CASE PRESENTATION

ATHEROSCLORETIC

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Lopez, John Mathew

Caido, Amorlina

Mr. Julius A. Jurado

ADVISER
 Table of Contents

 Introduction

A. Description of Illness

B. Prevalence Rate

C. Risk Factor (Predisposing/Precipitating)

D. Etiology

E. Sign & Symptoms

F. Diagnosis

G. Treatment

H. Complication

I. Pervention

 Patient’s Profile

 Anatomy & Physiology

 Laboratory Test

 Drug Study

 FDAR

 Health Teachings

 Reference
 ATHEROSCLORETIC

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

INTRODUCTION

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Plaque is

made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over

time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich

blood to your organs and other parts of your body.

Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the

blood. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. This limits the flow of

oxygen-rich blood to your organs and other parts of your body.

TYPES OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS

 Coronary artery disease

 Carotid artery disease

 Peripheral artery disease

 Kidney disease
Prevalence Rate

In the United States, about 610,000 people die of heart disease every year. That is 1

of every 4 deaths. Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the

Western world killing over 370,000 people annually. On an average, about 735,000

Americans have a heart attack every year. Out of these, 525,000 have an initial

attack, and 210,000 have a recurrent attack. It has been reported that 75% of acute

myocardial infarctions occur from plaque rupture and the highest incidence of plaque

rupture was observed in men over 45 years; whereas, in women, the incidence

increases beyond age 50 years. This higher prevalence of atherosclerosis in men

compared to women is attributed to the protective function of female sex hormones

but is lost after menopause.

Out of 7700 eligible subjects, 64% to 93.7% responded to different survey items.

Age-adjusted hypertension prevalence was 24.6% at a single visit and 20.6% when

corrected for true prevalence. The prevalence of diabetes was 3.9% on the basis of

fasting blood glucose (FBG), 5.2% by FBG and history, and 6.0% when 2-hour post-

load plasma glucose level was determined. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was
72.0% and the prevalence of smoking was 31%. The prevalence of obesity was

4.9% by body mass index (BMI), and 10.2% and 65.6% by waist-hip ratio (WHR) in

men and women, respectively. The prevalence of coronary, cerebrovascular, and

peripheral arterial diseases were 1.1%, 0.9%, and 1.0%, respectively.

The prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerosis were higher in 2008 than in 2003,

although the increase in diabetes was not significant and smoking decreased. These

findings indicate a need for active collaborative intervention by all government

agencies and medical societies in the Philippines.

RISK FACTORS

Who Is at High Risk for Atheroscloretic Cardiovascular Disease?

Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that may start as early as childhood.

However, it can progress rapidly.

Predisposing:

 High Triglyceride

 Gender

 HPN

 Heredity

Precipitating:

 Obesity
  Physical inactivity

 High saturated fat diet

 Smoking

 Type 1 Diabetes

 High blood pressure

 High cholesterol

ETIOLOGY

Atherosclerosis is the narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup on the artery

walls. Arteries carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body. A thin layer of cells

forms a lining that keeps them smooth and allows blood to flow easily. This is called
the endothelium. Atherosclerosis happens when the endothelium becomes

damaged, due to factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, or high levels of

glucose, fat, and cholesterol in the blood.

This damage allows a collection of substances, known as plaque, to build up in the

artery wall. These substances include fat and cholesterol.

Over time, plaque can build up and become hard. If plaque continues to collect, it

can block the artery and disrupt the flow of blood around the body. Sometimes,

pieces of plaque break open. If this happens, particles from blood cells, known as

platelets, gather in the affected area. These can stick together, forming blood clots.

A clot can block the artery, leading to life threatening complications, such

as stroke and heart attack. Atherosclerosis can affect any artery, but it mainly occurs

in the larger, high pressure arteries. Find out the difference between a stroke and a

heart attack, and how to recognize each, here.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

Most symptoms of atherosclerosis don’t show up until a blockage occurs. Common

symptoms include:

 chest pain or angina

 pain in your leg, arm, and anywhere else that has a blocked artery

 shortness of breath

 fatigue

 confusion, which occurs if the blockage affects circulation to your brain

 muscle weakness in your legs from lack of circulation

It’s also important to know the symptoms of heart attack and stroke. Both of these

can be caused by atherosclerosis and require immediate medical attention.

The symptoms of a heart attack include:

 chest pain or discomfort

 pain in the shoulders, back, neck, arms, and jaw

 abdominal pain

 shortness of breath

 perspiration

 lightheadedness
  nausea or vomiting

 a sense of impending doom

The symptoms of stroke include:

 weakness or numbness in the face or limbs

 trouble speaking

 trouble understanding speech

 vision problems

 loss of balance

 sudden, severe headache

Heart attack and stroke are both medical emergencies. Call 911 or your local

emergency services and get to a hospital’s emergency room as soon as possible if

you experience symptoms of a heart attack or stroke.

DIAGNOSIS
Your doctor will perform a physical exam if you have symptoms of atherosclerosis.

They’ll check for:

 a weakened pulse

 an aneurysm, an abnormal bulging or widening of an artery due to weakness

of the arterial wall

 slow wound healing, which indicates a restricted blood flow

A cardiologist may listen to your heart to see if you have any abnormal sounds.

They’ll be listening for a whooshing noise, which indicates that an artery is blocked.

Your doctor will order more tests if they think you may have atherosclerosis.

Tests can include:

 a blood test to check your cholesterol levels

  a Doppler ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create a picture of the

artery that shows if there’s a blockage

 an ankle-brachial index (ABI), which looks for a blockage in your arms or legs

by comparing the blood pressure in each limb

 a magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or a computed tomography

angiography (CTA) to create pictures of the large arteries in your body

 a cardiac angiogram, which is a type of chest X-ray that’s taken after your

heart arteries are injected with radioactive dye

 an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), which measures the electrical activity in

your heart to look for any areas of decreased blood flow

 a stress test, or exercise tolerance test, which monitors your heart rate and

blood pressure while you exercise on a treadmill or stationary bicycle

The Healthline FindCare tool can provide options in your area if you need help

finding a cardiologist.

TREATMENT

Treatment involves changing your current lifestyle to decrease the amount of fat and

cholesterol you consume. You may need to exercise more to improve the health of

your heart and blood vessels. Unless your atherosclerosis is severe, your doctor

may recommend lifestyle changes as the first line of treatment. You may also need

additional medical treatments, such as medications or surgery.

Medications can help prevent atherosclerosis from worsening.

Medications for treating atherosclerosis include:

 cholesterol-lowering medications, including statins and fibrates

 angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors , which may help prevent

narrowing of your arteries

 beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers to lower your blood pressure

 diuretics, or water pills, to help lower your blood pressure

 anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin to prevent blood from

clotting and clogging your arteries

Aspirin is particularly effective for people with a history of atherosclerotic

cardiovascular disease (e.g., heart attack and stroke). An aspirin regimen can

reduce your risk of having another health event.

SURGERY

If symptoms are especially severe or if muscle or skin tissue are endangered,

surgery may be necessary.

Possible surgeries for treating atherosclerosis include:

 bypass surgery, which involves using a vessel from somewhere else in your

body or a synthetic tube to divert blood around your blocked or narrowed

artery
  thrombolytic therapy, which involves dissolving a blood clot by injecting a drug

into your affected artery

 angioplasty, which involves using a catheter and a balloon to expand your

artery, sometimes inserting a stent to leave the artery open

 endarterectomy, which involves surgically removing fatty deposits from your

artery

 atherectomy, which involves removing plaque from your arteries by using a

catheter with a sharp blade at one end

COMPLICATION

\ Atherosclerosis can cause:

 heart failure

 heart attack

 abnormal heart rhythm

 stroke

 death

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Lifestyle changes can help to prevent as well as treat atherosclerosis, especially for

people with type 2 diabetes.

Helpful lifestyle changes include:

 eating a healthy diet that’s low in saturated fat and cholesterol

 avoiding fatty foods

 adding fish to your diet twice per week

 getting at least 75 minutes of vigorous exercise or 150 minutes of moderate

exercise each week

 quitting smoking if you’re a smoker

 losing weight if you’re overweight or obese

 managing stress

 treating conditions associated with atherosclerosis, such as hypertension,

high cholesterol, and diabetes

 PATIENT’S PROFILE

Name : Patient F
Sex : Male

Date of Birth : May 10, 1959

Age : 62 year old

Addresses : ST. Benedict ST. Purok 5 PH1, BRGY.

Malanday, Marikina City

Nationality : Filipino

Religion : Christian

Date of Admission : June 06, 2021

Time of Admission : 1:06pm

Attending Physician : Dra. Eleonor Gagalang

Chief Complain : Difficulty of Breathing

Final Diagnosis : Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

History of Present illness

Three years prior to admission, the patient had onset of exertional dyspnea

associated with easy fatigability and bipedal edema. He sought consult with a private

physician and was managed as a case of congestive heart failure. The condition

improved. For 3 years the condition was recurrent but he just took his medications
and he was compliant with his follow up. He was able to do his daily activities. Until,

1 week prior to admission, the patient had recurrence of difficulty of breathing

associated with bloatedness and bipedal edema. He was then brough in and was

admitted.

Initial vital signs prior to confinement:

BP: 100/60 mmHG

PR: 70 bpm

RR: 18 cpm

T: 36 c

Past Medical History

According tomother,he experienced cough,cold,fever.

Family History

There is no history of dengue cases within patient’s family member except with his

two cousins who lived in the same barangay.

Social/ Personal History

Patient is usually staying in their bedroom

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