19.

1 [104 marks]
1. [1 mark]
Which conditions deposit the greatest mass of copper when solutions containing copper
ions are electrolysed for 10 minutes?

Markscheme
D
2. [1 mark]
Which statement is correct when a zinc spoon is electroplated with silver?
A.  The cathode (negative electrode) is made of silver.

B.  The anode (positive electrode) is the zinc spoon.

C.  The anode (positive electrode) is made of silver.

D.  The electrolyte is zinc sulfate solution.

Markscheme
C
3a. [1 mark]
Nickel catalyses the conversion of propanone to propan-2-ol.
Outline how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction.

Markscheme
provides an alternative pathway/mechanism AND lower Ea ✔
Accept description of how catalyst lowers Ea (e.g. “reactants adsorb on surface «of catalyst»”,
“reactant bonds weaken «when adsorbed»”).
3b. [2 marks]
Explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate of reaction.

Markscheme
more/greater proportion of molecules with E  Ea ✔
greater frequency/probability/chance of collisions «between the molecules»
OR
more collision per unit of time/second ✔
3c. [3 marks]
Discuss, referring to intermolecular forces present, the relative volatility of propanone and
propan-2-ol.

Markscheme
hydrogen bonding/bonds «and dipole–dipole and London/dispersion forces are present
in» propan-2-ol ✔
dipole–dipole «and London/dispersion are present in» propanone ✔
propan-2-ol less volatile AND hydrogen bonding/bonds stronger «than dipole–dipole »
OR
propan-2-ol less volatile AND «sum of all» intermolecular forces stronger ✔
3d. [1 mark]
The diagram shows an unlabelled voltaic cell for the reaction
¿
Label the diagram with the species in the equation.
Markscheme

3e. [1 mark]
Calculate the standard cell potential, in V , for the cell at 298 K. Use section 24 of the data
booklet

Markscheme
¿<− 0.13 V − ( −0.26 V )=+ ¿>0.13<¿ V >¿ ✔
3f. [1 mark]
Calculate the standard free energy change, G , in k J, for the cell using sections 1 and 2 of
❑

the data booklet.

Markscheme
0.13
¿< Δ G Θ=− n F EΘ =−2 ×96500 × =¿>− 25<¿ k J >¿ ✔
1000
3g. [1 mark]
Suggest a metal that could replace nickel in a new half-cell and reverse the electron flow.
Use section 25 of the data booklet.

Markscheme
Bi/C u / A g /P d / H g /P t / A u ✔
Accept S b OR A s.
3h. [2 marks]
Describe the bonding in metals.

Markscheme
electrostatic attraction ✔
between «a lattice of» metal/positive ions/cations AND «a sea of» delocalized electrons ✔
Accept “mobile/free electrons”.
3i. [1 mark]
Nickel alloys are used in aircraft gas turbines. Suggest a physical property altered by the
addition of another metal to nickel.

Markscheme
Any of:
malleability/hardness
OR
«tensile» strength/ductility
OR
density
OR
thermal/electrical conductivity
OR
melting point
OR
thermal expansion ✔
Do not accept corrosion/reactivity or any chemical property.
Accept other specific physical properties.
4a. [2 marks]
The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.
Determine the frequency of a photon that will cause the first ionization of copper. Use
sections 1, 2 and 8 of the data booklet.
 

Markscheme
745000 J mo l − 1 −18
¿< E= 23 −1
=¿>1.24 × 10 J  ✔
6.02× 10 m o l
¿< E=h ν> ¿
¿<1.24 × 10−18 J =6.63 ×10 −34 J s × ν> ¿
ν=1.87 ×1015 <¿ s −1 / H z> ¿ ✔

Award [2] for correct final answer.

Award [1] for 1.12 × 1039 «Hz».
4b. [3 marks]
The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.
Explain why a copper(II) solution is blue, using section 17 of the data booklet.

Markscheme
orange light is absorbed «and the complementary colour is observed» ✔
Any TWO from:
partially filled d-orbitals ✔
«ligands/water cause» d-orbitals «to» split ✔
light is absorbed as electrons move to a higher energy orbital «in d–d transitions»
OR
light is absorbed as electrons are promoted ✔
energy gap corresponds to «orange» light in the visible region of the spectrum ✔
4c. [1 mark]
The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.
Copper plating can be used to improve the conductivity of an object.
State, giving your reason, at which electrode the object being electroplated should be
placed.

Markscheme
cathode/negative «electrode» AND C u2 +¿¿ reduced «at that electrode» ✔
Accept cathode/negative «electrode» AND copper forms «at that electrode».
5a. [1 mark]
A voltaic cell is made up of nickel and magnesium half-cells.
¿
Write the balanced equation for the reaction in this voltaic cell.

Markscheme
¿ ✔
Accept a balanced molecular equation such as “ M g+ N i S O 4 → M g S O4 + N i ”.
5b. [3 marks]
Calculate the cell potential for 0.0100 m o ld m −3 M g2 +¿ (a q ) ¿ and 0.800 m o ld m −3 N i 2+ ¿ (a q ) ¿ at
298 K. Use sections 1, 2 and 24 of the data booklet.

Markscheme
EO =¿<2.37 − 0.26=¿ >¿ ✔

¿<Q= ( 0.0100
0.800 )
=¿>0.0125  AND ¿< n=¿> 2 ✔

RT 8.31 ×298
¿< E=E − ( ) ln Q=2.11 − (
2 ×96500 )
O
ln 0.0125=¿>¿ ✔
nF

Award [3] for correct final answer.

5c. [1 mark]
Predict, giving a reason, how an increase in temperature affects the potential of this cell.

Markscheme
cell potential/E increases AND increasing temperature favours forward reaction
OR
cell potential/E increases AND G becomes more negative
OR
cell potential/E increases AND R T /n F lnQ becomes more negative ✔

Accept any correct mathematical explanation using the Nernst equation.

6. [1 mark]
Three cells with platinum electrodes are connected in series to a DC power supply.

What is the ratio of moles formed at each cathode (negative electrode)?

Markscheme
B
7. [1 mark]
Which factors affect the amount of product formed at the cathode during electrolysis of
molten salts?
    I. current
    II. time
    III. charge on the cation
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Markscheme
D
8. [1 mark]
Which is not a requirement of the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)?
A. V = 1 dm3
B. p(H2) = 100 kPa
C. use of platinum as the electrode material
D. [H3O+] = 1 mol dm−3

Markscheme
A
9. [1 mark]
Consider the following table of standard electrode potentials.

Which is the strongest oxidizing agent?

A. Pb2+
B. Pb
C. Al3+
D. Al

Markscheme
A
10. [1 mark]
What are the products when concentrated KBr (aq) is electrolyzed?
Markscheme
D
11a. [1 mark]
Copper forms two chlorides, copper(I) chloride and copper(II) chloride.
State the electron configuration of the Cu+ ion.

Markscheme
[Ar] 3d10
OR
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 ✔
11b. [2 marks]
Copper(II) chloride is used as a catalyst in the production of chlorine from hydrogen
chloride.
4HCl (g) + O2 (g) → 2Cl2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔHθ, in kJ, for this reaction, using section 12 of the
data booklet.

Markscheme
ΔHθ = ΣΔHθf (products) − ΣΔHθf (reactants) ✔
ΔHθ = 2(−241.8 «kJ mol−1») − 4(−92.3 «kJ mol−1») = −114.4 «kJ» ✔
 
NOTE: Award [2] for correct final answer.
11c. [2 marks]
The diagram shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and potential energy profile for
the reaction without a catalyst.
Annotate both charts to show the activation energy for the catalysed reaction, using the
label Ea (cat).

Markscheme

Ea (cat) to the left of Ea ✔                        

 
peak lower AND Ea (cat) smaller ✔
11d. [2 marks]
Explain how the catalyst increases the rate of the reaction.

Markscheme
«catalyst provides an» alternative pathway ✔
«with» lower Ea
OR
higher proportion of/more particles with «kinetic» E ≥ Ea(cat) «than Ea» ✔
11e. [3 marks]
Solid copper(II) chloride absorbs moisture from the atmosphere to form a hydrate of
formula CuCl2•xH2O.
A student heated a sample of hydrated copper(II) chloride, in order to determine the value
of x. The following results were obtained:
Mass of crucible = 16.221 g
Initial mass of crucible and hydrated copper(II) chloride = 18.360 g
Final mass of crucible and anhydrous copper(II) chloride = 17.917 g
Determine the value of x.

Markscheme
mass of H2O = «18.360 g – 17.917 g =» 0.443 «g» AND mass of CuCl2 = «17.917 g – 16.221 g
=» 1.696 «g» ✔
 
moles of H2O = «$\frac{0.443\text{g}}{18.02\text{g\,mo}\text{l}^{- 1}}$=» 0.0246 «mol»
OR
moles of CuCl2 =«$\frac{1.696\text{g}}{134.45\text{g\,mo}\text{l}^{- 1}}$= » 0.0126
«mol» ✔

 
«water : copper(II) chloride = 1.95 : 1»

«x =» 2 ✔
NOTE: Accept «x =» 1.95.
NOTE: Award [3] for correct final answer.
11f. [2 marks]
Two electrolysis cells were assembled using graphite electrodes and connected in series as
shown.

 
State how current is conducted through the wires and through the electrolyte.
Wires: 
Electrolyte:

Markscheme
Wires:
«delocalized» electrons «flow» ✔

Electrolyte:
«mobile» ions «flow» ✔
11g. [1 mark]
Write the half-equation for the formation of gas bubbles at electrode 1.

Markscheme
2Cl− → Cl2 (g) + 2e−
OR
1
Cl− → Cl2 (g) + e− ✔
2
NOTE: Accept e for e−.
11h. [1 mark]
Bubbles of gas were also observed at another electrode. Identify the electrode and the gas.
Electrode number (on diagram):
Name of gas: 

Markscheme
«electrode» 3 AND oxygen/O2 ✔
NOTE: Accept chlorine/Cl2.
11i. [1 mark]
Deduce the half-equation for the formation of the gas identified in (c)(iii).

Markscheme
2H2O (l) → 4H+ (aq) + O2 (g) + 4e– ✔
NOTE: Accept 2Cl– (aq) → Cl2 (g) + 2e–.
Accept 4OH− → 2H2O + O2 + 4e−
11j. [2 marks]
Determine the enthalpy of solution of copper(II) chloride, using data from sections 18 and
20 of the data booklet.
The enthalpy of hydration of the copper(II) ion is −2161 kJ mol −1.

Markscheme
enthalpy of solution = lattice enthalpy + enthalpies of hydration «of Cu 2+ and Cl−» ✔
«+2824 kJ mol–1 − 2161 kJ mol–1 − 2(359 kJ mol–1) =» −55 «kJ mol–1» ✔
NOTE: Accept enthalpy cycle.
Award [2] for correct final answer.
11k. [1 mark]
Copper(I) chloride undergoes a disproportionation reaction, producing copper(II) chloride
and copper.
2Cu+ (aq) → Cu (s) + Cu2+ (aq)
Calculate the cell potential at 298 K for the disproportionation reaction, in V, using section
24 of the data booklet.

Markscheme
Eθ = «+0.52 – 0.15 = +» 0.37 «V» ✔
11l. [1 mark]
Comment on the spontaneity of the disproportionation reaction at 298 K.

Markscheme
spontaneous AND Eθ positive ✔
11m. [1 mark]
Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, ΔGθ, to two significant figures, for the
disproportionation at 298 K. Use your answer from (e)(i) and sections 1 and 2 of the data
booklet.

Markscheme
ΔGθ = «−nFE = −1 mol × 96 500 C Mol–1 × 0.37 V=» −36 000 J/−36 kJ ✔
 
NOTE: Accept “−18 kJ mol–1 «per mole of Cu+»”.
Do not accept values of n other than 1.

Apply SF in this question.

Accept J/kJ or J mol−1/kJ mol−1 for units.

11n. [1 mark]
Suggest, giving a reason, whether the entropy of the system increases or decreases during
the disproportionation.

Markscheme
2 mol (aq) → 1 mol (aq) AND decreases ✔
NOTE: Accept “solid formed from aqueous solution AND decreases”.
Do not accept 2 mol → 1 mol without (aq).
11o. [1 mark]
Deduce, giving a reason, the sign of the standard enthalpy change, ΔHθ, for the
disproportionation reaction at 298 K.

Markscheme
ΔGθ < 0 AND ΔSθ < 0 AND ΔHθ < 0
OR
ΔGθ + TΔSθ < 0 AND ΔHθ < 0 ✔
11p. [1 mark]
Predict, giving a reason, the effect of increasing temperature on the stability of copper(I)
chloride solution.

Markscheme
TΔS more negative «reducing spontaneity» AND stability increases ✔
NOTE: Accept calculation showing non-spontaneity at 433 K.
11q. [3 marks]
Dilute copper(II) chloride solution is light blue, while copper(I) chloride solution is
colourless.
Describe how the blue colour is produced in the Cu(II) solution. Refer to section 17 of the
data booklet.
Markscheme
«ligands cause» d-orbitals «to» split ✔
light absorbed as electrons transit to higher energy level «in d–d transitions»
OR
light absorbed as electrons promoted ✔
energy gap corresponds to «orange» light in visible region of spectrum ✔
colour observed is complementary ✔
11r. [1 mark]
Deduce why the Cu(I) solution is colourless.

Markscheme
full «3»d sub-level/orbitals
OR
no d–d transition possible «and therefore no colour» ✔
11s. [1 mark]
When excess ammonia is added to copper(II) chloride solution, the dark blue complex ion,
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+, forms.
State the molecular geometry of this complex ion, and the bond angles within it.
 
Molecular geometry:
Bond angles: 

Markscheme
octahedral AND 90° «180° for axial» ✔
NOTE: Accept square-based bi-pyramid.
11t. [2 marks]
Examine the relationship between the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis definitions of a base,
referring to the ligands in the complex ion [CuCl4]2−.

Markscheme
Any two of:
ligand/chloride ion Lewis base AND donates e-pair ✔
not Brønsted–Lowry base AND does not accept proton/H+ ✔
Lewis definition extends/broader than Brønsted–Lowry definition ✔
12a. [1 mark]
This question is about iron.
Deduce the full electron configuration of Fe2+.

Markscheme
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6   [✔]
12b. [2 marks]
Explain why, when ligands bond to the iron ion causing the d-orbitals to split, the complex
is coloured.

Markscheme
«frequency/wavelength of visible» light absorbed by electrons moving between d
levels/orbitals    [✔]
colour due to remaining frequencies
OR
complementary colour transmitted    [✔]
12c. [1 mark]

State the nuclear symbol notation, ❑ZA X, for iron-54.

Markscheme
❑54
26 Fe     [✔]

12d. [2 marks]
Mass spectrometry analysis of a sample of iron gave the following results:
Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of this sample of iron to two decimal places.

Markscheme
«Ar =» 54 × 0.0584 + 56 × 0.9168 + 57 × 0.0217 + 58 × 0.0031
OR
«Ar =» 55.9111    [✔]
«Ar =» 55.91    [✔]
 
Note: Award [2] for correct final answer

Do not accept data booklet value (55.85).

12e. [2 marks]
An iron nail and a copper nail are inserted into a lemon.

Explain why a potential is detected when the nails are connected through a voltmeter.

Markscheme
lemon juice is the electrolyte
OR
lemon juice allows flow of ions
OR
each nail/metal forms a half-cell with the lemon juice    [✔]
 
Any one of:
iron is higher than copper in the activity series
OR
each half-cell/metal has a different redox/electrode potential     [✔]
 
iron is oxidized
OR
Fe → Fe2+ + 2e−
OR
Fe → Fe3+ + 3e−
OR
iron is anode/negative electrode of cell   [✔]

 
copper is cathode/positive electrode of cell
OR
reduction occurs at the cathode
OR
2H+ + 2e− → H2   [✔]

electrons flow from iron to copper   [✔]

12f. [1 mark]
Calculate the standard electrode potential, in V, when the Fe 2+ (aq) | Fe (s) and Cu2+ (aq) |
Cu (s) standard half-cells are connected at 298 K. Use section 24 of the data booklet.

Markscheme
«Eθ = +0.34 V −(−0.45 V) = +»0.79 «V»   [✔]
12g. [1 mark]
Calculate ΔGθ, in kJ, for the spontaneous reaction in (f)(i), using sections 1 and 2 of the data
booklet.

Markscheme
0.79 J C −1
«ΔGθ = −nFEθ = −2mol × 96 500 C mol−1 ×  =» −152 «kJ»    [✔]
1000
 
Note: Accept range 150−153 kJ.
12h. [2 marks]
Calculate a value for the equilibrium constant, Kc, at 298 K, giving your answer to two
significant figures. Use your answer to (f)(ii) and section 1 of the data booklet. 
(If you did not obtain an answer to (f)(ii), use −140 kJ mol −1, but this is not the correct
value.)

Markscheme
ΔG θ − 152×10 3 Jmol −1
«lnKc = − =− =» 61.38    [✔]
RT 8.31 J K −1 mol − 1 ×298 K
K = 4.5 × 1026    [✔]
 
Note: Accept answers in range 2.0 × 1026 to 5.5 × 1026.
Do not award M2 if answer not given to two significant figures.
If −140 kJmol−1 used, answer is 3.6 × 1024.
13. [2 marks]
An aqueous solution of silver nitrate, AgNO3 (aq), can be electrolysed using platinum
electrodes.
Formulate the half-equations for the reaction at each electrode during electrolysis.
Cathode (negative electrode):
Anode (positive electrode):

Markscheme
Cathode (negative electrode):
Ag+ (aq) + e− → Ag (s)    [✔]

Anode (positive electrode):

2H2O(l) → O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e−    [✔]
 
Note: Accept 4OH− (aq) → O2 (g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e−
Accept multiple or fractional coefficients in both half-equations.
14a. [1 mark]
Rhenium, Re, was the last element with a stable isotope to be isolated.
The stable isotope of rhenium contains 110 neutrons.

State the nuclear symbol notation ❑ZA X for this isotope.

Markscheme
❑185
75 ℜ    [✔]

14b. [2 marks]
Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and some of its
properties.
Suggest the basis of these predictions.

Markscheme
gap in the periodic table
OR
element with atomic number «75» unknown
OR
break/irregularity in periodic trends     [✔]
«periodic table shows» regular/periodic trends «in properties»      [✔]
14c. [2 marks]
A scientist wants to investigate the catalytic properties of a thin layer of rhenium metal on
a graphite surface.

Describe an electrochemical process to produce a layer of rhenium on graphite.

Markscheme
electrolyze «a solution of /molten» rhenium salt/Re n+     [✔]
graphite as cathode/negative electrode
OR
rhenium forms at cathode/negative electrode     [✔]
 
Note: Accept “using rhenium anode” for M1.
14d. [2 marks]
Predict two other chemical properties you would expect rhenium to have, given its position
in the periodic table.
Markscheme
Any two of:
variable oxidation states     [✔]
forms complex ions/compounds     [✔]
coloured compounds/ions     [✔]
«para»magnetic compounds/ions     [✔]
 
Note: Accept other valid responses related to its chemical metallic properties.
Do not accept “catalytic properties”.
14e. [2 marks]
Describe how the relative reactivity of rhenium, compared to silver, zinc, and copper, can
be established using pieces of rhenium and solutions of these metal sulfates.

Markscheme
place «pieces of» Re into each solution    [✔]
if Re reacts/is coated with metal, that metal is less reactive «than Re»    [✔]
 
Note: Accept other valid observations such as “colour of solution fades” or “solid/metal
appears” for “reacts”.
14f. [1 mark]
One chloride of rhenium has the empirical formula ReCl3.
State the name of this compound, applying IUPAC rules.

Markscheme
rhenium(III) chloride
OR
rhenium trichloride    [✔]
14g. [2 marks]
Calculate the percentage, by mass, of rhenium in ReCl 3.
Markscheme
«Mr ReCl3 = 186.21 + (3 × 35.45) =» 292.56    [✔]
186.21
«100 ×  =» 63.648 «%»   [✔]
292.56
14h. [1 mark]
Rhenium forms salts containing the perrhenate(VII) ion, ReO4−.
Suggest why the existence of salts containing an ion with this formula could be predicted.
Refer to section 6 of the data booklet.

Markscheme
same group as Mn «which forms MnO4-»
OR
in group 7/has 7 valence electrons, so its «highest» oxidation state is +7    [✔]
14i. [1 mark]
Deduce the coefficients required to complete the half-equation.
ReO4− (aq) + ____H+ (aq) + ____e− ⇌ [Re(OH)2]2+ (aq) + ____H2O (l)        Eθ = +0.36 V

Markscheme
ReO4− (aq) + 6H+ (aq) + 3e− ⇌ [Re(OH)2]2+ (aq) + 2H2O (l)    [✔]
14j. [1 mark]
Predict, giving a reason, whether the reduction of ReO4− to [Re(OH)2]2+ would oxidize Fe2+ to
Fe3+ in aqueous solution. Use section 24 of the data booklet.

Markscheme
no AND ReO4− is a weaker oxidizing agent than Fe3+
OR
no AND Fe3+ is a stronger oxidizing agent than ReO4−
OR
no AND Fe2+ is a weaker reducing agent than [Re(OH)2]2+
OR
no AND [Re(OH)2]2+ is a stronger reducing agent than Fe2+
OR
no AND cell emf would be negative/–0.41 V     [✔]
15a. [2 marks]
A proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell uses pure hydrogen gas as the fuel and a
proton exchange membrane as the electrolyte.
 
Deduce the half-equations for the reactions occurring at the electrodes.

Anode (negative electrode):

Cathode (positive electrode):

Markscheme
Anode (negative electrode):
H2 (g) → 2H+ (aq) + 2e− ✔
Cathode (positive electrode):
O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e− → 2H2O (l) ✔
NOTE: Accept any correct integer or fractional coefficients. Award [1 max] for M1 and M2 if
correct half-equations are given at the wrong electrodes OR if incorrect reversed half-
equations are given at the correct electrodes.
15b. [1 mark]
Calculate the cell potential, Eθ, in V, using section 24 of the data booklet.
Markscheme
(+)1.23 «V» ✔
NOTE: Do not accept “-1.23 «V»”.
15c. [1 mark]
Suggest how PEM fuel cells can be used to produce a larger voltage than that calculated in
(b)(i).

Markscheme
connect several fuel cells in series
OR
increase pressure/concentration of reactant/hydrogen/oxygen ✔
NOTE: Do not accept changes in [H+]/pH as they do not affect cell potential in this case.
Do not accept reference to quantity for “concentration”.
15d. [1 mark]
Suggest an advantage of the PEM fuel cell over the lead-acid battery for use in cars.

Markscheme
liquid in cell is less/not corrosive
OR
does not contain lead/toxic chemicals
OR
larger energy density/charge capacity/current per unit mass
OR
does not have to be charged prior to use / is always ready for use «as long as fuel is
available» ✔
15e. [3 marks]
A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) uses light energy to produce electricity.
Outline the functions of the dye, TiO2 and the electrolyte in the operation of the DSSC.
Dye: 
TiO2:
Electrolyte:

Markscheme
Dye:
absorbs photons/light
OR
releases electrons ✔
TiO2:
conducts current/electricity
OR
semiconductor ✔
Electrolyte:
reduces/regenerates «the oxidized» dye ✔
15f. [1 mark]
Suggest an advantage of the DSSC over silicon-based photovoltaic cells.

Markscheme
Any one of:
cheaper/ease of manufacture
OR
plentiful and renewable resources «to construct DSSC cells» ✔
use light of lower energy/lower frequency/longer wavelength
OR
use of nanoparticles provides large surface area for exposure to sunlight/sun/light
OR
can absorb better under cloudy conditions ✔
operate at lower «internal» temperatures
OR
better at radiating heat away «since constructed with thin front layer of conductive plastic
compared to glass box in photovoltaic cells» ✔
better conductivity ✔
more flexible/durable ✔
NOTE: Accept “lower mass/lighter «so greater flexibility to integrate into windows etc.»” OR
“greater power-conversion efficiency «with latest DSSC models»”.
16. [1 mark]
Which is correct for a redox reaction where the standard electrode potential is negative?
ΔGΘ = −nFEΘ and ΔGΘ = −RT ln K
 
A.   ΔGΘ is negative and K is less than 1.
B.   ΔGΘ is negative and K is greater than 1.
C.   ΔGΘ is positive and K is less than 1.
D.   ΔGΘ is positive and K is greater than 1.

Markscheme
C
17. [1 mark]
Consider the standard electrode potentials:
Cr3+ (aq) + 3e− ⇌ Cr (s)       EΘ = −0.74 V
Hg2+ (aq) + 2e− ⇌ Hg (l)      EΘ = +0.85 V
What is the cell potential, in V, for the voltaic cell?
2Cr (s) + 3Hg2+ (aq) → 3Hg (l) + 2Cr3+ (aq)
 
A.   −1.59
B.   +0.11
C.   +1.07
D.   +1.59

Markscheme
D
18. [1 mark]
What are the products of electrolysis when concentrated calcium bromide solution is
electrolysed using graphite electrodes?
Markscheme
A
19. [1 mark]
Which combination would electroplate an object with copper?

Markscheme
B
20. [1 mark]
What does not affect the mass of products formed in electrolysis of an aqueous solution?
A.     Current
B.     Duration of electrolysis
C.     Initial mass of cathode
D.     Charge on the ions

Markscheme
C

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