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State-Space Transient Analysis of Single-Phase Transmission Lines With Corona
State-Space Transient Analysis of Single-Phase Transmission Lines With Corona
Abstract - State-space techniques are used for the use of special analysis techniques [6-9]. In some others
computation of the surge response of a transmission line with linear constant capacitors and resistors, diodes and dc
corona. The transmission line is treated as the series voltage sources are commonly used [10,11]. However,
connection of short line sections, and the effect of corona is most of the computational methods available are applicable
represented in each section by a nonlinear (voltage
to some specific models and cannot easily extend to other
dependent) capacitor-conductance branch. Surge response of
the transmission line is obtained for various corona models by corona representations.
taking into account the corona loss and the dynamic variation In this paper, the state-space technique presented in
of the corona parameters. Computed results are compared [12] is used for the computation of electromagnetic
with measured results available in the literature. transients on a single-phase transmission line with corona.
The method is based on the formulation of state equations
Keywords - transmission line, electromagnetic transients, from the lumped-parameter transmission line model and
corona, state-space technique, nonlinear elements. conversion of these equations into a set of linear algebraic
equations by the use of trapezoidal rule of integration. To
I. INTRODUCTION simulate the corona mechanism, a nonlinear shunt
capacitance is used to represent q-v characteristic of the
Corona is an electrostatic discharge mechanism which charge accumulation, and a nonlinear conductance is used
occurs due to ionisation in an insulation material subjected to characterize the power loss in corona. Two analytical
to electric field intensity over a critical level. Corona is the corona models available in the literature [2,13,14] are
cause of power loss on transmission lines, audible noise, examined involving the corona loss and the dynamic
and electromagnetic interference in communication variation of the corona parameters. Advantages of the
systems. As the corona phenomenon has significant state-space method over the existing methods are that no
effects, it has drawn great attention and becomes an convergence, initialisation, instability problems, and no
important aspect in many engineering areas. Analysis of restrictions such as the number and configuration of
corona is important for power system protection since nonlinear elements.
lightning surges travelling on transmission lines are
significantly infuluenced by corona, and determination of II. STATE-SPACE REPRESENTATION
electromagnetic transients for the prediction of insulation
level and design of the surge arrestors requires that corona A. Formulation
effects be included.
Transmission line is a distributed parameter system.
One way to determine the effect of corona is to perform Current and voltage relations on a transmission line are
the experiments. However, for every set of new parameters expressed by partial differential equations, known as
(such as the shape and magnitude of the applied voltage,
Telegrapher’s Equations. When corona effects are
the dimensions and physical properties of the transmission
included, solution of these equations is difficult. To
system, etc.), this requires performing of a new
overcome this difficulty, lumped parameter transmission
experiment, and in many cases, even the experimental
line modelling is used, and the transmission line is
results may not be available because physical system does represented by a large number of identical lumped
not exist yet as in the design problems.
parameter sections connected in series to simulate its
The equations describing the corona behaviour cannot
distributed nature [15-17]. Nonlinear (voltage dependent)
be combined with the partial differential equations of
capacitance-conductance branches of the corona can be
transmission lines in a closed-form formulation. Therefore,
combined with the geometric shunt parameters of the
numerical methods based on time domain solutions such as transmission line and L-equivalent model shown in Fig. 1
the finite difference methods [1-3] and the method of is thus used to simulate one section of the transmission
characteristics [4,5] are generally used, or models
line. In this model, R and L are the resistance and
involving distributed nonlinear hysteresis-loop behaviour
inductance of one section, nonlinear G is the shunt
are evaluated for implementation in the EMTP
conductance representing corona losses, and nonlinear C
(Electromagnetic Transients Program) modelling [6-11]. In
represents both the geometric and the corona capacitance.
some of these models, nonlinear (voltage dependent) R and L in this model are constants, but G and C are
resistors and capacitors are used, which necessitates the functions of the voltage due to corona. The lumped
International Conference on Power Systems Transients – IPST 2003 in New Orleans, USA
where x is the state vector with the initial value xo, A and B
are the coefficient matrices with proper dimensions, and u
represents the vector of inputs. Assuming a voltage source Fig. 1 L-section of a transmission line segment with
at the sending-end of the line, and using the network theory corona.
we obtain the state equations as:
By employing the trapezoidal rule of integration, the
i1 −R/L −1/L 0 0 i1 1/L
1 1 1
i2 0 1/L −R/L −1/L 0 0 i2 0
h h h
d (I − Ak ) x k +1 = ( I + Ak ) x k + B (uk + uk + 1 ) (3)
v2 = 0 0 1/C2 −G2 /C2 −1/C2 v2+ 0 u(t)
dt 2 2 2
0
where
(2)
h
Aˆ k = ( I − Ak ) (5)
The above set of first order differential equations are 2
obtained by choosing inductor currents and capacitor and
h h
voltages in the transmission line model as the state bk = ( I + Ak ) x k + B (u k + u k + 1 ) (6)
variables. In this equation the elements of the state vector 2 2
are inductor currents (ij, j=1,2,...,n) and capacitor voltages In the above set of equations, subscript k and k+1 for
(vj , j=1,2,3,..,n) shown in Fig. 2, and Gj and Cj are the state vector x and input u denotes the values of these
conductance and capacitance of section j, respectively. vectors at tk and tk+1 , respectively. Before
B. Solution of State Equations starting to a new state, the coefficient matrices are renewed
depending on terminal voltages of the nonlinear elements
Since the capacitors and conductances of the line with in the system. Subsequently, the new coefficient matrix
corona are voltage dependent, many elements in matrix A Ak+1 is determined. Then, the state vector at a discrete time
are variable and the state equations describing the point is determined by solving Eqn. (4) and thus the
behaviour of the system cannot be solved analytically. One response of the system is obtained by repetitively solving
way to solve the nonlinear state equations is to transform this set of equations starting from k=0. The flowchart for
these equations into a set of linear algebraic equations by the state-space algorithm is shown in Fig. 3. For the
employing the numerical integration methods [12]. Time solution of the linear set of equations in (4), LU
discretization used for numerical integration facilitates decomposition given in the next section has been applied.
representation of nonlinear variations in the system.
R L R L R L
i1 v1 i2 v2 in vn
ooo
G C1 G C2 Gn Cn
1 2
ooo
2
International Conference on Power Systems Transients – IPST 2003 in New Orleans, USA
where
voltage, kV
k R = σ G r / 2h x10 −11 mho/m (16) 800
V. CONCLUSIONS
4
International Conference on Power Systems Transients – IPST 2003 in New Orleans, USA
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