Student Name. Sidra Abro Tutor Name.

NIZAM UDDIN CHANNA

Roll No. CB648573 Tutor Name Address. AAGHI LMS portal

Student Address. E74/A Railway Colony Nawabshah.

Course Name. General Mathematics and Statistics.

Course Code. 6401. Semester. Autumn 2020

Assignment No. 01

Program: B.ED(2.5YEARS)

Date of sending:__10.02.2021___________, Date of submittion:______________,

Obtaining Marks:-_____________________
 Q.1. what is finance and describe its types. also discuss the types of bank
accounts?
Ans. Finance is a broad term that describes activities associated with banking, leverage
or debt, credit, capital markets, money, and investments. Finance also encompasses the
oversight, creation, and study of money, banking, credit, investments, assets, and liabilities that
make up financial systems.

"Finance" is abroad term that describes two related activities: the study of how money is
managed and the actual process of acquiring needed funds. Because individuals, businesses and
government entities all need funding to operate, the field is often separated into three sub-
categories: personal finance, corporate finance and public finance.

If we trace the origin of finance, there is evidence to prove that it is as old as human life on earth.
The word finance was originally a French word. In the 18th century, it was adapted by English
speaking communities to mean “the management of money.” Since then, it has found a
permanent place in the English dictionary. Today, finance is not merely a word else has emerged
into an academic discipline of greater significance. Finance is now organized as a branch of
Economics.
Finance is defined as the management of money and includes activities such as investing,
borrowing, lending, budgeting, saving, and forecasting. There are three main types of finance:

Types of Finance
1. personal,
2. corporate,
3. public/government.

Personal Finance:
Personal finance denotes the application of finance’s principles to the monetary decisions of a
family or an individual. It includes the ways in which families or individuals get, budget, spend
and save monetary resources over a period, considering different future life events and financial
risks. Financial position is focused on understanding the available personal resources by
examining the household cash flows and net worth. Net worth is an individual’s balance sheet,
derived by summing up all assets under that individual’s control, minus the household’s all
liabilities at a time.

Corporate Finance:
Corporate finance includes financial activities pertaining to running a corporation. It is a
department or division which oversees the financial functions of a company. The primary
concern of corporate finance is the maximization of shareholder value through short-term and
long-term financial planning and different strategies’ implementation.

Private Finance:
Private finance denotes an alternative method of corporate finance helping a company raise fund
to avoid monetary problems with a limited time frame. Basically, this method helps a company
which is not listed on a securities exchange or is incapable to obtain finance on such markets. A
private financial plan can also be suitable for a nonprofit organization.

Public Finance:
Public finance deals with the study of the state’s expenditure and income. It considers only the
government’s finances. The scope of public finance includes the fund’s collection and its
allocation among different sectors of state activities that are considered as essential functions or
duties of the government.

Public finance can be classified into three types:

 Public Expenditure
 Public Revenues
 Public Debt

i. Public Expenditure:

Public expenditure means the expenses incurred by the government for its maintenance and for
the welfare and preservation of the economy, society, and the nation.

ii. Public Revenues:

Broadly public revenues include all the receipts and income irrespective their nature and source,
which the government acquires during any given period. It will also include the loans raised by
the government. Narrowly, it will include only the income from revenue resources which include
taxes, price, fees, penalties, fines, gifts, etc.
iii. Public Debt:

Public debt means the loans raised which is a source of public finance carrying with it the
repayment obligation to the individuals and the interest.

Types of Bank Accounts in Pakistan

There are five common types of bank accounts offered by banks in Pakistan.

 Savings Accounts
 Checking Accounts
 Money market Accounts
 Current Account
 Retirement Accounts
 Foreign Currency Account
 Fixed Deposit Account

 Savings Accounts:-

A savings account is an interest-bearing deposit account held at a bank or other financial

institution. Though these accounts typically pay a modest interest rate, their safety and reliability
make them a great option for parking cash you want available for short-term needs. Savings
accounts have some limitations on how often you can withdraw funds, but generally offer
exceptional flexibility that’s ideal for building an emergency fund, saving for a short-term goal
like buying a car or going on vacation, or simply sweeping surplus cash you don’t need in your
checking account so it can earn more interest elsewhere.

 Checking Accounts:-

A checking account is a deposit account held at a financial institution that allows

withdrawals and deposits. Also called demand accounts or transactional accounts,
checking accounts are very liquid and can be accessed using checks, automated teller
machines, and electronic debits, among other methods. A checking account differs from
other bank accounts in that it often allows for numerous withdrawals and unlimited
deposits, whereas savings accounts sometimes limit both.

 Money market Accounts:-

A money market account is an interest-bearing account at a bank or credit union—not to

be confused with a money market mutual fund. Sometimes referred to as money market
 deposit accounts (MMDA), money market accounts (MMA) have some features not
found in other types of accounts. Most money market accounts pay a higher interest rate
than regular passbook savings accounts and often include check writing and debit card
privileges. They also come with restrictions that make them less flexible than a regular
checking account. They are important for calculating tangible net worth.

 Current Account:-

The current account records a nation's transactions with the rest of the world—
specifically its net trade in goods and services, its net earnings on cross-border
investments, and its net transfer payments—over a defined period of time, such as a year
or a quarter.

 Retirement Accounts:-

An individual retirement account (IRA) is a tax-advantaged investing tool that individuals use to
earmark funds for retirement savings. There are several types of IRAs.

 Traditional IRAs
 Roth IRAs
 SEP IRAs
 SIMPLE IRAs1

 Foreign Currency Account :-

Dealing in foreign currencies should not be a hassle. As a special facility, Standard Chartered
offers current, savings and term deposit accounts in foreign currency in addition to PKR deposits.

 Fixed Deposit Account :-

As an investment instrument offered by banks and NBFCs (non-banking financial companies),

Fixed Deposit is a great way to grow your savings with utmost safety. It is one of the most
preferred avenues that enable you to deposit a lump sum amount with your financier, and choose
tenure as per your convenience. On completion of the pre-decided tenure, your deposit starts
earning an interest, throughout the chosen duration, as per the interest rate at which you locked in
your deposit.
Q.1. Differentiate between the direct and inverse proportion. Illustrate your
answer with appropriate examples?

Ans:-

Direct and Inverse Proportion

A direct and inverse proportion are used to show how the quantities and amount are related to
each other. They are also mentioned as directly proportional or inversely proportional. The
symbol used to denote the proportionality is’∝’. For example, if we say, a is proportional to b,
then it is represented as ‘a∝b’ and if we say, a is inversely proportional to b, then it is denoted as
‘a∝1/b’. These relations are governed by some proportionality rules. Now in both cases, the
value of ‘a’ changes in terms of ‘b’ or when the value of ‘b’ changes, the value of ‘a’ also get
changed. The change in both values is equated with a constant of proportionality. Basically, a
proportion states that two ratios like a/b and c/d are equal to each other, in such a way, a/b = c/d.
In this article, we will learn the definition, examples and also will solve some questions based on
the concept.

 Direct Proportion
 Proportion Formula
 Proportion Calculator
 Ratio And Proportion
 Important Questions Class 8 Maths Chapter 13 Direct Inverse Proportions

Direct and Inverse Proportion Definitions

The proportion is said to be a direct proportion between two values when one is a multiple of
the other.

For example, 1 cm is equal to 10 mm.

Here, in order to convert cm to mm, the multiplier should be 10.

Direct Proportion
Two quantities a and b are said to be in direct proportion if they increase or decrease together. In
other words, the ratio of their corresponding values remains constant. This means that,

a/ b = k

where k is a positive number, then the quantities a and b are said to vary directly.

In such a case if the values b1, b2 of b corresponding to the values a1, a2 of a respectively then it
becomes;

a1//b1 = a2 /b2

The direct proportion is also known as direct variation.

Directly Proportion Symbol

The symbol used to represent the direct proportion is “∝”.

Consider the statement,

a is directly proportional to b

This can be written using the symbol as:

a∝b

Consider the other statement, a = 2b

In this case, it shows that a is proportional to b, and the value of one variable can be found if the
value of other variable is given.

For example:

Let b=7

Therefore, a = 2 x 7 = 14

Similarly, if you take the value of “a” as 14, you will find the value of b

Such that

14 = 2 x b

14/ 2 = b

Therefore, b=7

Inverse Proportion
The value is said to inversely proportional when one value increases, and the other decreases.
The proportionality symbol is used in a different way. Consider an example; we know that the
more workers on a job would reduce the time to complete the task. It is represented as

Number of workers ∝ (1/ Time taken to complete the job)

Inverse Proportion Definition

Two quantities a and b are said to be in inverse proportion if an increase in the quantity a, there
will be a decrease in the quantity b, and vice-versa. In other words, the product of their
corresponding values should remain constant. Sometimes, it is also known as inverse variation

That is, if ab = k, then a and b are said to vary inversely. In this case, if b 1, b2 are the values of b
corresponding to the values a1, a2 of a respectively then a1 b1 = a2 b2 or a1/a2 = b2 /b1

The statement ‘a is inversely proportional to b is written as

a ∝ 1/b

Here, an equation is given that involves the inverse proportions that can be used to calculate the
other values.

Let,

a = 25/b
Here a is inversely proportional to b

If one value is given, the other value can be easily found.

Say b=10

a= 25/10 = 2.5

Similarly, if a = 2.5, the value of b can be obtained.

2.5 = 25/b

b= 25/2.5 = 10

How to Set up an Equation?

 First, write down the proportional symbol.

 Convert it as an equation using the constant of proportionality.
 Find the constant of proportionality from the given information.
 After finding the constant of proportionality, substitute in an equation.

Direct and Inverse Proportion Examples

Below are examples to understand the concept of direct and inverse proportion in a better way.

Example 1:

A train is moving at a uniform speed of 75 kilometres/hour.

(i)How many kilometres are covered by train in 20 minutes?

(ii) Find the time required to cover a distance of 250 kilometres.

Solution:

Let the distance travelled (in km) in 20 minutes be a and time taken (in minutes) to cover 250 km
be b.

Distance travelled (in km) 75 a 250

Time taken (in minutes) 60 20 b

We know that 1 hour = 60 minutes

Since the speed of the train is uniform, therefore, the distance covered would be directly
proportional to time.

(i) We have 75 /60 = a /20

or (75 /60) 20 = a

or a = 25

So, the train will cover a distance of 25 kilometres in 20 minutes.

(ii) Also, 75/60=250/ b or

b=(250 x 60)/ 75

b = 200 minutes or 3 hours 20 minutes.

Therefore, 3 hours 20 minutes is required to cover a distance of 250 kilometres.

Alternatively, when a is known, then one can determine b, using the relation

a/20 =250/ b

Example 2:

The value f is directly proportional to g. When f = 20, g = 10. Find an equation relating f
and g.

Solution:

Given, f ∝ g

or we can write,

f = kg, where k is the constant proportionality.

20 = k x 10

k=2

Therefore, the required equation is;

f = 2g
 Q.2 (a) A boy bought a bicycle in Rs.10000 and sold in Rs.7500. Determine his profit or
loss in %age.

Purchase = Rs. 10000O

Sell = Rs. 7500
Loss = CP — SP
Loss = 10000 — 7500 = 2500
Loss % = 2500 * 100 / CP
Loss % = 2500 * 100 /10000
Loss % = 250000 / 10000

Loss % = 25%

(b) Find the marked price of a mobile phone which was sold in Rs. 16000 by 40%
discount?

MP= (d/100*16000)
MP= 40/100*16000
MP= 6400
Total Market Price = 16000+ 6400=22400.

Q.3 (a) Differentiate between rational and irrational numbers?

Rational Numbers: The real numbers which can be represented in the form of ration of two
integers, say P/Q, where Q is not equal to zero are called rational numbers.

Irrational Numbers: The real numbers which cannot be expressed in the form of the ratio of
two integers are called irrational numbers.
 S.No Rational Numbers Irrational numbers
1 Numbers that can be expressed as a Numbers that cannot be expressed as a ratio
ratio of two number (p/q form) are of two numbers are termed as an irrational
termed as rational number. number.
2 Rational Number includes numbers, These consist of numbers, which are non-
which are finite or are recurring in nature. terminating and non-repeating in nature.
3 Rational Numbers includes perfect Irrational Numbers includes surds such as
squares such as 4,9,16,25, and so on √2, √3, √5, √7, and so on.
4 Both the numerator and denominator are Irrational numbers cannot be written in
whole numbers, in which the denominator fractional from.
is not equal to zero.
5 Example: 2/3=1.5,3.6767 Example:√5, √1,

(b) Give examples to explain the properties of real numbers

Real number is a value that represents a quantity along a continuous number line. Real numbers

can be ordered. he symbol for the set of real numbers is R, which is the letter R in the typeface
"blackboard bold". the properties of the Real Number System will prove useful when working with
equations, functions and formulas in algebra, as they allow for the creation of equivalent
expressions which will often aid in solving problems. In addition, they can be used to help
explain or justify solutions.

Property (a, b and c are real

numbers, variables or algebraic Examples Verbal hints
expressions)
1. Distributive Property "multiplication
a • (b + c) = a • b + a • c 3 • (4 + 5) = 3 • 4 + 3 • 5 distributes across
addition"
2. Commutative Property of "commute = to get up
Addition and move to a new
3+4=4+3
a+b=b+a location : switch
places"
3. Commutative Property of "commute = to get up
Multiplication and move to a new
3•4=4•3
a•b=b•a location: switch
places"
4. Associative Property of Addition 3 + (4 + 5) = (3 + 4) + 5 "regroup - elements do
 a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c not physically move,
they simply group
with a new friend."
5. Associative Property of "regroup - elements do
Multiplication not physically move,
3 • (4 • 5) = (3 • 4) • 5
a • (b • c) = (a • b) • c they simply group
with a new friend."
6. Additive Identity Property "the value that returns
4+0=4
a+0=a the input unchanged"
7. Multiplicative Identity Property "the value that returns
4•1=4
a•1=a the input unchanged"
8. Additive Inverse Property "the value that brings
a + (-a) = 0 you back to the
4 + (-4) = 0
identity element under
addition"
9. Multiplicative Inverse Property "the value that brings
you back to the
identity element under
multiplication"

10. Zero Property of Multiplication "zero times any value

4•0=0
a•0=0 is 0"
11. Closure Property of Addition "the sum of any two
a + b is a real number real numbers
10 + 5 = 15 (a real number)
is another real
number"
12. Closure Property of "the product of any
Multiplication 10 • 5 = 50 (a real number) two real numbers is
a • b is a real number another real number"
13. Addition Property of Equality "adding the same
If a = b, then a + c = b + c. value to both sides of
If x = 10,
an equation will not
then x + 3 = 10 + 3
change the truth value
of the equation."
14. Subtraction Property of Equality "subtracting the same
If a = b, then a - c = b - c. value from both sides
If x = 10,
of an equation will not
then x - 3 = 10 - 3
change the truth value
of the equation."
15. Multiplication Property of "multiplying both
Equality sides of an equation
If x = 10,
If a = b, then a • c = b • c. by the same value will
then x • 3 = 10 • 3
not change the truth
value of the equation."
16. Division Property of Equality "dividing both sides of
If a = b, then a / c = b / c, an equation by the
If x = 10,
assuming c ≠ 0. same non-zero value
then x / 3 = 10 / 3
will not change truth
value of the equation."
17. Substitution Property "a value may be
If x = 5, and x + y = z,
If a = b, then a may be substituted for its
then 5 + y = z.
substituted for b, or conversely. equal."
18. Reflexive (or Identity) Property "a real number is
of Equality 12 = 12 always
a=a equal to itself"
19. Symmetric Property of Equality "quantities that are
If a = b, then b = a. equal can be read
forward or backward"
20. Transitive Property of Equality "if two numbers are
If a = b and b = c, equal to the same
If 2a = 10 and 10 = 4b,
then a = c. number, then the two
then 2a = 4b.
numbers are equal to
each other"
21. Law of Trichotomy "for two real numbers
Exactly ONE of the following a and b, a is either
holds: a < b, a = b, a > b If 8 > 6, then 8 6 and equal to b, greater than
8 is not < 6. b, or less than b."
(common sense)
Q.4 (a) State Cramer's Rule and solve the following system of equation. Give reason
where solution is not possible.

0.2x - 0.6y = 2

0.6x — 0.2y = 4

Given a system of linear equations, Cramer's Rule is a handy way to solve for just one of the
variables without having to solve the whole system of equations. They don't usually teach
Cramer's Rule this way, but this is supposed to be the point of the Rule: instead of solving the
entire system of equations, you can use Cramer's to solve for just one s'ngle variable.
  3  3 a 5
(b) If C  D t t
 Then prove that A  A and B  B
 3 3   5 a 

Transpose matrix turning row into columns

Transpose matrix turning row into columns

Q.5 (a) Find the relation independent of “y” for the following equation.
 2y2  2y  p
 y2  y q

Answer:

-(q/2) - (p/4)² + (q/2) - (p/4) = q .....(4)

Step-by-step explanation:

we are given that

-2y² - 2y = p .............(1)

-y² + y = q ...........(2)

Multiplying equation (2) by the 2 we get

-2y² + 2y = 2q .............(3)

Subtracting equation (1) and (3) we get

-4y = p - 2q

dividing by -4 we get

y = (q/2) - (p/4)

Putting the value of y = (q/2) - (p/4) in equation (2) we get

-(q/2) - (p/4)² + (q/2) - (p/4) = q .....(4)

Equation (4) is the required equation independent from y because it does not involve y

Thus

-(q/2) - (p/4)² + (q/2) - (p/4) = q .....(4)

(b) Solve the following equations:

i. 7x – 20 = 2x + 5

7x+20=2x+5

Movemos todos los personajes a la izquierda:

7x+20-(2x+5)=0

Nos deshacemos de los paréntesis.

7x-2x-5+20=0

Sumamos todos los números y todas las variables.

5x+15=0

Movemos todos los términos que contienen x al lado izquierdo, todos los demás términos al lado derecho

5x=-15

x=-15/5

x=-3

ii. 19y - 35 = 80 + 10x

19y-10x=80+35

19y-10x=115

-10x=115-19y

10x=19y-115

X=19y/10-115/10