrations (line graphs, bar diagrams, pie
chart, etc.) using suitable device or software (computer) from the data provided or of the data derived
from the animal survey.

Statistical analysis of the data provided.

 Ecology and Environmental Biology

Course No.: Zool 473 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

Course Objectives:
At the end of course,the students will able to:
 demonstrate the interdependence of animals and their interactions with the environment.
 know energy crises and development of alternative, renewable sources of energy.

Ecology: Ecological Principles-Limiting factors of the environment. Components of ecosystem.

Ecosystem managements. Ecosystem and energetics. Bio-geochemical cycles of Water, Oxygen,
Sulphur and Phosphorus. Population growth and its characteristics. Concept of carrying capacity.
Community and its characteristics. Pollution of Water, Air and Noise and their control measures. EIA:
its concept, importance and implementation. 20 Pds.

Basic concept and application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System
(GPS) and Remote Sensing. 5 Pds.

Environment and Energy Recycling: Climate change: Introduction, greenhouse gases and climate
forcing agents. Climate change prediction and biological indicators. Climate change and mitigation
measures. Natural Resources: Renewable and Non-renewable resources. Energy crops. Energy and
fuel using micro-organisms. Hydrogen and Hydro-carbon production. Introduction to Carbon Trade.
20 Pds.

Books:
Verma,P.S. and Agrawal, V.K., Cell Biology, Evolution and Ecology, Latest Ed., S. Chand & Co.,
New Delhi .
Sharma,P.D., Ecology and Environment, Latest Ed., Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India.
Adhikari, S., Ecology and the Environment, Latest Ed. Vidyarthi Prakashan P. Ltd. Kathmandu.
Begon,M., Harper,J.L. and Townsend, C.R., Ecology, Blackwell Science, Massachusetts, USA.
 Ecology and Environmental Biology

Course No.: Zool 474 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

Course Objectives: To support in understanding the theory part.

Determination of density and frequency of plant and animal species by quadrate sampling method.

Population density estimation (of grass hopper) by capture- recapture technique.

Determination of the similarity and dissimilarity index of the given community.

Biomass estimation of ground vegetation.

Estimation of the moisture content of the given soil samples.

Examination of microbiological quality of drinking water.

Field survey of any insect population of an area by setting traps (any kind).

Study of habit and habitats of birds using binoculars in the fields.

Climate analysis: Temperature variations-daily, monthly, seasonal, annual; long term periodic (using
real secondary data).

Report writing: Survey of any locality regarding any topic of Zool 403 and writing a report of about 5
-10 pages.

Seminar on the report.

Practical note book preparation as regular study.

 Measures of Demography

Course No.: Stat 471 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

Objectives: To make students aware of demographic technique and also to impart substantial
knowledge on demographic measures and to compute these measures.

Age-Sex Composition (5 Lhr)

Sources of demographic data, evaluation and adjustment of data, measurement of errors in age data
(sex ratios, age ratios, Whipple’s index, Myer's index, inter-censal cohort analysis, UN’s age-sex
accuracy index), index of age preference and age not reported, age-sex composition (population
pyramid and age dependency ratio), adjustment or smoothing of age distribution (using method of
simple parabola)
Problems and examples

Measurement of Mortality and Life Tables (9 Lhr)

Measures of mortality: crude death rate and age-specific death rate, standardized death rates (direct and
indirect methods), comparative mortality index, infant mortality rates (conventional and adjusted),
child mortality rates, maternal mortality rates and ratios,
Life tables: complete life table and abridged life tables, constructions of life tables by conventional
method, Reed-Merrell and Greville methods,
Problems and examples.

Measurement of Fertility (10 Lhr)

Fertility measure: crude birth rate, standardized birth rate (direct and indirect), sex-age adjusted birth
rate, general fertility rate, general marital fertility rate, age-specific fertility rate, age-specific marital
fertility rate, child-woman ratio, total fertility rate, total marital fertility rate, UN’s age-sex adjusted
birth rate, replacement level of fertility index, gross reproduction rate, net reproduction rate, real cohort
measures of fertility by children ever born and parity progression ratios.
Problems and examples.

Measurement of Nuptiality (5 Lhr)

Crude marriage rate, general marriage rate, age specific marriage rate, crude divorce rate, general
divorce rate, age-specific divorce rate, median age at first marriage, Singulate mean age at marriage
and indices of nuptiality (Coale's index).
Problems and examples.

Measurement of Migration (3 Lhr)

Migration statistics, crude immigration rate, crude emigration rate, crude net migration rate, crude
gross migration rate and estimating migration.

Population Growth Models (10 Lhr)

Linear growth model, geometric growth model, Gompertz curve, exponential growth model,
polynomial model up to third degree, logistic models, application of these models for population
projection, rate of natural increase in population, estimate the time required for doubling and tripling
the population, population projection by component method
Problems and examples.

Review and discussion of overall course (3 Lhr)

Reference Books:

 Barclay G.W. (1985). Demographic Techniques, John Wiley and Sons, New York
 Singh M. L. and Sayami S.B. (1991), Introduction to Mathematical Demography, B.D.
Manandhar, Kathmandu
 Goon A.M., Gupta M. K. and Das Gupta B. , Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol.2, World Press,
Calcutta India
 Central Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Manual of Official Statistics of Nepal (recent published
documents).
 Rowland Donald Trevor (2003). Demographic Methods and Concepts, New York, Oxford Press
 Samuel H. Preston, Patrick Heuveline, Michel Guillot (2001). Demography: Measuring and
Modeling Population Processes, Blackwell Publishers.
 Pressat, Ronald. (1980). Demographic Analysis, New York: Aldine Publishing Company, USA.
 Shryock, Henry S. and Jacob S Siegel and Associates, (1971). The Methods and Materials of
DemographyBureau of Census, USA.
 Haupt, Arthur and Thomas T. Kane. (2004). Population Reference Bureau's Population
Handbook. Washinton DC.
 Aryal, T.R. (2011). Fertility Dynamics of Nepal, Ekta Book Distributors, Kathmandu.
 Aryal, T.R. (2010). Nuptiality, Gyankunja Prakashan, Kirtipur, Kathmandu.
 Aryal, T.R. (2011). Mortality of Nepal, Prime Publication, Teku, Kathmandu.
 Aryal, T.R. (2008). Migration and Occupational Mobility of Nepal, Paluwa Prakashan,
Bagbazzar, Kathmandu.
 Biswas, S. (1988): Stochastic Processes in Demography and Applications, Wiley-Eastern, India
 Pathak, K.B. and Ram F. (1988): Techniques of Demographic Analysis, Himalayan Publishing
House.
 Singh, M.L. (1995): Some Measures of Demography, Kathmandu.
 Singh, M.L., Sayami, S.B. (1997): An Introduction to Mathematical Demography, Kathmandu.
 U.N. Manual IV, (1997) Indirect Techniques.
 Practical for Measures of Demography

Course No.: Stat 472 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

Pre-requisites: Knowledge of the topics in measures of demography, and the laboratory with well
equipped computer facility should be arranged.

Objectives: The main objective of this course is to make students able to compute different
demographic measures using real data.

Titles of the Experiments

Sr. No. Title of the experiment No. of

exp.
1 Computation of sex ratios, age ratios, Whipple’s index, Myer's index, inter- 2
censal cohort analysis, UN’s age-sex accuracy index, and population pyramid
and age dependency ratio and also adjust or smooth age distribution using
method of simple parabola using real data sets.
2 Computation of crude death rate and age-specific death rate, standardized 3
death rates (direct and indirect methods), infant mortality rates, child mortality
rates, maternal mortality rates and ratios, construct complete life table and
abridged life tables using conventional method, Reed-Merrell and Greville
methods using real data sets
3. Computation of crude birth rate, standardized birth rate (direct and indirect), 3
sex-age adjusted birth rate, general fertility rate, general marital fertility rate,
age-specific fertility rate, age-specific marital fertility rate, child-woman ratio,
total fertility rate, total marital fertility rate, UN’s age-sex adjusted birth rate,
replacement level of fertility index, gross reproduction rate, net reproduction
rate, real cohort measures of fertility by children ever born and parity
progression ratios by using real data sets.
4 Compute crude marriage rate, general marriage rate, age specific marriage 3
rate, crude divorce rate, general divorce rate, age-specific divorce rate, median
age at first marriage, Singulate mean age at marriage and indices of nuptiality
(Coale's index).
5 Computation of crude immigration rate, crude emigration rate, crude net 2
migration rate, crude gross migration rate.
6 Fit the linear growth model, geometric growth model, Gompertz curve, 3
exponential growth model, polynomial model up to third degree, logistic
models using real data sets.
7 Projects the population using real data sets, compute rate of natural increse, 3
estimate the time required for doubling and tripling the population, population
projection by component method
20
 Economic Statistics

Course No.: Stat 473 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3

Objectives: To make students aware of different statistical techniques involved in economics, national
income, Nepalese official statistics and human development index. They will also be able to handle
and analyze the quality control related data.

Index Number (8 Lhr)

Definition and application of index numbers, price relatives and quantity or volume relatives, link and
chain relative, problems involved in computation of index numbers, simple and weighted aggregate
index numbers, Laspeyre, Paasche, Fisher, Dorbish-Bowley and Marshall-Edgeworth index numbers,
time reversal, factor reversal and circular tests of index numbers, cost of living index number and its
construction, real wages and their constructions.

Problems and examples.

Time Series Analysis (10 Lhr)

Different components of time series, additive and multiplicative models, determination of trends,
moving average and exponential smoothing, analysis of seasonal fluctuations, construction of seasonal
indices, forecasting by using time series methods

Problems and examples.

Statistical Quality Control (8Lhr)

Importance of statistical methods in industrial research and practice, specification of items and lot
qualities, types of inspection, determination of tolerance limits, general theory of control charts, causes
of variation in quality control limits, summary of out-of-control criteria, charts of attributes- nP-chart,
P-chart, C-chart, U-chart, charts for variables- x-bar and R charts.

Problems and examples.

Official Statistics of Nepal (6 Lhr)

Brief description (coverage, availability of data and analysis) of the following censuses and surveys,
population census, agriculture census, Nepal living standards survey, Nepal labor force survey,
Demographic health survey

Brief description of official statistics: education statistics, health statistics, environment statistics,
economic statistics, tourism statistics, etc.

Sources of official statistics: periodic censuses and surveys, household and establishment surveys,
administrative records, quality of data.

Problems and examples.

 Human Development Statistics (10 Lhr)

Concept and implication of Human Development Index (HDI): Measures, dimensions, indicators,
constructing of HDI.
Gender related development index (GDI): Measures, dimensions, indicators, constructing GDI.
Gender empowerment measure (GEM): Measures, dimensions, indicators, constructing GEM.
Human poverty index (HPI): Measures, dimensions, indicators, constructing HPI.
Levels and patterns of human development of Nepal.

Review and discussion of overall course (3 Lhr)

Reference Books:
 Kapoor, V.K. and Gupta, S.(1993): Applied Statistics, S. Chand, new Delhi, India.
 Manual of Official Statistics of Nepal, Central Bureau Of Statistics
 Human Development Reports
 Nepal Demographic Health Survey Report, 2011.
 Montgomery, D. C. (1991): Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, John Wiley and Sons.
 Population Monograph of Nepal.

Practical for Economic Statistics

Course No.: Stat 474 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Practical Credit: 2

Pre-requisites: Knowledge of the topics in economic statistics, and the laboratory with well equipped
computer facility should be arranged.

Objectives: The main objective of this course is to make students able to deal with economic data and
compute index numbers, quality control measures and perform time series analysis.

Titles of the Experiments

Sr. No. Title of the experiment No. of

exp.
1 Construction of different index numbers 5
2 Problems related to quality control 4
3. Problems related to time series analysis 4
Total number of experiments 13
 Real Analysis II

Course No.: Math 471 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3
Course Objectives:
At the end of course, the students will able to:
 state the rules of differentiation and its use to find the extreme value also establish some
theorems related to differentiations.
 define some terms related to Riemann Integral, Riemann Sum and the fundamental theorem of
calculus.
 discuss the basic concepts of infinite series , Cauchy product and power series of infinite series
of real number.
 take the concept of convergence,uniform convergence of sequence and series

Course Contents:
The last four chapters of Denlinger's book Elements of Real Analysis make up this course.

1. Differentiable Functions 10hrs.

2. The Riemann Integral 13hrs.

3. Infinite Series of Real Numbers 12hrs.

4. Sequences and Series of Functions 10hrs

Textbook:
Denlinger, C., Elements of Real Analysis, Jones and Bartlett India, New Delhi.

Problems in Real Analysis II

Course No.: Math 472 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 2
Course Objectives:
The main objective of this course is to make the concept clear about pre-memtioned topics and to make
them able to solve the problems on the related.

Course Contents:
Problems in Math 471, Real Analysis II, form the contents of this problem solving course.
 Ordinary Differential Equations

Course No.: Math 473 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 3
Course Objectives:
At the end of course students will able to:
 get the knowledge about differential equations.
 find the solution of first order differential equation and second order linear equations.
 learn about higher order linear equation with solution using different methods.
 define boundary value peoblems, Fourier Series and some application of PDE.

Course Contents:
1. Introduction: Definition and classification of differential equations, solutions of differential
equations, some mathematical models and direction fields. [5hrs]

2. First order linear and nonlinear differential equations: Integrating factors, separable equations,
modeling with first order equations, exact equations and integrating factors, numerical approximations,
Euler's method, existence and uniqueness theorem, first order difference equations [8hrs]

3. Second order linear equations: Homogeneous equations with constant coefficients, solutions of
linear homogeneous equation, theWronskian, complex roots of the characteristic equation, repeated
roots, reduction of order, nonhomogeneous equations, mehtod of undetermined coefficients, vartiation
of parameters [12hrs]

4. Higher order linear equations: General theory of n'th order linear equations, homogeneous equations
with constant coefficients, method of undetermined coefficients, method of variation of parameters
[8hrs]

5.Partial differential equations and Fourier series: Two-point boundary value problems, Fourier series,
Fourier convergence theorem, even and odd functions, separation of variables, heat conduction in a
rod, other heat conduction problems, wave equation, vibration of an elastic string, Laplace's equation
[12hrs]

Textbook:
Boyce, W. and DiPrima, R., Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems, 9th
Ed., Wiley India
 Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations

Course No.: Math 474 Semester: VII

Nature of the Course: Theory Credit: 2
Course Objectives:
The main objective of this course is to make the concept clear about pre-memtioned topics and to make
them able to solve the problems on the related.

Course Contents:
Problems in Math 473, Ordinary Differential Equations, form the contents of this problem solving
course.