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Measuring Banking Sector Development: Financial Sector Indicators Note: 1
Measuring Banking Sector Development: Financial Sector Indicators Note: 1
Conventional measures of banking sector Financial Sector Development Indicators for banking
The traditional indicators utilized for assessing Traditional New
the size, depth and development of a country’s Size Access
Size Broad access
banking (financial) sector are: Deposit money bank assets to GDP Branch and ATM density
• The ratio of M2 to GDP Central bank assets to GDP Average loan and deposit size
M2 to GDP Loan & deposit accounts per capita
• The ratio of private credit to GDP. Deposits to GDP Household access
In particular, both these measures have been Intermediation % of people with bank account
Private credit to GDP Firm access
used to show the causal effects of financial Private credit to total credit Collateral needed for loan
Private credit to deposits % of firms with financing constraints
development on economic growth. However,
Efficiency
both measures have some limitations: Size of banking sector Profitability
• The ratio of M2 to GDP captures the degree of Percent of GDP Percent Return on assets
1.5 12
Net interest margin
monetization in the system, but does not Private
NPL/Total Loans
Efficiency
capture the degree of bank intermediation. credit/ GDP Operating costs
Lending spread
• The ratio of private credit to GDP does not 1.0 8
Days to clear check
control for non-performing loans and more Competitiveness
Concentration ratio
generally, the quality of credit allocation. 0.5 4 Ownership
• Both measures do not capture the broad Stability
Capital adequacy
access to bank finance by individuals and 0.0 0
Capital adequacy ratio
High-income: Developing
firms, the quality of bank services and the OECD countries
Asset quality
(a) Lenders
efficiency of providing banking services. NPL refers to non-performing loans. Non-performing loans
• In general, the quality and availability of indica- Real credit growth
Loan concentration
tors on financial stability is limited and the Large loan exposures to capital
documentation of institutional framework (b) Borrowers
Firm leverage
supporting banking lacks robustness. Interest coverage ratio
Household debt to GDP
Liquidity
New indicators for going beyond the size Liquid asset ratio
Other
The Financial Sector Development Indicators Net FX position-to-capital
(FSDI) project has compiled indicators that go Default probability of banks
beyond size, and can help assess access,
efficiency and stability of financial systems
across and within countries. Banking systems
can score very differently on each of these four nations. The conventionally used, as well as new
dimensions. It is therefore important to consider indicators relevant for assessment of banking
these dimensions jointly and in various combi- system are summarized in the table above. The
page 1
Financial Sector Operations and Policy Financial Sector Development Indicators
Comprehensive assessment through enhanced information capacity
Contact: FSDI@worldbank.org
indicators within each dimension are also Access limited in low-income countries
summarized in a composite index for the pur- Utilizing information from new indicators, it
poses of benchmarking and classifying coun- becomes clear that while the difference between
tries. the high-income and developing countries is
relatively less pronounced in terms of size and
The majority of the new indicators refer to depth, it is quite stark in terms of access. Using
access to finance. These indicators summarize the traditional measure of financial development,
the ability of households and firms in a country private credit to GDP, the difference between the
to access finance and the actual usage of rich and poor countries is comparatively less
banking services. New indicators on efficiency pronounced. The ratio of private credit to GDP
include the number of days it takes to clear a varies from 15 percent in low income countries
check or to do a wire transfer in a country, a new to 95 percent in high income countries, or in
measure of the degree of bank competition, and other words a 6-fold difference. However, ac-
information on the degree of state or foreign cess to finance varies widely across countries,
ownership of banks. New indicators on the both in terms of high versus low-income and
stability of the banking sector, among others, within developing countries themselves. The
comprise market-based measures of the prob- number of bank accounts per person in high-
ability of default of banks in a country, and data income countries is on average 2.2, compared
on the quality and performance of corporate to an average of 0.1 in low-income countries, or
sector and household borrowers, thus incorpo- a 22-fold difference. In Madagascar, only 14 out
rating the user side of finance. In addition, the of 1000 people have a bank account, while in
stability dimension includes some of the new Austria; on average people have more than 3
financial stability indicators collected by the IMF, bank accounts. Such a comparison, otherwise
such as information on large loan exposures restricted without information on bank accounts,
and concentration of lending activity. suggests that access to finance is particularly
curtailed in low income countries.
The FSDI also comprises data on the develop-
ment of other parts of the financial sector, such
as capital markets and insurance, thus captur-
ing the relationships between the banking and
various other sectors. There are also new
indicators on the quality of the legal infrastruc- Private credit and number of deposits accounts, 2004
ture that supports bank finance, such as creditor Percent Units
rights, bankruptcy framework, credit information, 100 3
Private
and bank regulation and supervision. credit to
Number of
accounts per
80 GDP person
Number of bank accounts per person 2
This measure is an indicator of the use of banking 60
services. Based on a questionnaire circulated among
bank regulatory agencies and publicly available data, 40
information on the number and value of deposits for 54 1
countries for the year 2004 was collected. A higher
20
number of bank accounts is interpreted as a signal of
greater use of services. This is the first compilation and
analysis of consistent and comparable cross-country data 0 0
High- Developing Low- Lower Upper
on the outreach or penetration of banking systems.
income countries income Middle-income
page 2
Financial Sector Operations and Policy Financial Sector Development Indicators
Comprehensive assessment through enhanced information capacity
Contact: FSDI@worldbank.org
The limited access to bank finance is also Financial depth and access
highlighted in the relationship between traditional Number of deposit accounts per capita
and other new data on access to banking. The Depth and access not
correlated at intermediate
chart (top) shows the relationship between M2/ 3 level of financial development
GDP (a traditional measure of financial depth)
and the number of bank accounts (deposits) per
2
person, which is a proxy for the use of banking
services. The data on bank accounts are col- 2
R = 0.2565
lected using a extensive survey of bank regula- 1
tory agencies. The data show that, especially at
intermediate levels of financial development, 0
financial size and access to banking are not 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
correlated. This illustrates the importance of M2/GDP (%)
comparing data on access to finance when
assessing financial development in countries. Concentration is not correlated with efficiency
Operating costs to total assets
0.18
Concentration does not imply low efficiency
For the bank efficiency dimension, FSDI in-
cludes not only traditional measures of bank
profitability (e.g. return on assets) and efficiency 0.12
(e.g. ratio of operating costs to assets) but also
information on the structure of banking system
and measures of the competitiveness of the 0.06
banking systems (e.g. percentage of banks
assets that are foreign or state-owned, or the
three-bank concentration ratio). 0.00
0 50 100 150 200
3-bank asset concentration ratio (%)
page 3
Financial Sector Operations and Policy Financial Sector Development Indicators
Comprehensive assessment through enhanced information capacity
Contact: FSDI@worldbank.org
The general notion is that a more concentrated More efficient banking systems exhibit greater depth
M2/GDP (%)
banking sector is less efficient. However, the
300
chart (bottom, previous page) below shows that
the three-bank asset concentration is not corre-
lated with the ratio of operating cost to assets, a
traditional measure of efficiency. This suggests 200
page 4
Financial Sector Operations and Policy Financial Sector Development Indicators
Comprehensive assessment through enhanced information capacity
Contact: FSDI@worldbank.org