15.14 Energy can be transferred along a string by wave motion. However, in a standing wave on a string, no energy cen ever be ‘transfered past anode. Why not? Q15.15 Can a standing wave be produced on a string by super posing two waves traveling in opposite dictions with the same frequency but different amplitudes? Why or why not? Can a standing wave be produced by superposing two waves traveling in ‘opposite directions with different frequencies bu the same ampli tude? Why or why not? Q15.16 If you stretch a rubber band and pluck it, you hear a (eomewhat) musical tone, How does the frequency of this tone change as you stretch the rubber band further? (Try it!) Does this agree with Eq, (1535) fora string fixed at both ends? Explain. Q15.17 A musical interval of an octave corresponds toa factor ‘of 2 in frequency. By what factor must the tension in a guitar or Violin string be increased to raise its pitch one octave? To raise i two octaves? Explain your reasoning, Is there any danger in a tempting these changes in pitch? Q15.18 By touching a string lightly tits center while bowing, 4 Violinist can produce a note exacly one octave above the note to whick the string is tuned—that i, a note wit exactly twice the frequency. Why is this possible? Q15.19 As we discussed in Section 15, water waves are a combination of longitudinal and transverse waves. Defend the following statement: “When water waves bit a vertical wall, the ‘wall isa node of the longitudinal displacement but an antinade of the transverse displacement” Q15.20 Violins are short instruments, while cellos and basses are Jong. In terms of the frequency ofthe waves they produce, explain sy this isso Q15.21 What is the purpose of the frets on a guitar? In terms of the frequency of the vibration of the strings, explain eit use EXERCISES, Section 15.2 Perledie Waves 15.1 + The speed of sound in air at 20°C is 344 mys.) What is the wavelength of a sound wave with a frequency of 784 Hz, cor responilng tothe note Gs on a piano, and how many milliseconds does cach vibration take? (b) What is the wavelength of 2 sound vwave one octave higher ((wice the frequency) than the note in part)? 15.2» 510 Audible Sound. Provided the amplitude is sut ficiently great, the human ear can respond to longitudinal waves lover a range of frequencies from about 20.0 Hz to about 20.0 kHz (@ Ifyou were to mark the beginning of each complete wave pat {ern with a red dot forthe long-wavelength sound and a blue dot forthe short-wavelength sound, how far apart would the red dots be, and how far apart would the blue dots be? (b) In reality would adjacent dots in each set be far enough apart for you to easily ‘measure theit separation with @ meter stick? (@) Suppose you repeated part) in water, where sound travels at 1480 m/s. How {far apart would the dos he in each set? Could you readily measure their separation witha meter stick? 15.3 » Tsunami! On December 26, 2004, a great earthquake ‘occurred off the coast of Sumatra and triggered immense waves ((sunami) that killed some 200,000 people. Satellites observing these waves from space measured 800 km from one wave crest to the next and a period between waves of LO hous. What was the speed of these waves in m/s and in km/h? Does your answer help {you understand why the waves caused such devastation? 521 15.4 - {10 Ultrasound Imaging. Sound having frequencies above the range of human hearing (about 20,000 Hz) is called ultrasound. Waves above this frequency can be used to penetrate the body and to produce images by reflecting from surfaces. Ta 2 typical ultrasound scan, the waves travel through body tissue ‘with a speed of 1500 m/s. For a good, detailed image, tne wave- length should be no more than 1.0 mm, What frequency sound is requited fora good sean? 155 - 510 (2) Audible wavelengths. The range of audible fre {quencies is from about 20 He to 20,000 Hz. What isthe range of the wavelengths of audible sound in air? (b) Visible light. The range of visible light extends from 380 am to 750 nm, What is the range of visible frequencies of light? (c) Brain surgery. Surgeons can remove brain tumors by using a cavitron vltrasonie surgical aspirator, which produces sound waves of frequency 23 kHz, What is the wavelength ofthese waves in at? (8) Sound {n the body. What would be the wavelength of the sound in part (2) in bodily fluids in which the speed of sound is 1480 m/s but the frequency is unchanged? 15.6 ~ A fisheeman notices that his boat is moving up and down periodically, owing to waves on the surface of the water. It takes 340 s forthe boat to travel rom its highest point tots lowest, total distance of 0.69 m, The fisherman sees that the wave crests are spaced 8.0 m apart, fa) How fast are the waves taveling? (8) What is the amplitude of each wave? (@) Ifthe total vertical distance ‘traveled by the boat were 0.35 m but the other data remained the same, how would the answers to parts (@) and (b) change? Section 15.3 Mathematical Description of a Wave 15.7 » Transverse waves on a string have wave speed 8.00 mys, amplitude 0.0700 m, and wavelength 0.320 m. The waves travel in the ~eitection, and at 1 = O the x = 0 end of the sting bas its ‘maximum upward displacement, (@) Find the frequency, period, and wave number of these waves. (b) Write a wave function describing the wave. (¢) Find the transverse displacemeat of a par ticle atx = 0.360 mat time # = 0.150 s. @) How much time must lapse from the instant in pat ©) until the particle at x = 0.360 m next has maximum upward displacement? 15.8 » A certain transverse wave is described by x(a) = (600mm) c0s26( 52 = oe) Determine te waves amplitude; () wavelength) remeney, (speed of propagation; etn of propagation, 159 CALC Which ofthe following wavefunctions sais the wave equation, Eq. 1512)? @) yf) = Acon(kr + a) 5 y(e) = Asin + ath: © sr) = Alconks + cose) (Porth wave of part (write the equations forte wastes veloc and aasvese aeclratone «pleat pan 15.10 - A water wave teaveing in «sah ine on «lke is dewribedy the equation (2.75 em) os(0410 radfom x + 6.20 rad/s 1) ‘where y is the displacement perpendicular tothe undisturbed sur {ace af the lake. (a) How much time does it take for one complete ‘wave pattern to go past a fisherman in a boat at anchor, and, ‘what horizontal distance dacs the wave crest travel in that time? (@) What are the wave number and the numberof waves per second that pass the fisherman? () ow fast does a wave crest travel past the fisherman, and what isthe maximum speed of his cork floater as the wave causes ito bob up and down?‘wire. In your experiment you use a wire with linear mass den- sity 3.5 g/m, For a transverse wave on the wite with amplitude 4.0 mm, you measure P,, (in watts) as a function of the frequency of the wave (in Hz). You have chosen to plot Py, as a function ‘of f° (Fig, P15.76). (a) Explain why values of Pyy plotied versus. J? should be well ft by a straight line. (b) Use the slope of the ‘straight-line fit to the data shown in Fig P15.76 to calculate the speed of the waves. (¢) What angular frequency w would result in Pay = 10.0W? Figure P15.76 2, W) 20 6 2 fa) se se s s se s se CHALLENGE PROBLEM 1B.IT ~~ CP CALC A deep-tea diver is suspended beneath the sur- face of Loch Ness by a 100-nlong cable that is attached to a boat on the surface (Fig. PIS77). The diver and his suit have total ‘mass of 120 kg and a volume of 4.30 x 10" m’, The cable has a diameter of 195 em and a linear mass density of = 112 kg/m, “The diver thinks he sees some- thing moving in the murky depths and jerks the end ofthe cable back nd forth to send transverse waves ‘up the cable as a signal to his companions inthe boat. a) What is the tension in the cable at its lower end, where it is attached to the diver? Do not forget to include the buoyant force thatthe water (density 1000 kg/m’) exerts on him. (b) Calculate the tension in the cable a distance » above the diver. In your calculation, inelude the buoyant force on the cable. (e) The speed of transverse waves. ‘on the cable is given by v = \/F/u (Ba. 15.18. The speed there ote varies along the cable, since the tension is nat constant. (This ‘expression ignores the damping force thatthe water exerts on the ‘moving cable) Integrate to find the time required for the first signal to reach the surface. Figure P15.77 120g Passoge Problems $27 [PASSAGE PROBLEMS) 510 WAVES ON VOCAL FOLDS. tn the larynx, sound is pro: duced hy the vibration of the ‘vocal folds (ato called “vocal cords"), ‘The accompanying ch be fre sae ssn ee tt vocal tact at one instant in D time, Air flows upward (in the +e-drection) through the vor tact eating tae verse wave to propagate verti ‘ofthe vocal folds. In atypical ‘ictow adult male, the thickness of the vocal folds in the diecton of airflow isd = 2.0 mm. High speed photography shows that for a frequency of vibration of f= 12S He, the wave along the surface of the vocal flds travels up ward aa spe0d of v = 375 cm/s. Use # for time, z for dspace ‘ment in the +s-tection, and A for wavelength 15.78 What is the wavelength of the wave that travels on the surface of the vocal folds when they are vibrating at frequency? {@ 20 mm: (6) 33 mm; (@ 0.50 em: (@) 80m 15.79 Which ofthese i a possible mathematical description of the wave in Problem 1578? (a) Asin(2af(t + z/v)]: () Asin[20y(1 ~ zlo)]: © Asin(2nf)cos(2e2/} (@)Asin(2rf sin(202/), 15.80 The wave speed is measured for different vibration fe quencies. A raph of the wave speed asa function of frequency (ig. P15.80) indicates that athe frequency increases, the wave length (increases: (b decreases; €) doesnt change; @) becomes undefined Noa! ‘old Figure P15.80 (emis) oP 3 Too 150300 3503005500562. CHAPTER 16 Sound ond Hearing Q16.14 An organist in a cathedral plays a loud chord and then releases the keys. The sound persists for a few sevonds and gradu- ally dies away. Why does it persist? What happens to the sound, ‘energy when the sound dies away? Q16.15 Two loudspeakers, A and B, are driven by the same amplifier and emit sinusoidal waves in phase, The frequency of the waves emitted by each speaker is 860 Hz. Point P is 12.0 m from A and 13.4 m from B. Is the interference at P constructive of destructive? Give the reasoning behind your answer Q16.16 Two vibrating tuning forks have identical frequencies, ‘butane is stationary and the other is mounted at the rim ofa rota ing platform. What does a listener hear? Explain Q16.17 A large church has part of the organ in the front of the ‘chusch and part in the back. A person walking rapidly down the aisle while both segments are playing at once reports that the 1Wo segments sound out of tune. Why? Q16.18 A sound source anda listener are both at rest onthe earth, Dut a strong wind is blowing from the source toward the listener. Is there a Doppler effect? Why or why not? Q16.19 Can you think of circumstances in which a Doppler clfect would be observed for surface waves in water? For elastic waves propagating in a body of water deep below the surface? If £0, describe the citcumstances and explain your reasoning. I'n0t, ‘explain why not Q16.20 Stars other than our sun normally appear featureless when viewed through telescopes. Yet astronomers can really use ‘the light fram these stars to determine that they aze rotating and. ‘even measure the speed of their surface, How do you think they ‘can do this? Q16.21 IF you wait ata railroad crossing as a train approaches and passes, you hear a Doppler shift in its sound. But if you lis ten closely, you hear that the change in frequency is continvous; it does not suddenly go from one high frequency’ to another low frequency. Instead the frequency smoothly (but rather quickly) changes from high to low as the train passes, Why does this smooth change occur? Q16.22 In case 1, a source of sound approaches a sationary ‘observer at speed 1. In case 2, the observer maves toward the stationary source at the same speed u. If the source is always producing the same frequency sound, will the observer hear the same frequency in bo cases, since the relative speed isthe same ‘each time? Why oF why not? 16.23 Does an aircraft make a sonic boom only at she instant its speed exceeds Mach 1? Explain Q16.24 If you are riding in a supersonic airerafl, what do you ‘bear? Explain, In particular, do you hear a continuous sonic boom? Why of why not? Q16.25 A jet sicplane is flying at a constant altitude a a steady speed vs greater than the speed of sound. Describe what observ ers at points A, B, and C heat atthe instant shown in Fig. Q16.25, ‘when the shock wave has just reached point B. Explain, Figure @16.25 EXERCISES Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in arto be v= 3d ms Section 16.1 Sound Waves 16.1 + Example 16.1 (Section 16.1 showed that for sound waves in air with frequency 1000 Hz, a displacement amplitude of 12% 10"* m produces « pressure amplitude of 3.0 X 107 Pa (@) Whats the wavelength a these waves? (6) For 1000-Ha waves in air, what displacement amplitude would be needed for the pressure amplitude to be atthe pain threshold, which is 30 Pa? (© For what wavelength and frequency wil waves with a displace ment amplitude of 12 > 10" m produce a pressure amplitude of 5X 107 Pat 16.2 + Example 161 (Section 16.1) showed that for sound waves in air with frequency 1000 Hz, a displacement amplitude of 2X 10% m produces a pressure amplitude of 3.0 % 10” Pa Water a 20°C has a bulk modulus of 22 X 10" Pa andthe speed ‘of sound in water at this temperature is 1480 m/s. For 1000-Hz sound waves in 20°C water, what displacement amplitude is pro duced if the pressure amplitude is 30 % 10°? Pa? Explain why {your snawer is much less than 1.2 X 10", 16.3. Consider « sound wave in sir that has displacement am: plitude 220 x 107 mm, Calculate the pressure amplitude for frequencies ofa) 145 Hr; (b) 15,00 Fa; ©) Lal % 10 Fz. In each «ase compare the result tothe pain threshold, which is 30 Pa 16.4 © A loud factory machine produces sound having a displace ‘meat amplitude of 1.00 jam, bu the frequeney ofthis sound can be adjusted. In oder to prevent ear damage tothe workers, the max ‘mum pressure amplitude ofthe sound waves is limited to 100 Pa Under the conditions of this factory, the bulk modulus of air is 1.41 x 10* Pa, What is the highestfrequency sound to whic this machine canbe adjusted without exceeding the prescribed limit? 1s this frequency audible tothe workers? 16.5 - 510 Ultrasound and Infrasound. (a) Whale commu- nication, Blue whales apparelly communicate with each other wing sound of frequency 17 He, which can be heard nearly 1000 km away inthe ocean, Whats the wavelength of such a sound in seawater, where the speed of sound is 1531 m/s? (b) Dolphin licks. One type of sound that dolphins emit isa sharp click of ‘wavelength 1.5 em in the ocean, What isthe frequency of such clicks? (6) Dog whistles. One brand of dog whistles claims a fe quency of 25 kHz fr its product. What isthe wavelength ofthis sound? () Bats, While bats emit « wide variety of sounds, one type emits pulses of sound having a frequency between 39 kHz and 78 kHz, What is the range of wavelengths ofthis sound? {© Sonograms. Ultrasound is used to view the interior of the ‘ody, much as x rays are utilized, For sharp imagery, the wave length af the sound shouldbe axound one-fourth (o es) the size of the objects to he viewed, Approximately what frequency of sound is needed to produce a clear image of a tumor thats 1.0 mas ‘across ifthe speed of sound in the tissue is 1550 mys? Section 16.2 Speed of Sound Waves 16.6 + (@) In a liquid with density 1200 kg/m’, longitudinal ‘waves with frequency 430 Hz are found to have wavelength 8.50 m. Calculate the bulk modulus of the liguid. (8) A metal bar with 4 length of 1.50 m has density 6100 kg/m’. Longitudinal sound ‘waves take 3,60 10~s to travel from one end of the bar to the other. What is Young's modulus for this metal?scuba Figure £16.7 Nanow 16.7 © A. submerged diver hears the sound of a boat hhora directly above her on the surface ofthe lake. At the same time, a friend on dry land 22.0 m from the boat also hears the horn ig. E16.7) The horn is 190 m above the surface of the water What is the distance (labeled ©) from the horn tothe diver? Both air and water are at 20°C. 16.8 » Aca temperature of 27.0°C, what is the speed of longitu inal waves in (a) hydeogen (molar mass 2.02 g/mol; (b) helium (emolar mass 4.00 g/mol); () argon (molar mass 39.9 g/mal)? See ‘Table 191 for values of 7. (8) Compare your answers for pars (a, (and (© with the speed in air atthe same temperature 16.9» An oscillator vibrating at 1200 Hz produces a sound wave that travels through an ideal gas at 325 my/s when the gas tem perature is 220°C, Fora certain experiment, you need to have the same oscillator produce sound of wavelength 28.2 em in this gas ‘What should the gas temperature be to achiove this wavelength? 16.10 * CALC (@) Show that the fractional change in the speed fof sound (doje) due to a very small temperature change dT is iven by dijo ~ f4T/T. (Hint: Start with Ba. 16.10) (b) The speed ‘of sound in air at 20°C is found to be 344 m/s. Use the result in part (a fo find the change inthe speed of sound fora I.0°C change in ir temperature. 16.11 ~ A.7900-m-long brass rod is struck atone end. A person atthe other end hears two sounds as a result of two longitudinal ‘waves, one traveling inthe metal rod and the other traveling in ai. ‘What isthe time interval between the two sounds? (The speed of, sound in aris 344 mys; see Tables 111 and 12.1 for relevant infor: ‘mation about brass) 16.12 > What mast be the stress (F/A) ina stretched wire of a ‘material whose Young's modulus is Y fr the speed of longitudinal waves to equal 30 times the speed of transverse waves? wk Section 16.3 Sound Intensity 16.13 «510 Energy Delivered tothe Ear, Sounds detected when «sound wave eases the tympani membrane (the eardrum) tovsibrate, Typically the diameter ofthis membrane about 6.4 mim Jn humans. (0 How much energy is delivered tothe eardrum each second when someone whispers 20 6B) a secretin your ear? (6) To comprehend how sensitive the ear is to very small amounts of nergy, calculate how fas a typical 20-m mosquito would have to fly Gin mm/s) to have this amount of kinetic energy 16.14 + (@) By what factor must the sound intensity be increased to raise the sound intensity level by 13.0 4B? () Explain why you don't need to know the original sound intensity 16.AS ~ Eavesdropping! You are trying to overhear juicy conversation, but frm your distance of 1.0m, it sounds ike only fan average whisper of 20.0 dB. How close shauld you move othe ‘hatterbones fr the sound level toe 60.0? 16.16 ~ 510 Human Hearing. A fan at azock concerti SOm fiom the stag, and at this poit the sound intensity levels 114 dB, (a) How much energy is wansferee to her eardrums each second? (®) How fat would a 20-mg mosquito have to fly (a mm) 0 have this much kinetic energy? Compare the mosgut's speed wit hat found forthe whisper in pat of Exercise 16.13, 16.17 A sound wave i at at 20°C has a fequency of 320 Hz and a displacement amplitude of 5.00 % 10" mm, For this sound 563, wave calelate the (a) pressure amplitude (in Pa); (b) intensity Gin Wit); sound intensity Teel in debe 16.8 * You live on a busy sleet, but as & music lover, you want to reduce the traffic noise (a) I you install special sound reflecting windows that redice the sound intensity level Gn dB) ‘by 26 dB, by what faction have you lowered the sound intensity (in W/m")? () I, instead, you edace the intensity by hal, what change (in dB) do you make inthe sound intensity level? 16.19 * BIO For a person with normal heating, the faintest sound that can be heatd ata frequency of 400 Hz as a pressure amplitude of about 60 X 10" Pa, Calculate th (a) intensity (sound intensity level: ©) displacement amplitude of his sound wave at 20°C 16.20 - The intensity due to a number of independent sound sources isthe sim of the individ intensities. (a) When four quadruples cry simultaneously, how many decibels greater isthe Sound intensity level than when a single one eres? () To increase ‘he sound intensity level again by the same numer of decibels a3 Jn part (@, how many more crying babies are required? 16.21 - cP A baby’s mouth is 25 cm from her father's ear and 185m frm her mother’s eat: What i the difference between the sound intensity levels head by the father and by the mother? 16.22 ~ The Sacramento City Council adopted a law to reduce the allowed sound intensity level of the much-despised leat ‘blowers from their current level of about 95 dB to 70 dB. With ‘he new law, what isthe ratio ofthe new allowed intensity to the revisly allowed intensity? 16.23 © CP Atpoint A, 4.0: from a small source of sound that is emitting unifrely in al directions, the sound intensity level is 52 dB. (a) What isthe intensity ofthe sound at A? (0) ow far from the source mist you £00 that the intensity is one-fourth of ‘what it was at A? (6) How far must you go so thal the sound inten sity level is one-fourth of what it was at A? (@) Does intensity obey ‘the inverse-squate law? What about sound intensity level? 16.24 (a) If two sounds differ by 15.00 dB, find the ratio of the intensity of the louder sound to that ofthe softer one. (b) If ‘one sound is 190 times as intense as another, by how much do they differ in sound intensity level (in decibels? (6 Tf you inerease the ‘volume of your stereo so thatthe intensity doubles, by how much, does the sound intensity level increase? Section 16.4 Standing Sound Waves ‘and Normal Medes 16.25 - Standing sound waves are produced in a pipe that is 1.20 m long. For the fundamental and first two overtones, deter ‘mine the locations along the pipe (measured from the left end) of, the displacement nodes and the pressure nodes if (@ the pipe is ‘open at both ends and (b) the pipe is closed at the left end and. ‘open at the right end. 16.26 + The fundamental frequency of a pipe that is open at ‘both ends is 588 Hz, (a) How long is this pipe? If one end is now closed, find (b) the wavelength and (6) the frequency of the new Fundamental 16.27 * 10 The Human Voice. The human vocal tact is a pipe that extends about 17 cm from the lips tothe voral folds (also called “vocal cords”) near the middle of your throat. The vocal, {elds behave rather like the reed of a clarinet, andthe vocal tract acts like a stopped pipe, Estimate the fits three standing-wave frequencies of the vocal tract. Use » = 344 m/s. (The answers are only an estimate, since the postion of lips and tongue affects ‘the motion of aie inthe voeal tract)