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    Thesis Report L.bekken

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    Lateral behavior of large diameter offshore monopile foundations for wind turbines ‘Thesis report Leon Bekken e _ TUDelft © Ballast Nedam Lateral behavior of large diameter offshore monopile foundations for wind turbines Thesis report Leon Bekken E-MAIL: LBetken@hatmall.com G racityof tEngetg ord once TUDelft awe et sxqszmsee balat Nadam Engineering @ Ballast Nedam ates #31 (0)30 285 4000 fuveirt @ Ballast Nedam caeeeecend Engnoering Preface ‘This document is the thesis fr the Haster of Science Geotechnical Engineering curculum of the Dele Unversity of Tecnology. This reports led “Lateral behavior of lorge diameter offshore ‘monople foundations for wind turbines. The research was carried out by Leon Bekken et the ofce (oF Balas: Nesam Engineering In Neuwegein. ‘The thesis commitze consist of the fllowing people ng. H3. Everts qubelr I-A. Koostra/I.}. Oudhof Ballast Nedam Engineering Or. RB. Brinkgreve Tu Dat Plals BY. FH. Luger Detares rr Kd. Baker Tu belt My sincere thanks to all members ofthis committee for their profesional guidence, patience and support during tis final thesis. In adetion, I would tke to thank Jom Tonnizen for Ns help Fourter, T woud Ike to thank Abjan Jacobse for he help with programming of the input and analyzing ofthe results inthe 3-dimensinal inte element program of Plans Nleuwegen, October 2008 Leon Betden fupeitt @ Ballast Nedam ‘Summary Offshore wind parks promise to become an important source of energy In the near future. Many ‘ew wind parks wil be installed in the European Seas, To make econemic use of offshore wind energy possible, foundation structures with minimum cost, but suficent stfness have to be Gesigned. One founcaton concept that as often been realized recently isthe moneple concep ‘The tradtional monopl san open ended large ameter ste! cynical ple riven into eS, ‘The lade from wind, waves and currents mus be in equlrum with the reacton of the sl, The 5 reaction is mobilzed when the foundation pile tarts to defect malny lateral due to the Tatra eres. inthe offsnare eneray industry the soln horaontlple-rall interaction problems Ie normally modeled by means of mult-snesr depth-dependent elastic-plastic sol springs, the 50 Cale pry curves. A common method for defining these springs is developed by the American Petroleum Institute (API). The py method wae developed using empirical resus rom laboratory tests and ful-scale ple tet, The p-y method l er for ples with a damster of up to 2.0m, 18 Is not known whether the py method can be used forthe design of large diameter monopie Foundations for ashore wind turbines. The large sarmeter monople foundations are reatvely short, they have 2 smalier length () / ameter (0) rato than the foundation ples vee for the verféation ofthe p-y curves ofthe At “The objective ofthis thesis sto determine f te 3-dimensional Fine Element Mode! (FEM) gives beter and more relate results than the p-y methed forthe design af offshore foundation pls snd to determine ithe uy methos issuable forthe design of large diameter monople Foundations, Im tis these a study performed onthe eftets of increasing the pile dareter + Whe effet of the normal elective stresses, the horzotal shear steares and the vertical shear stresses around and along the pile shaft; ‘+ thee of te shearing rasitarce in the ple ip due to the pile tip espacement; + the eect of te interaction between the sol springs. In ths thesis the results of the pry method are compared withthe results of 30 FE calculations for both a smal lameter foundation ple (0 = 1.0 m) one for @ large eiameter monape foundation (O = 4.3 m). Both ples ae embedded 25 m in 3 homogeneous layer of sand. A representative static horizontal lead and benaing mament are applies tothe pil ‘he static p-y curves for sand are determined for both the small and the large slemeter foundation pla ecceraing to the coheslonless sol model of the API 2000. Aso the FE eaculations are Performed fr bth the small and large clameter foundation ple. In the calculation the Hardening Soll model wit smalistrain stfnes (HSsmal) used. The FE calculations are performed dined From the 30 FEM the corresponding py curves are determined. At every mater along the ple the sol resistance pis pleted versus the horizontal pile placement y for several oad steps, For the small clameter foundation pile the resus ofthe 30 FEM shoul be comparable with the results ofthe pry mathe, because the p-y method was developed using empirical results fom laboratory tests and fullscale ple tests and is verted for pls witha diameter of up to 2.0m. 1s concaded that tis posible to model the large diameter moneple foundation Inthe 30 FEM of Praxis 3D Foundation, Is also concluded tat itis possible to medal py curves every meer along the pile length from the FE results by integrating al the horizontal stresses along the pile safe From the calculations tl concluded thatthe sol resistance ls in eqiiium with the appbed herzental ead fr al load steps for beth the small andthe large dareter foundation ple I es torr crom camer orzon ra ondatin o wind bee a TuDelft @ Ballast Nedam sent Enaieeriog 1s conciuded that the calculates horizontal pile placements ofthe 30 FEM are larger than the calculated horzortal ple cspacements of the p-y method for bath the small and the large Glameter foundation ple. It Is concuded that the Sail modeled with the py method (R21) ‘overestimates the sol stinesses, i takes the sol stfesses linear wih depth instead of withthe ‘square rot of depth. Centrifuge tess also indent thatthe sol stfness varies asthe square o0E of depth ‘The results of the 30 FEM and the results of the py method (API) should be comparale forthe smal clameter foundation pl. Therefore the formulae ofthe py method's modified. The factor 's replaced by the factor k* which reduces forthe nonlinearity ofthe sol stings. Te factor k* ‘aso accounts for the diferences in stiffness diet te instalation eects between the two model, From the calculations it is concuded that with the medi pry method te results ofboth models fare comparable forthe small dlamater foundation ple, see figure 1, 1 Is concluded that for the large diameter foundation ple the horaontal ple dsplacements calculated with the 3D FEM are smaller than the horzontal pile displacements calculated with the ‘modified pry methos, se figure 2 From the calculations ite concluded that there are differences in the resus between the 30 FEM and the mocifid p.y method due tothe Increase ofthe ple Giameter From the calculations itis concided thatthe diferences between the two models re 1. In the pry method the factor kis independent ofthe ile iomater In the py cves the same intial stfeases are found forthe small andthe large ameter foundation ple. Inthe FEM the intial stress of the coresponding p-y curves depend onthe pile dlameter, a larger diameter resus in 2 higher stress. Therefore, if fund that the py curves of the 3D FEM for the large dameter ples are ser than the p-y curves of the moaned p-y mete. 2, The pile tp of the lage slameter moneple foundation has 2 rotation and 2 horzortal aplscement. This genaretes dations ore atthe ple wnat resus n more restance ofthe ‘small andi neglected. From the calculations It concluded thatthe conbuton due 9 the hozontal pl ip esplacement is 32% of the apple herzontal load. Ts effec in Yaken into ‘account n the FEM and this eect not taken ito account nthe p-y method 3. The large diarreter monople foundation has more rotation of the plein the sll than the small ismeterfouneaton ple. Thi generates acconsl vertical shear stresses along the ple shat lahat results Ia more resistance in the sol. From the calculations I concluded tat the Contribution of te addonl sheer forces is 6% ofthe eppled bending moment. This effect = eect taken indirectly nto account inthe p-y method for te small ameter funtion ple 4. When the large ameter foundation ple asplaces lateral, more sol voume Is mobilized then \when a smal clameter foundation ple displaces laterally. This effect results in mare interaction between the sol springs and in weaker sol sprngs forte arg diameter foundation ple. From the FE caelations this eect can not be quantified, tut this effect is taken indvecty into ‘account in he py curves ofthe 30 FEM. This effect snot taken Ito account nthe py method forthe large alameter manopte foundations. From the calculations it concluded thatthe postive effect ofthe abovementioned points 1 te 3 have a larger conbution than the nenative effect of point . Namely, the calculated horantal ple ‘placements ofthe 20 FEM are smaller than the calculated horzatal ple daplacements of the rodinied p-y method ofthe AP, 00 figure 2 1 recommended todo a full-scale ple tet for large dameter monoite foundation to validate the results ofthe 30 FEM, EBIRI ee svar orc eto manonte oon Tor wird tnes fuvertt @ Ballast Nedam aa as . } T i i i i j i- i " cap wes FE) 3d A 7 PT rae em ae ae [ ersortataipioomenss |] [_ Shaartone + Moment Fore “Soro bee Ee ee 7 mere aren rte ge ameter a TuDelft @ Ballast Nedam Table of contents 2 State ofthe rt Background en on Problem description = ot ‘Thesis obyectve 22 ‘Thesis approach o2: Report set-up : CES 2.1 Offshore manople foundation 2.2 Definivons : : 2.3. Sol resistance 7 24 Menople design ve 2.5 Literature study on harzantal formation orale 8. 3 Input for eateulations. -10- 31 Geometry 10- 3.2. Pile properties. 10- 33. Loods. . a 34 Sol resaion : sta 3.5. Location of te sl springs 16 4 lle design withthe p-y method. se sar 42 Gener 7 4.2. pry cumvescohesioniss 20 19 43 Static pry curves fo sand forthe small and large dameter foundation ple. 20- 444 Beam onan elastic platc foundation 2 54 Geometry 52 Mesh generation 52. Calculations 54 Soll behavior. 5.5. Determination of py curves with the Fe Element Mode a 5.6. Locking of the interface element - 33 a TUuDelft @ Ballast Nedam een Engneering 6 Validation of the Finite Element Model 16.2. Comparson ofboth modal for the small diameter ple cae 6.3 Fiting the Fite Element resus andthe p-y rests. ca 7 Finite Element results of the large diameter monopile. 72 tntuences ofthe pile diameter 8 Conclusions. 9 Recommendations. a TuDelft @ Ballast Nedam sentenenten Engineering Appendices 2) State p-y curves forthe amall lameterfoundetion ple 2) Static p-y curves forthe large diameter monople foundation 3) A). Me input ror te smal atameter foundation pile 18) Pl resus forthe smal diameter ple for Q-o4d of SO KP, 150 kPe and 250 ke 4) A) MP input forte large dameter monople foundation B) Pl resus for the lage ameter pi for 2 ria of SO kPa, 150 KPa and 250 kPa 5) ner mesh for the smal clameter foundation pile 16) ner mesh forte large clameter monapie foundation 7) State p-y curves wit aK* of 8,000 kN? forthe smal diameter foundation ple 15) Ble input and results forthe small diameter foundation ple wth k* of 5,00 KN? 9) Vert ple ip resistance ofthe large dameter monopie 10) Comparson betwoen the FE results and he resus ofthe p-y method 11) State pry curves with a kof 5,000 KAY forthe large ameter foundation ple 12) Pile input and resus for the ange diameter oundaton ple wth a kof 5,000 kN? a TuDelft @ Ballast Nedam eosin Engineering List of symbols a Factor to account fr lading condone t x rea ofthe ple im’) x rea of pil element m) Aes Area of the ple elements im ¢ Enectve cohesion ero) GCnCs Coefficients dependent onthe tion eng a ° Pile diamater im 4 Wal tieess (im) e Young's modulus (i) Ese _Secant shies for primary loaing in standard tava test (a) Emi Tangent ttness for primary leading in an oedometer test, (era) Er Unloading/reloacng sites (era) en ‘since en a Bending stiess (uy ce Shear medulis (a) Ge Reference shear modulus at very smal strains (i) S Scart shear modulus (ea) " orontl pie loed ro h Level im) r Moment of inert im Polar moment of inertia (o K CCoeicient ofthe herzontal subgrade reaction (beam ee eaifiedcoffientof te horizontal svbpradereacton (bear a onzontl subgrade reaction (bea Ky Intel tess ratio for normaly consolidated ris a L Pie leat im) " Bending moment (hom ™ Power fr stress lvel dependency stness a ° Perimeter ofthe ple (om) ° Lateral sol resistance per unit length ofthe ple (ev) BY Reference stress for stitesces (p= 100 stress unt) (ve) be Uimete lateral resistance per unit enh (wey) De Ulimote lateral reastonce per unt eng for deep depths (hm Pa timate lateral sistance per unit length for shallow depths (bay) a Horizontal dstiouted load (ue a “Te anal force in the ple th} a ‘he lateral force in he ple ro) @ Distributes loa along the ple (wea) « Cone resistance (hoa . Distance Between te centre ofa pe element andthe centre ofthe pile (mi & Faure rato a x Depth im Xe Transition depth ies) y Herizantal ple alsplacements (em) z Position along the pile 2x (om) a TUDelft @ Ballast Nedam seen Engineering List of Greek symbols ¥ Soll weight (way y fective soil weight (eve) Yor Shear strain lve where the G, reduces to about 70% of Ge (ev) % Weight of tet (ov) % Unsaturated so weight (ew Saturated sll Weight (bavme [ecive Peso’ ato a Poisson's ati of eee! a Normal effective stest (ua Horiontal fective sol rest [hoa ° ‘etal effective sol stress (weal te Heriantal shear stress ina Vertical ever stress iveal v Erect ange of intemal frtion a * Rotation a 7 fective angle of dlataney o aa 12 a TUDelft @ Ballast Nedam Introduction Background COfshore wind parks promise to bacome an Important source of enerey in the near future. Many ew winé parks wil be instaled in the Europaan Seas. (onshore wind eneray has alreny grown enormously over the ist decade. However, de to noise rusance and aesnetic issues, turther expansion of ershore win eneray i ited. These preblems In the development of wind energy can be resolved by the instalation of wind parks in ofshore regions This sluton has the following advantages ‘+ Avalabity of large continuous areas; 2 Higher wind speeder 2 Less wind turbulence (OF couse, tere are aso some disadvantages in moving offshore. Te instalation and maintenance costs are’ much higher than onshore and the Integration of the effshore wind park with the electra networks much more expensive ‘To make economic use of offshore wind enery possible, foundation structures wth minimum cost, but sufisertsitfeas have to be designed. One foundation concat tat has often been realized recent s the monopite concept. The traonal monopie Is an epen ended large siamter tel Ceyinarcl pie ven nthe sl Problem description The fads from wind, waves and currents must be in equlrum with the reaction of the sol. The sl reaction is mobiized when the foundation ple stars to deflect mainly latraly due to the In te ofshore energy Incusty the sll horzonalpile-soi interecton problems is normaly ‘Modeled by means of mult-inear depth-depencent elastic-plastic soll springs, the £0 called py Curves. A common method for defining these springs is developed by the Americen Petroleum Insitute (AP) (8). Aso the Norwegian guidlines (ONY) [27] and the Germanize Lloyd (GL) rules and regulations [19] refer to the AP code. The p-y cure method was developed using empicel results from laboratory tests and full-scale ple test. The py methed is verified for foundation ples With a ameter of up to 2.0 m [351 1 ls not known if the pry method can be used for the design of large diameter menopile foundations for onshore wind turbines. The large ameter manopile Foundation are reletve shor, they nave 2 lower length (1) / dameter (0} rato than the foundation pes verte forthe py curves of he AP ‘The requirement f iid clamping for large ameter ane thus very stiff monoples lads to very large embedded lengths. Achmus (1, 2, 5] and Wremann [41] showed that for large cameter ‘monepies an ineease ofthe pile length to ensure ris clamping has amet no effect on the lteral head asplacement under static loading. Thus, the rigs damping eteron is obviously not stable forlarge ciameter monoples ‘Achmus alse found that for large clameter ples the shearing resistance inthe ple ip may slay an Important role compared to small dlareter ples (5). This effect in not nuded in the pry method nd canbe cetermines with 3imensional Fite Element (F) cautions 1a Fuveirt @ Ballast Nedam aerial Engineering Wen the large diameter monople foundation dlplaes laterally, more sal volume 6 mobilzes than when small diameter foundation pile dspiaces laterally. Ths effect results In more Interaction between the soll springs for the large diameter monopile foundation f the same ‘stances between the sal springs are applied for bat foundation piles The APL takes the interaction between the sol springs Indrecty Ita account inthe p-y curves for mall lameter ples. This effet ifr both the small and the lage diameter foundation ple recty {ken into account inthe 30 FE ealeuations. Large diameter monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines have more normal effective estes, horizontal shear stresses and vertcel shear stresses around an along the ple sha than the feundaton pls verified bythe API. The p-y method takes these strestes increty into account for the verfed piles. These stress for both the small and the large diameter foundation ple can be erecty determined wth 30 FE caleulaons ‘Thesis objective ‘The objective ofthis thesis Isto determine i the 3-mensiondl Fn Element Mode (FEM) gives Detter and moce reliable results than Be py meted for the design af ffenare foundation ples and te determine Hf the py method ie suitable orth design cf large dimer monople foundations, Inthis thesis a study is performed onthe eects of Increasing the pile sameter 1+ the fect ofthe shearing resistance inthe ple tp due t the ple tip lsplacement; 1 the eet ofthe interaction between he #0 springs: ‘the effect of the normal effective stresses, the horzortal shear stresses and the vertcal shear stresses around and along te le shat ‘Thesis approach In this thesis the resuts ofthe pry method are compared withthe resus of 30 FE calculations for both a smal lsmeter foundation ple ( = 1.0 m) and fora large ameter foundation pile = 4.3 1m). Both piles are embeded 25 m in 2 homogeneous layer of sand. A representative state horizon! ead and tending moment are applied at the pile at ceabed level The 09 level Ie ‘The static py curves for sand are determined for the smal dlameter foundation pile and for the large ciameter monople foundation according tothe cohesionless soi made of the APL 2000 {8} ‘The p-y curves are entered inthe computer program Pl version 4 developed by Detares (12) n the Pe program also the le ane the apple loads are modeled, ‘The 30 Fite Element calculations are performed with Plans 2D Foundation version 2 [14], The Calculations are performed for both the small diameter foundation ple and the large diameter ‘monepile foundation. In the eaeslators the Hardening Soil model wih smal-stain stress (HSsmall is used. The FE calculations are performed dain. From the 3D FEM the corresponding p-y curves are determined. At every meter along the ple lenath the sll resistance p has tobe pleted versus the horizontal ple displacement fer Several load steps, ese p-y curves are compared with the py curves determined by the AP For the smal! cameter foundation pile the results of the 30 FEM should be comparable with the results of the py method, because the py meted was developed using empirical rau fom laboratory tests and fulscale ple tests. The p-y method Is vee for Toundation ples with & ameter of up to 2.0 m and has proven its worthiness the pat 30 years nthe offshore ll and gas industry (35) 1s fuveitt @ Ballast Nedam Winen te resus af the two modes are comparable fr the smal clameter foundation pe, he pile Glameter Is Inreased. Its then possible to study onthe effects ofthe large ciameter monopile foundation. 1s expected thatthe 30 Finite Element Mode! gives better and more rlobe results forthe design of large dameter ples than the p-y method, beemse: ‘+The FEM has a more advances model (HSsmal} forthe simulation ofthe sol behover than the oy method. +The 30 FEM takes the 3-smensionslple-sll interaction recy into account for beth the small and te large dlameter foundation ples. It secouts for the normal eflectve stresses, ‘the nonzontal andthe vertical shea” stresses. The FEM also takes the interaction between ‘the sol spngs direct into account. The pry method Is verted for the Smal dameter ple and takes the dierent stress ‘omponents inrctiy info account. The py curves for the large dameter ple are ‘etrapolated from the p-y cures ofthe small diameter pl ‘+ The FEM takes the additional stresses due to the ple tip displacement for the large ameter ple recy nt account. These effects are not incuded the py method However, the FEM doesnot take instalation effects Into acount. The p-y curves for smal diameter piles takes this effec Insrecty Into acount, The FEM also needs more Inve parameters wnat Report set-up 1. Formulation ofthe problem descretion, the objective andthe approach ofthe thes; 2 iterature stuoy Is glven on the aspects of the offshore wind turbine, the offshore ‘monepile foundation, the soll resistance, the current design method and on the current developments in deformation enavsas: 3. A description is given ofthe input of the plo interaction ealeuations within the Finite Element Model and the p-y method. The geometry the pile properties, the applied loads, the Sol reaction and the location ofthe sol springs are determined for both models; 4. Empinea calculations based on the API are performed in this chapter withthe computer program MPle version 4 developed by Oetares (12); 5, The input is given to the 3-cimensional Fite Element Mode! of Plaxle 30 Foundation version 2 [14]. A description i given ofthe geometry, the mesh generation, the calculation phases and the sai! model. Alo the method to derve the pry curves ‘rom the resus ofthe FeM's explained 6 The results ofthe 30 FM for 2 foundation ple with a diameter of 1.0 m embedded in & layer of sand are presente and cacuseec, The results are compared with te eas ofthe [BY method. Finally, te results ofthe 30 FEM and the resus ofthe p-y mettod are Red fo each other 7. The ress ofthe 30 FeM fora foundation pile with a dame of 4.3 m embeded In 2 layer of sand are presente and ciscussed. The results are compared with the resus ofthe feed py meted, iis then possible to study en the ameter eects; Presentation ofthe conclusions; Presentation ofthe recommendations 9. 2a fuvettt @ Ballast Nedam State of the Art In this chapter 2 Ikerature study is performed on the ofshore wind turbine, the menople Foundation, te si resistance andthe pile foundition design Aso Iteratre study is performed fan the current developments In Ue horontal ple deformation onal In Chapter 2.1.8 desenpion i gen ofthe onshore manople foundation. Chapter 2.2 defines the ports ofan offshore wind turbine. In chapter 2.32 descrption i gen ofthe sl resistance ana in Chapter 2:43 description ie ahvan ofthe design ofthe mona foundation Final, chapter 2.5 iacszed the current developments inte horaontal ple Seformation anal Offshore monopile foundation ‘The offshore wind turbine has to be Supperted by 8 foundation, which can withstand the harsh cevironmenal condleons from wind, waves and currents. To make economic use of efshore wind feergy possible, 2 foundaton structure wah minimum costs, but suficent sfness has to be ‘esigned. During the years several types of foundation sucures have been develope fr otshore Honopte foundation; “Taped foundation; Suction foundation Fatng foundation | monopile consists of large diameter stel pl riven into the sol. The monopie must be able to transfer bon lateral and axl forces trom We structure Int the sol. The see ples are of simple ‘The gravy foundation's designed wit te objective of aolsing tensile loads between the support structure and the seabed. Ths Is achieved by providing sufficient dead lads to stabilize the ructre under he lntersl Forces. The tripod rrvctre cones of spatial soe fame transferring the forces fom the tower to Primary tension and compression forces in three steel piles sven ito the soi, located in the farers ofthe lange, Tipo structres are robust but expensive to prod Suction foundations, see gure 2-1, can be considered es an innovative concet, I hs the shape ofan upturned bucket, which sucked Ito the seabed by means of vacuum. Floating feundations, See gure 22, are cari by buoys and float under the water level. Chains anchorea in the seabed keep them fixes In peston. Floating foundations are specaly sued for deeper waters fuvert @ Ballast Nedam ‘The meneple, the gravity foundation and the tripod foundation are the mest common types and have sleacy proven their worthiness in several efehore wind parks. The suction foundation 2nd the lating foundation have yet o standup tothe real tet at se, Win the scope of this thesis the efshore manopile foundation wall be analyzed. The menople foundation i an attractive concapt in sallow water, the savantages ae: “Minimum of materi use; 1 Minimal ceabed preparation; 1 Relativey easy to intl 1 Minimize construction es ‘The technical definitions of the monopile and ofthe wind turbine ace expsind inthe flowing paragraphs. Aso 2 general description ofthe loaGs and ofthe design method's given in order to Tamilariz te reader with the spec terms used further in this ror. 2.2 Definitions {In pencple the monopie san extension ofthe main tower nt the sol under the seabed level. The turine (tor and nace) 1 supported by a tower constuction, which is connected to the rmonepievla the transition place, sae lgure 2-3. In this igure all the defitions forte diferent components ofan offshore wind turbine ae oven owe 23; Datta ofa share ind une [EE Gee rv ope tree ator manape oustns or wind nes fuveitt Ballast Nedam Saeed Enaneering ‘Toe manopie Is an open ended cylindrieal see ppe, see gure 2-4, Ballast Nedam instals the rmoneple foundatons with the Svanen, 2 8700 ton heavy ling vessel, see figure 2-5. The Instattion methodology can be deving, ding or @ combination, cepencing on Sll properties and water doth. For sis ether than rock the pli usualy driven int the sal gure 2-4; Monsen rte gre 25; Svanen prepara fr mono neta In the design process an evaluation hs te made to ether let a scour hole develop around tne tmonopie, and conaequerily design the foundeton pile for this condton, or protec the Surroundings ofthe monopia fom a scour hale developing. Fer the second option special ltr layers Installed before ple instalation to prevent sand on the seabed from Being swept away By ‘the currents areund the foundation ple Between the monopile and the tower there isa transtion pecs, see gure 2-6, 2-7 and 2-8. The transition piece joined to the monopile by a radial connection of grovt and fe hast transer the vertical end norizontl loads rom the toner to the foundation ple, The trantion piece also makes "possible to raise the tower to a completely vertical poston even Wf the foundtion ple fs not completely level. The transition pece is completed with presnataled features such es boat landing arrangemone, cathode protection and cable duets (-tube} for submarine cabs Fgwe2-s; stated anston pece Figure 27; Ter stated ‘gure 2-8; Tranaton pce 23 fuveirt @ Ballast Nedam ss Enaneerna “The tower section i installed onthe transition piece by bolts. The turbine is nsaled onthe tower. ‘he turbine consist ofthe nacelle andthe rotor. The blades are connected to the hub, see igure 2. 3 ane igure 27 1s 0 result ofthe wind, the blades start to turn, making the main shaft rotates. The main shafts connected to 2 generator, which varsforms the rotation movement ofthe Blades Into eect. ‘This generated elect is transported by cables in the tower to grid connection on the bot ‘ofthe seabed an then Wansported to onshore facies ‘Soll resistance During te fete of an offshore wind turbine bilons of loading cycles induce by wind, waves and ‘currents aly to the mongole foundation. The leads fom wind, waves and currents must be In ‘Squllrium witn the reaction ofthe so, se igure 2-9. ‘The sol reaction Is generated when the monoplle stars to rotate and deflect laterally due o the lateral forces. Due to smal effective stresses and relative hgh lateral detlectons the sll just beneath the mudine deforms plstcaly, At increasing depth the sol becomes ster and can ‘obiize more resistance and therefore strts to deform elastaly. “Te vertical loads are transferred tothe ail ia wall Fiction and tin resistance, The lateral loads caused by wind, waves and curets ae absorbed bythe support structure via bending moments fand transfered laterally to the 2 Wind Load 1 Feindimasesteanvat Waves + Current Load = Soll reaction DF ‘ue 29; Eat of e305 oan este wind tine 24 fuvelt @ Ballast Nedam ‘The monopile must satisfy to the elgen frequency analysis, the fadgue analysis, the stability and the deformations [26]. The loads on the ple are factored and combined wsing the safety factors {and combinations for the uimate li state (ULS), fatigue mt state (FS) and servceabty limit state (S15) case igen frequency From the plle-soi| model the elgen frequency of the modal response Is reported. The elgen frequency of the integrated system has to satis the demands from the turine suppl, allowing the eigen frequency to stay within smal renge ‘Fatigue anayss Based on the tme demain simulations the fatigue loads ané ther frequencies ae determined. By using the plle-ol! model subsequenty the fatigue stresses at every location nthe structure ean be ‘obtained and must satisy during the Ifetine of an offshore wind tune. [As part ofthe fatigue sna the driving fataue is determined based on ervesbilty analy, seabity From the integrated mode! the combined extreme wind-wave effect i determined to design for lutimate init state (ULS) and overall stabity. The overall stabilty allows for lmted plate Getermation of the upper sol avers. Deformations Deformations ofthe ful structure must be ited to ful the requirements ofthe turbine designer. [Atte muclne, design loads may not lead to extensive pase deformations and rotations ofthe foundation pl. Atte ple tip 2 minimum east alsplacement is allowed Literature study on horizontal deformation analysie Inthe tterature ae found some interesting articles for the modeling of small an lage diameter ‘Achmus (3,2, 5] found that forthe design of extreme static loads the p-y method underestimates the deformations tobe expected. The maln reason for these results is probebl an overestimation of the inal sol stress in large depths by the API method. Accarding to the resus of the ‘numerical callations cared cut for monoplles of lage dameter the py curve metiog given in the AP (2000) underestimates ple deformations. Moreover fora large diameter pile the sutabity lof te Zeo-toe-kek oF vertical tangent erterion often ose aka design requirement fr horizontally loaded offshore ples is checked for the case of large diameter monoples and Is found to Be Inappropriate. For large diameters end thus very stiff monoples this requirement less to very large embecdes lengths. Due to the pile tp displacement the shearing restance in te ple Bp area may pay an important role campared to smal lareter pes Wiemann [41] showed aso that for large dameter menoples an Increase ofthe pl length to ensure raid clamping hos sos no effect on the laters! head daplacement under static loading. “Thus, the rigid damping erterion is obviously not suitable for large diameter monoples. ‘Barton et ai (OTC 4502) (10] compared experimental p-y curves from cetefuge tests with the ‘curves recommended by the APL. The test data indicate that the na tinsues ofthe py curves vary a5 the square rest of dagth rather than linearly and that the ultimate reistance Ie Underestimated near the ple head and overestimated at death by the API cuves. Despite these gs TuDelft @ Ballast Nedam ferences, computed response of plas under test condor, using a slghtly modified version of the APT curves, showed go08 agreement nth measured response, Lesny (30) showed that Fnte Element results fr a small diameter pile (0 = 3.0 m) have a softer pile response compared to the py method with some greater ple head deflections. Aso for the large diameter monoples (0 = 5.0 m) Fite Bement analysis demonstrated that the py method ‘overestimated the pilesol stifess at great depts which may result in an insuficen pile length {esign. The py method assumes 9 linear veration ofthe sol sfnaes with cept. The asumption (f linear Increasing sil sifness with dept, leads to an overestimation of the cedometrc ‘moduli ofthe sol at these great depths Lesny also found that forthe large diameter foundation piles the Fine Element resuits show Signicant pl tip dsplacements, hence te foundation ple doesnot gan arg faation i he so ‘Slanficant pile ip depacements can induce shear stress along the ple ess section which may no longer be neglected inthe pile design considering the sizeof te menopl ‘Grae [22] showed thatthe conventional procedures for the prognosis ofthe deformation in the serviceabiity mit state, thus dearly undemesth the mascmum load, are neuficent. The Gstrbution ofthe subgrade reaction modulus ever the death an nat suffientyaporoximate with these procedures. sia (38) showed thet the inti! portion ofthe curve is ser calculate by the API compare with the measured pry curves from centrifuge tess for large diameter monople foundations. From the centrtuge tet ana postenor computer analysis i was observed thot he py method over predicted the pl lateral deletion and maxumum Benzing moment for very large lateral loads. 3a a2 fuveitt @ Ballast Nedam Input for calculations In ths ehepter is given the input to the pile-sl interaction made as bass for the Fnte Element Modal and tne p-y methad. The geometry, the ple properties, the representative applied toads, the pile-soll interaction medel and tha lection of the sa springs are determine for both the small rd the large clameter foundation ple as input othe FEM andthe py methos In chapter 3.1 a description is given ofthe geometry. Chapter 3.2 cescnbes the madeing ot the ‘manele foundation and determines the corresponding ple properties. In chapter 3.3 Is ven the loads applied a the foundation ple. Chapter 3-¢ describes the plle-ol interaction forthe small 3 large clameterfoundstion ple. Finally in chapter 3.5 determined the loatons ofthe 20 rng. Geometry “Two laterally leaded foundation ples embeded ina homogeneous layer of sand are considered, 3 ‘small dlmeter foundation pile with clameter D of 1.0 m and wth 8 wall tckness dof 0.02 m and 2 large dlameter foundation pile with a dometer D of 4.3 m and with 2 wal thickness d of 0.055 m. Both ples have 2 total length Lof 50 m of which 25 m below the Seabed level an 25m above the seabed level. The properss of btn ples are descbed in chapter 3.2 ‘The seabed level ig token ae reference level and modeled 19 m below the sa level. Te representative horizontal load 7 actzon the ple ata height h of 25 m above the seabed level Fgure 3-1 shows all the levels in meters relative to the reference level ysed in the model n the ‘thesis the weight of the wingmil superstructure ls neglected 4 For the caeulatons a representative static equivalent horizontal load M and bending moment M at seabed level are determined ffom the bilions of leading cycles Induced by wind, waves nd Curents whieh act on the foundation ple during the ifetine of an offshore wind turbine. The horizontal load H is modeled a a level of 25m above the seabed level. The representative bending moment W at seabed eves thus M = H *h. The loads are describe in chapter 33. Pile properties Both the small and the large slameter ofshore foundation ple are moveled with 12 stright sections ofeach 30 degrees forming 2 cieulr tbe, see igure 3-2. The ple Is not modeled af 2 Cres pl, because ths snot possibie inthe Finite erent Model of Plax In ths chapter are. determined the properties of the 12-angulr pile and compared with the properties of a cular ple with the same clmeter. Aso inthe py method era used the ple properties ofthe 12-anguar ple fuvertt @ Ballast Nedam eS Engineering owe 32; Amadeied12-anguer undone In Rgure 3-3 one hal the ple Is modeled and compared with a cular ple. The modeled 12 angular mopopile has @ smaller area than the cvular pile. The coorinates of the angles forthe {mall dame foundation ple ar: 0.5, 0); (0.433013 , 0.25); 10.25, 0.433013); (00.5); £(0125 , 0.433013); FC0.433013 0.25); 605, 0) ‘Te coordinates ofthe angles for the larg dlamter foundation ple are: AQ.A5,.0); (1.852, 1.075); ‘cc.o75| 1.862); (0 2.15); (1.075, 1.862), F862, 1.075); 6¢215 , 0). ‘The length of ane element for the 12-angular small ameter ple 0.26 m. The total ple exts of 12 elements, so the perimeter ofthis ple is 3.11 m. A creuar ple wth a diameter of 1.0m has perimeter of 3.14 m. The area of the 12-angular small clameter ple i 0.750 m’. A ceular ple ‘th 2 diameter of 1,0 m hasan ares of 0785 Fubar @ Ballast Nedam ‘The length of one element for the 12-angur large dlameter ple is 1.11 m. The total ple ets of 12 elements, so the permeter of is ples 13.36™m. A crela pile with a dameter of &.3 m has @ perimeter of 13.51 m. The area of the 12-anguar lage diameter ple is 13.87 mA circular pile ‘nigh 9 dlometer of 4.3 m hasan ares of 18.52 m™ ‘The eres of all elements calculated by muliping the length ofthe element with the thickness of an element. For the 12-angulor small omer ile the length of an element 0.26 m ond the wall thickness oe 0.02m ti results in an aren of one element of S.19%40" rT foal ares of the elements Is 6.21°10% m?. Wit 2 Youn's modulus & of 2.1*108 kn? eis resus in on axial stiffness EA of 1.3010" KN. For the 12-angular large diameter ple the length ofan element i 1.11 m and the wall thickness 150.055 m, this results in on are of one element of 612410 m2 The total area of the elements (0.73 m®. itn 2 Young's modulus € of 21°10" KN/m', this results in an axial stfness 64 of 15410" a “The moment of inertia [rm] forthe 12 angular ple i aluated wit Stener'stheerem, namely Inwhich 1, Polar momenta ners Ry rea of pe eament(r) r Distance Between the centre of ple element and the centre af the ple (m ‘The moment of nari [mn] for atta rounded ple fs aust wit E(p'-(04)}) Inwnen 9 Oster pe dome Im 3 Rates tn “The moment oferta forthe 12-angular small dlamter pile i 7.24¢102 mA cur ple with @ ameter of 1.0 m and 8 wall thickness of 0.02 tm has a moment of inertia of 7.40°10° mt. With a Young's modulus E of 2.1°10" kN/m hs resuts ina bending tess ET ofthe 12-anguler pile of 1:52°10" km ‘The moment of inertia forthe 12-anguar large dlameter ple Is 1.58 m*. A decular ple with @ iometer of 43 m ard a wall thickness of 0.055 m has a moment of inertia of 1.652 m*. With @ Young's modulus E of 2.1108 KN/m his resus in 9 Bending stifness ET ofthe 12-angulr lle of 3.33410 kvm" 1 summary of the determined properties fr the £2-angular small and lrge diameter foundation pile are found in table 3-1. These ple properties are used in the FEM of Plans and in the By ‘ethos calculated inthe MPa program fuveitt @ Ballast Nedam peated Engineering ‘rea ofthe pile) = 075 1597 Perimeter ile (0) ia Bt 13.36 ‘rea ofthe wall elemeris ax) | Ome] 6.2000 073 ‘Moment of inertia) To']_| 72410 13 ‘Young's modulus (E) Tew | 2.10" zai Bending stfess (ED) Tiare) | 3.5210" —| 3.3000 ‘al tines (EA) Teal | —1.30%10" Tate Tobe 31; Poprtes of Be TSG Hl ond IE drier BIRGIT l= Loads. “Te representative horizontal oad H ls madled a a cstbuted horizontal plane load @ ata level h above the seabed level nthe Pinte Element Mode! of Pans. The applied load nt modeled as 8 Dont load inthe FEM because when a large pont load ects onthe pe, the ple surface wl dent. “The input valve ofthe distributed horizontal lad ie force per area (kW/m) ‘The Same representative Porontal loess and bending moments are used In the p:y method caeulted inthe Moe program, ‘The horaontal load W Is calculated by multpying the ditbuted herzntat plone oad Q with the ‘area ofthe pile A The area ofthe small lamer feundation ple is 0.75 mand the area ofthe large diameter foundation pl is 13.87 mn’, sae table 3-1. Te bending moment Mat seabed levels eulated by multplying the horzental ad W wth te level h oF 25 m above seabed eve “Table 3.2 shows the representative horizontal loads H andthe representative bending moments M acting on the foundation lle at seabed level, due to Several values ofthe distributed horgontal Dane load Q. For each load step the nonzontal sal resstance (p) versus the depth end the horizontal ple displacement () versus the depth is calculate. From these results Ue py curves {Indesign reports of Ballast Necam Engineering is found that a distributed horizontal load @ of 150 ‘in? at 2 lve h of 25 m above seabed level representative for large diameter monapl (D = 4.3 m) ofan offshore wind turbine in the shore wind pork Bate 1 inthe Batic Seo, Germany. 34 @ Ballast Nedam Engineering * a 750 S55 3868 6 a Tas B52 20802 = ea 7300 Tog B77 7 ar 7060 S200 a5, nr oa 77, 6.0672 = Tem 50 wa 63339 was Tes a 3120) 700.7 —) 30 375 3375 3.4 173988 7 Sr 34065 —[—io0o [260027 0 75a, 19750 —[ —isess [see a a Zauig | as [33970 205 700 37310 —| 27736 —| 693957 250 ars ‘687s | —me70 —| Be. ie 2, area ata ad (i ae bending ment (teased eel Soil reaction ‘The sol reactions generated when the monopie sats to deflect atrally de to Welter “The horizontal load # andthe bending moment M acing on the foundation ple are transfered to ‘the surreunding sol by normal and shear stresses. Due tothe pile dsplacements the sll pushes fn shears against and slong the pile shat, The stresses are vided nto a normal effective stress, @ horizontal shear test and 9 vertical shear sre. Im this report a smal diameter foundation ple and a large dlometer feundation pile are considered. Both ples are embedded 25m in a homapeneats layer of sand. The small diameter ple wen a dameter O ot 10 mand wal thchness 0 of 0.02 m behaves Ike a fexile bending beam, Due to the horizontal lad H and the bending moment Mat seabed fvel the pile dtectsiatray according to Baur 3-4 ‘The figure shows the horzontal shesr stresses and the vertical shear stresses. The normal efective stresses art perpen to the pile surface gue 3-4 so recon ota sma clameter fundoven pe [ERI tea eae oar dare ee renee Tooaatons or wind rbnes fuvertt @ Ballast Nedam peunutaaes Engineering ‘hen the manopil Is iereasing in dameter it stats to behave more rigid The large diameter has 2 ple ameter 0 of 4.3 m and wall thickness dof 0.055 m. Ove to the horiontl los H and the bending moment M at seabed leval the pile ceecs laterally accoraing to igure 35. This figure shows the horizontal shear stress and the vertial shear stresses, The normal effective stresses are Derpendiulr to the ple surface. In gure 3-5 are presente two addtional forces a the ple tp nen the pile tp displaces, the sl fixed inside the ple shears over the surrounding sol see figure 3-6. This results ina postive stress at the inner wall ofthe foundation pil, When the menoplie rotates the ple tp I pushed into the surrounding sal this results n a vertical force atthe ple ip, 00 figure 3-7, Fare 35; So eacton of @ br ‘ameter eanre funn pe mal Fc 26; Peton ate pt, awe 3-7; The eatin ote ple Sureunang so! tam fhe unto te ore ovo our dans fr wind ones Fuparr @ Ballast Nedam Exaneerng Location of the soll springs Inthe Finke Element Model work planes are modeled every meter along the embedded pile length Started from seabed level. Ths makes Ie possible to determine the Increase ofthe average soi Stresses for every meter of ple ength. The average Sol stresses between two Work planes at In the middle of opie element see figure 38 ‘son the poy method the py curves are medeled in the mide ofa pile element wth a length of 1.0m. The pr curves ae dered fr a depen coresponding with the mide of pile element, Fee figure 38 '5o, both inthe Finite Element Model ard Inthe p-y method the soi springs are medeled at the ame location andthe <0 springe can be compared ure 38; So sings are maces inthe micas ple elament mth 3 lento 1.07 4a fuveitt @ Ballast Nedam aera Exgneerng Pile design with the p-y method In this chapter the empincal calculations based on the APL are performed with the computer rogram MPle developed by Detares [12]. In this chapter Is given a description of the modeling of the load (p) ~ deflection (9) curves af input to the lateral ple-sl interaction mode, In order to design an otshore foundation ple In Chapter 4.1 1s given a general description ofthe py method. Chapter 4.2 Wes the description ‘to model the pry euros fr cohesionles sls (and). Chapter 4.3 gves the p-y curves for sand for ‘the small and iarge cameter undaton ple, Final, he input ofthe p-y method in the compster program MPle v2 of Datars is dese in chapter 4.8 General Inthe American Petroleum institute (AP) cade the p-y method is recommended the sil mode! forthe design of lateral loaded ples [8]. This methed i used nowadays by the oshore wind, al ‘ad gos industry. The Germanischer Lloyé (GL) and the Det Norske Vettas (ONY) rules and ‘egulations forthe design offshore wind turbines both refer to the API method, conceing the sign of tealy loaded ples (17, 15) ‘The pry method is 2 subgrade madulus methed with mult-liear depth-dependent elasto-plastic ‘sol sorngs. The py curves represent the stress defection relation for noa-iear Behavior between the integral vale of the mobled resstancs from the surrouncing sol (p) when the ple defects @ stance lateraly(y). In the construction ef the p-y curves consideration should be gen to the ‘ype of sol the type of loading, the pile claeter andthe effect of scur. For constructing py curves semi-empirical methods supported by the resus of a few wall documented ful-scale tests ae curren in use (33,36, 37]. Te appicaton of ths method worked satsfatoly In otshere pracice over many years. The eal experiences ony refer to ples with dameters upto about 2.0 meters (35) The API describes the contruction of the p-y curves fr soft and sit cays as well as for sandy sails. The construction ofthe p-y curves of Soft and sf clay I found Inthe atonal thesis (11) ‘Te construction ofthe pry curves for sand is found in chapter 42 ‘The ultimate resistance of the Soll (p,) depends upon the failure mechanism which fers for Stall (2a) 2nd deep depths (py), se Ngure 4-1. The depth X where py exceeds Pa called the ‘wanston depth () ‘ir 4-1; The are mechan wich fers fr sow ard ep eth [At shallow depths (X < %) the ultimate soll esstances increase with depth, hs the idea of 2 ‘wedge of soll moving up and out from a ple, At desp depths (x > X) th sol fells by flowing [EEDIRI) eerie force saree anor morople outs or wind brtines fuveitt @ Ballast Nedam hecizontally around the pile. The minimum ultimate resistance of the soll upen the two fale ‘mechanisms hes abe taken into account ‘The ple-sol system Is modeled as @ beam on an elastic-plastic foundation, see figure 4-2. The pile 's meceled as 2 numberof consecutive beam elements (with ntl At), supported by Sl springs applied atthe nocal pont, Al the soll springs are characterized by one py curve at each nodel 1 ‘aire 42; he pies syste) ‘The feet part of the p-y curve ls more or les near representing the elastic behavior of te ei \Wihen the lead onthe ple increases, the soll starts to behave as an elastic-plastic medium, the curve transformed into parabolic shape. The ultimate pressure which the sol can resist is cad the ulimate lateral bearing cepa (.) From thes point the sol resstance does not increase oF leven decrease softening), whereas strain deformation incresse. ‘The p-y curves are nacessary to determine the solution to the diferetial equation ofthe ple. The soliton ext of ple placements and pl stresses in any point along the pl for any applies load atthe ple head (17. ey es ay wey, Sort PO) +4. am HEY 4Q.9% 0, ond win HEE 9,2 9, nwnen 2 Pesiton along the pleas [] y oraontal pile displacement (rh) EL Banding sttmess ofthe ile (km) @,——_Theaxi force inthe ple (ke) @ The ateral ore inthe ple [kN] PQ) Lateral sai reaction [Pa a Distributed ied aang the ple (kPa) M Bending mament i the pile (et (atlat poston 2} (BBB) eo ear rors arate tore manepie oanaaons or wind tones 4a a TuDelft @ Ballast Nedam Enoneenng {A FsteDiference Method (FDM) usualy forms the most feasible approach to achive the sought- {after solution of the difrentil equation ofthe ple. A uber of commercial compiter programs {are avalabl fortis purpose, for stance Mle developed by Detaes (121 pry curves cohesionless soll ‘Ine pry curves for conesioless sll (Sand) were established according to the APL rules and regulations. Tey are determined according tothe folowing procedure [8] ‘The ulsmate lateral resistance per unt length (9 [KN/m]) at depth Xs the smallest ofthe values rn 80d Ps These vals are defined by fer0 X Inwnch GiiCaCs Coetcents dependent onthe tcton ange) Gata of BE, 4 K,sin sano 82-2) np) satmatnal ttl 4, Join pane 2-2 so) =k. (tn PI} Kan gta wa K,=t'(65'=9/2) Angle of interna ction °) Depth [m below seabed) Transition depth [m], below which (CiX+CsOWV% exceeds C3DyX Pie diameter (m ectve soi weight (4/1

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