AMSE Journals - Submitted June 2009, Revised October 2009, Accepted November 2009

Transient Heat and Mass Transfer by Mixed Convection Flow from

a Vertical Porous Plate with Induced Magnetic Field,
Constant Heat and Mass Fluxes

Md. Mohidul Haque, Md. Mahmud Alam*

Mathematics Discipline, Khulna University

Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
(alam_mahmud2000@yahoo.com)

Abstract
The thermal diffusion effects on the combined MHD heat and mass transfer in an unsteady mixed
convection flow past a continuously moving semi-infinite vertical porous plate which is subjected to
constant heat and mass fluxes has been investigated numerically under the action of applied strong
magnetic field taking into account the induced magnetic field. This study is performed for cooling
problem with lighter and heavier particles. Numerical solutions for velocity field, induced magnetic field,
temperature distribution as well as concentration distribution are obtained for associated parameters using
the explicit finite difference method. The local and average shear stress, current density, Nusselt number
as well as Sherwood number are also investigated. The obtained results are discussed with the help of
graphs to observe effects of various parameters on the above mentioned quantities. Also the stability
condition and convergence criteria of the explicit finite difference scheme are established. Finally,
comparison of the present results with both analytical and numerical solutions is presented in tabular form.

Key words
MHD, induced magnetic field, finite difference method, constant heat and mass fluxes.

1. Introduction

In many engineering applications, combined heat and mass transfer flow play an important role
in fluids condensing or boiling at a solid surface. The combined heat and mass transfer
consideration arise due to buoyancy forces caused by thermal and mass diffusions. Condensing
and boiling are characteristic for many separation processes in chemical engineering as drying,
evaporation, distillation, condensation, rectification and absorption of a fluid. The effect of
magnetic field on free convective flows was analyzed by (A.Raptis and A.K.Singh, 1983). The
combined MHD heat and mass transfer flow in natural convection adj acent to a vertical
surface was observed by (C.H.Chen, 2004).
*
Corresponding author

54
All the above works are related to the stationary vertical surface. However, the flow past a
continuously moving surface has many applications in manufacturing processes such as hot
rolling, metal and plastic extrusion, continuous casting, glass fiber and paper production. The
steady heat transfer flow past a continuously moving plate with variable temperature was
analyzed by (V.M.Soundalgekar and T.M.Ramana Murty, 1980) and (A.Sami and Al-Sanea,
2004). The unsteady MHD heat and mass transfer problem with variable suction velocity
have studied by (A.J.Chamkha, 2004). Along with these studies, the effect of thermal
diffusion on MHD free convection and mass transfer flows have also been considered by many
investigators due to its important role particularly in isotope separation and in mixtures between
gases with very light molecular weight( H 2 , H e ) and medium molecular weight( N 2 , air)

(E.R.G.Eckert and R.M.Drake, 1972). Considering these aspects, (N.G.Kafoussias, 1992)

observed the MHD thermal diffusion effects on free convective and mass transfer flow over an
infinite vertical moving plate. A numerical study of transient MHD heat and mass transfer flow
with thermal diffusion in a rotating system was done by (M.M.Alam and M.A.Sattar, 1999).
Recently, (Alam et al, 2006) have numerically investigated the mass transfer flow past a vertical
porous medium with heat generation and thermal diffusion on the combined free-forced
convection under the influence of transversely applied magnetic field.

In all the papers cited earlier, the studies concentrated on MHD free convection and mass transfer
flow of fluid past a continuously moving surface under only the action of transverse magnetic
field with or without thermal diffusion. But the flow under the action of a strong magnetic field
that induced another magnetic field has special interest in geophysics and astrophysics.
(R.C.Chaudhary and B.K.Sharma, 2006) have analytically studied the combined heat and mass
transfer steady flow from a vertical surface with induced magnetic field. Quite recently, a
numerical study of combined heat and mass transfer steady flow past a continuously moving
vertical porous plate with induced magnetic field, constant heat and mass fluxes have been done
by (Alam et al, 2008). For unsteady two dimensional flows, the above problem becomes more
complicated. These types of problems play a special role in nature, in many separation processes
as isotope separation, in mixtures between gases, in many industrial applications as solidification
of binary alloy as well as in astrophysical and geophysical engineering.

The objective of the present investigation is to study numerically the effect of thermal diffusion
on transient MHD combined heat and mass transfers by mixed convection flow over a
continuously moving semi-infinite vertical porous plate under the action of strong magnetic field
taking into account the induced magnetic field with constant heat and mass fluxes.

55
2. Mathematical Model of the Flow
A flow model of MHD combined heat and mass X
U  X , Y,  
transfer by mixed convection is considered for U
an electrically conducting incompressible
Hx
viscous fluid past an electrically non-conducting
V
continuously moving semi-infinite vertical

Porous Plate
porous plate with thermal diffusion. It is also T
assumed that the plate is subjected to constant T  X , Y,  
heat and mass fluxes. Introducing the cartesian
Hw C
coordinate system, the x-axis is chosen along the
H0
plate in upward direction of flow and the y-axis
is normal to it. A strong uniform magnetic field
O Y
is applied normal to the flow region i.e. along
Fig.1. Physical Model and Coordinate System
the y-axis. The governing equations of the
problem in vector form are as, The continuity equation . q  0
q 1 1
The momentum equation   q.  q  F  P   2q   J  H 
t  
H 1
The magnetic induction equation   q.  H   H.  q   2H
t  e
T  J2 1
The energy equation   q.  T   2T   
t  cp  cp e  cp
2

C D
The concentration equation   q.  C  Dm 2C  m T  2T
t Tm
where  is the divergence operator, t represents time, q is the velocity vector, F is the body
force per unit mass, P is the fluid pressure,  is the kinematic viscosity,  is the density of
fluid, J is the current density vector, H is the induced magnetic field vector,  e is the magnetic

permeability,  is the electrical conductivity, T is the fluid temperature, cp is the specific heat

at constant pressure,  is the thermal conductivity,  denotes the dissipation function

involving the viscous stress, C is the concentration variable of species, T is the thermal
diffusion ratio, Dm is the coefficient of mass diffusivity, Tm is the mean fluid temperature.

Initially we consider that the plate as well as the fluid is at the same temperature T and
concentration level C . It is also assumed that the fluid and the plate are at rest after that the plate
is to be moving with a constant velocity U 0 in its own plane. The physical configuration and the

coordinate system of the present investigation are shown in Fig.1.

56
In addition, the problem is based on the following assumptions:
I. All the physical properties of fluid are considered to be constant but the influence of density
variation with temperature is assumed only in the body force term, in accordance with the
well known Boussinesq’s approximation.
II. The viscous dissipation and joule heating terms in the energy equation have been
considered for high speed flows. Also the levels of concentration of foreign mass have
been taken very high for observing the effect of Soret number on the flow.
III. The magnetic Reynolds number of the flow is taken to be large enough so that the induced
magnetic field is not negligible. The divergence equation .H  0 of Maxwell’s equation
for the magnetic field gives H y  constant  H 0 (say).

Within the framework of the above stated assumptions, the equations relevant to the unsteady
two dimensional problem is governed by the following system of non-linear coupled partial
differential equations under the boundary-layer approximations,
u v
The continuity equation,  0 (1)
x y

u u u  2u H 0 e H x
The momentum equation,  u  v  g   T  T  g  *
(C  C )    (2)
t x y y 2  y

H x H x H u u 1 2 H x
The magnetic induction equation, u  v x  Hx  H0  (3)
t x y x y  e y 2
2 2
T T T   2T 1  H x    u 
The energy equation, u v        (4)
t x y  c p y 2
 cp   y  c p  y 

C C C  2C D   2T
The species concentration equation, u v  Dm 2  m T 2 (5)
t x y y Tm y
with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions
t  0, u  0, v  0, H x  0, T  T , C  C everywhere (6)
t  0, u  0, v  0, H x  0, T  T , C  C at x  0
T Q C m
u  U0 , v  0, Hx  Hw ,  ,  at y  0 (7)
y  y Dm

u  0, v  0, H x  0, T  T , C  C as y  

where x , y are cartesian coordinates along the plate and normal to it; u , v are velocity
components; g is the local acceleration due to gravity, T is the fluid temperature of uniform
flow, C  is the species concentration of uniform flow,  is the thermal expansion coefficient,

 * is the concentration expansion coefficient, H0 is the constant induced magnetic field,

57
H x be the induced magnetic field component, H w is the induced magnetic field at the wall, Q

is the constant heat flux per unit area and m is the constant mass flux per unit area.

3. Mathematical Formulation
For solving numerically the governing equations (1)-(5) with initial and boundary conditions
(6)-(7) by a finite difference method, it is required to make the said equations dimensionless.
For this purpose, the following dimensionless quantities are used in equations (1)-(5),
xU 0 yU 0 u v tU 02 e H x
X , Y , U , V ,  , Hx  ,
  U0 U0   U0
 U 0 T  T  Dm U 0  C  C 
T  and C .
Q m
After simplification the following nonlinear coupled partial differential equations interms of
dimensionless variables are obtained,
U V
 0 (8)
X Y
U U U  2U H x
U V  GrT  GmC  2  M (9)
 X Y Y Y
H x H x H x U U 1  2 H x
U V  Hx M  (10)
 X Y X Y Pm Y 2
2
T T T 1  2T Ec  H x   U 
2

U V      Ec   (11)
 X Y Pr Y 2
Pm  Y   Y 

C C C 1  2C  2T
U V   S (12)
 X Y Sc Y 2 Y 2
o

as well as the initial and boundary conditions (6) and (7) become
  0, U  0, V  0, H x  0, T  0, C 0 everywhere (13)

  0, U  0, V  0, H x  0, T  0, C 0 at X  0

T C
U  1, V  0, H x  h  1 say ,   1,  1 at Y  0 (14)
Y Y
U  0, V  0, H x  0, T  0, C0 as Y  
where X , Y are dimensionless cartesian coordinates; U , V are dimensionless velocity
components;  represent the dimensionless time, T be the dimensionless temperature, C be
the dimensionless concentration, H x be the dimensionless induced magnetic field component,

g  Q 2 g  * m 2
Gr  (Grashof Number), Gm  (Modified Grashof Number),
 U 04 Dm U 04

58
 H0 e
M (Magnetic Force Number), Pm    e (Magnetic Diffusivity Number),
U0 
  cp  U03
Pr  (Prandtl Number), Ec  (Eckert Number),
 Q cp

 Q Dm2 T Hw e
Sc  (Schmidt Number), So  (Soret Number) and h .
Dm m   Tm U0 

4. Shear Stress, Current Density, Nusselt Number and Sherwood Number

Since the quantities of chief physical interest are shear stress, current density, Nusselt number and
Sherwood number. From the velocity field, the effects of various parameters on local and average
 U 
shear stress at the plate have been calculated. The local and average shear stress,  L    
 Y Y  0

 
100
 U   U   U 
and  A     dX which are proportional to   and   dX
 Y Y 0   Y Y  0 0  Y Y 0

respectively, where  is the coefficient of viscosity.

The effects of different parameters on local and average current density at the plate have been
observed from the induced magnetic field. The local and average current density,


 H   H x   H x 
JL     x  and J A     dX which are proportional to    and
 Y Y 0  Y Y 0  Y Y 0


 H x 
100

  dX respectively.
0  Y Y 0
From the temperature field, effects of various parameters on local and average Nusselt number
 T 
have been investigated. The local and average Nusselt number, Nu L      and
 Y Y 0

 
100
 T   T   T 
Nu A     dX which are proportional to    and   dX respectively.
 Y Y 0  Y Y 0 0  Y Y 0
And the effects of different parameters on local and average Sherwood number have been
analyzed from the concentration field. The local and average Sherwood number,


 C   C   C 
Sh L      and Sh A     dX which are proportional to    and
 Y Y 0  Y Y 0  Y Y 0


 C 
100

  dX respectively.
0  Y Y 0

59
5. Numerical Solutions
We attempt to solve the system of governing equations (8)-(12) subject to the initial and
boundary conditions (13)-(14). A transient free convective flow with mass transfer past a semi-
infinite plate (G.D.Callahan and W.J.Marner, 1976) was solved by an explicit finite difference
method which was conditionally stable. On the contrary, the same problem (V.M.Soundalgekar
and P.Ganesan, 1981) was studied by an implicit finite difference method which was
unconditionally stable. It is observed that both technique produce same results. Since the only
difference between the two methods is that the implicit method being unconditionally stable is
less expansive from the point of view of computer time, so for simplicity the explicit finite
difference method has been used to solve the present problem.
To obtain a set of finite difference X
im
equations, a rectangular region of the
flow field is chosen and the region is i2
divided into a grid of lines parallel to X
i 1  i  1, j  1  i  1, j   i  1, j  1
and Y axes, where X-axis is taken along
the plate and Y-axis is normal to it.
i  i, j  1  i, j   i, j  1
Time

We consider that the plate of height

X max   100  i.e. X varies from 0 to 100 X

with Ymax   25 as corresponding to i 1  i  1, j  1  i  1, j   i  1, j  1

Y   i.e. Y varies from 0 to 25. i0 Y

There are m   125 and n   125 grid j0 j 1 j j 1 j2 j n Y
spacing in the X and Y axis respectively Fig.2. Finite difference grid space

as shown in Fig.2. We assume that X and Y are constant mesh sizes along X and Y
directions respectively also the values of X and Y are taken as follows,
X  0.8  0  X  100  and Y  0.2  0  Y  25  with the smaller time-step,   0.005 .

Let U  , V  , H x , T  and C denote the values of U , V , H x , T and C at the end of a time-

step respectively. From the basis of the explicit finite difference approximation, we obtain the
following appropriate set of finite difference equations,
U i, j  U i1, j Vi , j  Vi , j 1
 0 (15)
X Y
U i, j  U i , j U i , j  U i 1, j U i , j 1  U i , j
 Ui, j  Vi , j  GrTi , j  GmCi, j
 X Y

60
 U i , j 1  2U i , j  U i , j 1 H x i , j 1  H x i , j
 M (16)
 Y  Y
2

H x i , j  H x i , j H x i , j  H x i 1, j H x i , j 1  H x i , j U i , j  U i 1, j
 Ui, j  Vi , j  H x i, j
 X Y X

U i , j 1  U i , j 1 H x i , j 1  2 H x i , j  H x i , j 1
M  (17)
Y  Y 
2
Pm

Ti, j  Ti , j Ti , j  Ti 1, j Ti , j 1  Ti , j 1 Ti , j 1  2Ti , j  Ti , j 1

 U i, j  Vi , j 
 X Y  Y 
2
Pr
2
E  H x i , j 1  H x i , j   U i , j 1  U i , j 
2

 c   Ec   (18)
Pm  Y   Y 
 
Ci, j  Ci , j Ci , j  Ci 1, j Ci , j 1  Ci , j Ci , j 1  2Ci , j  Ci , j 1 Ti , j 1  2Ti , j  Ti , j 1
 Ui, j  Vi , j   So (19)
 X Y Sc  Y   Y 
2 2

with initial and boundary conditions

U i0, j 0, Vi ,0j 0, H x0 i , j 0, Ti ,0j 0, Ci0, j 0 (20)

U 0,n j 0, V0,n j 0, H xn 0, j 0, T0,0 j 0, C0,n j 0

U in,0 1, Vi ,0n 0, H xn i ,0 1, Ti ,0n  Ti ,1n  Y , Cin,0  Cin,1  Y (21)

U in, L 0, Vi ,nL 0, H xn i , L 0, Ti ,nL 0, Cin, L 0 where L   .

Where the subscripts i and j designate the grid points with X and Y coordinates respectively
and the superscript n represents a value of time,   n where n  0, 1, 2, 3, 4,........... ……

At the end of any time-step  , the new temperature T  , the new concentration C , the new

velocity U  , the new induced magnetic field H x and V  at all interior nodal points may be
obtained by successive applications of equations (18), (19), (16), (17) and (15) respective ly.
This process is repeated in time and provided that the time-step is sufficiently small, U , V ,
H x , T and C should eventually converge to values which approximate the steady-state
solution of equations (8)-(12). These converged solutions are shown graphically in Figs.3-20.
The numerical values of local shear stress, current density, Nusselt number and Sherwood
number are evaluated by Five-point approximate formula for the derivative and the average shear
1
stress, current density, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are calculated by Simpson’s
3
integration formula. The obtained values are displayed graphically in Figs.21-36.

61
6. Stability and Convergence Analysis
Since an explicit finite difference technique is used, the study will remain incomplete unless we
analysis the stability and convergence of the method. For the constant mesh sizes the stability
conditions of the technique are established in this section. The equation (15) will be ignored since
 does not appear in it. At a time   0 , the general terms of Fourier expansion for U , H x , T

and C are all ei X eiY , apart from a constant, where i  1 . At a time  , these terms are
U :    ei X eiY , H x :    ei X ei Y , T :    ei X ei Y and C :    ei X ei Y (22)

after one time-step the above terms will become

U :     ei X ei Y , H x :     ei X ei Y , T :     ei X eiY and C :     ei X ei Y (23)

Using (22)-(23) into equations (16)-(19), we obtain the following equations upon simplification,
   A1   B1  C  D (24)
   F  E (25)
   I  H  G (26)
   K  J (27)
  i Y 2
where A  1U 1  ei X   V  e  1  2 
cos  Y  1 , A1  A  IGr  ,
X Y  Y 
 i Y   i Y
BM
Y
 e  1 , B1  B  HGm  , F  Hx
X
1  e  i X   M
Y
 e  1 ,
  i Y 1 2
E  1U
X
1  ei X   V
Y
 e  1 
Pm  Y 2
 cos  Y  1 , D  J Gm  ,

  i Y 1 2
G  1U
X
1  ei X   V
Y
 e  1 
Pr  Y 2
 cos  Y  1 , C   G Gr  K Gm   ,

  2
2 
ei Y  1 , e  1 ,
Ec
 cos  Y  1
2 i Y 2
H Hx I  UEc K  So and
 Y   Y   Y 
2 2
Pm

  i Y 1 2
J  1U
X
1  ei X   V
Y
 e  1 
Sc  Y 2
 cos  Y  1 .

The equations (24)-(27) can be expressed in matrix notation as,     

   A1 B1 C D  
   F E 0 0   
where      ,  and     .
   I H G 0  
     
   0 0 K J   
Obtaining the stability condition we have to find out eigenvalues of the amplification matrix
 but this study is very difficult because it is a fourth order square matrix and all elements of

62
 are different. Hence the problem requires that the Eckert Number  Ec  is assumed to be very

small that is tends to zero. Under this consideration we have A1  A , B1  B and H  I  0 .

A B C D
F E 0 0 
Hence the amplification matrix becomes,    .
0 0 G 0
 
0 0 K J
After simplification of the matrix  we get the following eigenvalues,

A E   A E  BF A E   A E  BF
2 2

1  G , 2  J , 3  and 3  .
2 2
For stability, each eigenvalue 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 must not exceed unity in modulus. Hence the

stability conditions are

A E   A  E  BF A E   A E  BF
2 2

G  1, J  1 ,  1 and  1 , for all  ,  .

2 2

Now we assume that U is everywhere non-negative and V is everywhere non-positive. Hence

 2c  2c   
G  1  a  b    ae iX  beiY  cos Y , where a  U , bV and c  .
X Y  Y 
2
 Pr  Pr

The coefficients a, b and c are all real and non-negative. We can demonstrated that the
maximum modulus of G occurs when  X  m and  Y  n , where m and n are integers

and hence G is real. The value of G is greater when both m and n are odd integers.

 2c  2c  2c 
Therefore G  1  a  b    a  b   1 2  a  b   .
 Pr  Pr  Pr 

To satisfy the first condition G  1 , the most negative allowable value is G  1 . Hence the

 2c    2 
first stability condition is, 2  a  b    2 that is, U V  1 (28)
 Pr  X Y Pr  Y 2

  2 
Likewise, the second condition J  1 implies that U V  1 (29)
X Y Sc  Y 2

Since U  V  0 at   0 , the equations (28) and (29) gives Pr  0.25 and Sc  0.25 respectively.

Therefore the stability conditions of the problem are,

  2    2 
U V  1 and U V  1
X Y Pr  Y 2 X Y Sc  Y 2

as well as the convergence criteria of the problem are Ec  1 , Pr  0.25 and Sc  0.25 .

63
7. Results and Discussion
In order to discuss the physical situation of the model, we have computed the numerical values of
the non-dimensional velocity U  , induced magnetic field  H x  , temperature  T  and

concentration  C  within the boundary layer for different values of magnetic force number  M  ,

Soret number  So  , magnetic diffusivity number  Pm  , Eckert number  Ec  , Grashof

number  Gr  , Prandtal number  Pr  and Schmidt number  Sc  with the fixed value of modified

Grashof number  Gm  . To get the steady-state solutions, the computations have been carried

out upto   80 . It is observed that the results of the computations for U , T and C , however,
show little changes after   20 but for H x , show little changes after   40 . Thus the

solutions of all variables for   80 are essentially steady-state. Hence the velocity,
temperature and concentration profiles are drawn for   10 and 80 as well as the induced
magnetic field are drawn for   10 , 20 and 80.
Because of the special importance of cooling problem in nuclear engineering in connection
with the cooling of reactors, the values of the Grashof number for heat transfer are taken to be
positive  Gr  0  and Gr  1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 are chosen in the present study. Since the most

important fluids are atmospheric air, salt water and water so the results are limited to
Pr  0.71 (Prandtl number for air at 20 C), Pr  1.0 (Prandtl number for salt water at 20 C) and

Pr  7.0 (Prandtl number for water at 20 C). Here, the investigation are performed for both
lighter and heavier fluid particles, hence with respect to the convergence criteria of the
problem the values of Schmidt number  Sc  that represent the specific condition of the flow

are taken 0.30, 0.60, 0.78 and 1.0(in particular, 0.30 corresponds to helium, 0.60 for water
vapor, 0.78 corresponds to ammonia and 1.0 for carbondioxide at 25 C temperature and 1
atmospheric pressure). However, the values of another parameters M , S o , Pm and Ec are

chosen arbitrarily and the modified Grashof number  Gm  0.5 is considered as a fixed value.

Along with the obtained steady-state solutions, the flow behaviors in case of cooling problem
are discussed graphically. The profiles of the transient velocity, induced magnetic field,
temperature and species concentration versus Y are illustrated in Figs.3-20.
The transient velocity distributions have been shown in Figs.3-7. The effect of the magnetic
force number  M  on velocity field is presented in Fig.3. It is observed that the velocity

decreases near the plate but increases far away from the plate in case of strong magnetic force

64
number. A reverse effect is observed from Fig.5 i.e. U increases near the plate but decreases
far away from the plate with the increase of Gr . The effects of Soret number, Prandtl number
and Schmidt number on velocity are shown in Fig.4, Fig.6 and Fig.7 respectively. From these
figures, we see that the velocity increases in case of strong S o but decreases with the increase

of Pr or S c . It is noted that the velocity is more for air and helium than water and carbondioxide

respectively. Specially, it is observed that the velocity distribution increases or decreases

gradually near the plate and then decreases or increases slowly far away from the plate i.e. the
maximum velocity occurs in the vicinity of the plate.

  80 (Steady state)   80 (Steady state)

  10   10
Dimensionless Velocity

Dimensionless Velocity

Curves M Curves S o
0.1
0.3 1.0
0.5 1.5
2.0

Distance from Plate Distance from Plate

Fig.3. Transient Velocity Profiles for Gr  1, Gm  0.5, Fig.4. Transient Velocity Profiles for Gr  1, Gm  0.5,
Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01. Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, M  0.1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01.

  80 (Steady state)
  80 (Steady state)

  10
  10
Dimensionless Velocity
Dimensionless Velocity

Curves Gr
Curves Pr
1.0
.71
1.5
1.0
2.0
7.0

Distance from Plate Distance from Plate

Fig.5. Transient Velocity Profiles for Gm  0.5, M  0.1, Fig.6. Transient Velocity Profiles for Gr  1, Gm  0.5,
Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01. M  0.1, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01.

The transient induced magnetic field for cooling plate  Gr  0  is displayed in Figs.8-12. A large

effect of magnetic force number on induced magnetic field is observed from Fig.8. It is shown
that the induced magnetic field decreases gradually with the increase of M . We observe from

65
Figs.9-10, the induced magnetic field decreases rapidly near the plate but increases far away
from the plate with the increase of Pm or Gr . An increasing effect near the plate and a

decreasing effect far away from the plate on H x is observed in Fig.11 in case of strong Pr .

Fig.12 depicts that the increase of S c tends to a rise in induced magnetic field. It is declared that

induced magnetic field is greater for water and carbondioxide than air and helium respectively.

  80 (Steady state)

Dimensionless Induced Magnetic Field

Dimensionless Velocity

  10
Curves M
0.1
0.3
Curves S c 0.5
0.3
0.6   10
.78
  20
1.0
  80 (Steady state)

Distance from Plate Distance from Plate

Fig.7. Transient Velocity Profiles for Gr  1, Gm  0.5, Fig.8. Transient Induced Magnetic Field for Gr  1,
Pr  0.71, M  0.1, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01. Gm  0.5, Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01.

Curves Pm Curves Gr
Dimensionless Induced Magnetic Field

Dimensionless Induced Magnetic Field

1.0 1.0
2.0 1.5
3.0 2.0

  10   10

  20   20

  80 (Steady state)
  80 (Steady state)

Distance from Plate Distance from Plate

Fig.9. Transient Induced Magnetic Field for Gr  1, Fig.10. Transient Induced Magnetic Field for Gm  0.5,
Gm  0.5, Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, S o  1, M  0.1 & Ec  0.01. M  0.1, Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01.

The transient temperature profiles are presented in Figs.13-16. An increasing effect near the
plate and a decreasing effect far away from the plate on T are observed from Fig.13 in case
of strong Gr . The temperature profiles for difference values of Ec , Pr and S c are shown in

Figs.14-16. It is found from these figures, T decreases with the increase of Pr while increases
with the rise of Ec or S c . It is noticed that temperature is higher for air and carbondioxide than
water and helium respectively.

66
 Curves Pr Curves S c
Dimensionless Induced Magnetic Field

Dimensionless Induced Magnetic Field

.71 0.3
1.0 0.6
7.0 .78
1.0

  10
  10
  20
  20

  80 (Steady state)   80 (Steady state)

Distance from Plate Distance from Plate

Fig.11. Transient Induced Magnetic Field for Gr  1, Fig.12. Transient Induced Magnetic Field for Gr  1,
Gm  0.5, M  0.1, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01. Gm  0.5, Pr  0.71, M  0.1, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01.

  80 (Steady state)
  80 (Steady state)
Dimensionless Temperature

Dimensionless Temperature

  10
  10

Curves Gr
Curves Ec
1.0
1.5 .01
.02
2.0
.03

Distance from Plate Distance from Plate

Fig.13. Transient Temperature Profiles for Gm  0.5, Fig.14. Transient Temperature Profiles for Gr  1,
M  0.1, Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01. Gm  0.5, Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & M  0.1.

  80 (Steady state) Curves S c

  10
0.3
Dimensionless Temperature

Dimensionless Temperature

0.6
  10 1.0

Curves Pr
.71
1.0   80 (Steady state)
7.0

Distance from Plate Distance from Plate

Fig.15. Transient Temperature Profiles for Gr  1, Fig.16. Transient Temperature Profiles for Gr  1,
Gm  0.5, M  0.1, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01. Gm  0.5, Pr  0.71, M  0.1, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01.

67
The effect of S o , Ec , Gr , Pr and S c on species concentration are shown in Figs.17-20. An

increasing effect on the concentration distributions are observed from these figures with the
rise of S o or Pr while a decreasing effect on it is found in case of strong Gr or S c . It is

concluded that the maximum of concentration occurs on the plate and the thinning effect is noted
for heavier particles.

  10
  10

Dimensionless Concentration
Dimensionless Concentration

  80 (Steady state)
  80 (Steady state)

Curves S o
Curves Pr
1.0
1.5 .71
2.0 1.0
7.0

Distance from Plate Distance from Plate

Fig.17. Transient Concentration Profiles for Gr  1, Fig.18. Transient Concentration Profiles for Gr  1,
Gm  0.5, Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, M  0.1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01. Gm  0.5, M  0.1, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01.

  10
  10
Dimensionless Concentration
Dimensionless Concentration

  80 (Steady state)
  80 (Steady state)

Curves S c
Curves Gr
1.0 0.3
1.5 0.6
2.0 .78
1.0

Distance from Plate Distance from Plate

Fig.19. Transient Concentration Profiles for Gm  0.5, Fig.20. Transient Concentration Profiles for Gr  1,
M  0.1, Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01. Gm  0.5, Pr  0.71, M  0.1, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01.

Now we attempt to discuss about the behavior of the quantities of chief physical interest as shear
stress   , current density  J  , Nusselt number  N u  and Sherwood number  S h  for different

values of the above mentioned parameters. For this purpose, the computed numerical values of
steady-state local and average shear stress, current density, Nusselt number and Sherwood
number versus X and  respectively are illustrated in Figs.21-36.
The effects of M , S o , Gr and Pr on shear stress are shown in Figs.21-24. From these figures,

68
we see that both steady-state local and average shear stress increase in case of strong S o or Gr

while decrease with the rise of M or Pr . From the physical point of view, the increasing effect
of Gr is true because of the buoyancy increases in the upward direction also the decreasing
effect of Pr is true because the increase in the Pr is due to an increase in the viscosity of fluid,
which makes the fluid thick and hence there is a decrease in the velocity of the fluid.

Average Shear Stress

Local Shear Stress

Curves M Gr Curves M Gr
0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0
0.3 1.0 0.3 1.0
0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0
0.1 1.5 0.1 1.5
0.1 2.0 0.1 2.0

Length of Plate Dimensionless Time

Fig.21. Steady-state Local Shear Stress for Gm  0.5, Fig.22. Average Shear Stress for Gm  0.5,
Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01. Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01.
Average Shear Stress
Local Shear Stress

Curves So Pr Curves So Pr
2.0 .71 2.0 .71
1.5 .71 1.5 .71
1.0 .71 1.0 .71
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 7.0 1.0 7.0

Length of Plate Dimensionless Time

Fig.23. Steady-state Local Shear Stress for Gr  1, Fig.24. Average Shear Stress for Gr  1, Gm  0.5,
Gm  0.5, M  0.1, S c  0.6, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01. M  0.1, S c  0.6, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01.

In Figs.25-28, the steady-state local and average current density distributions are presented
for different values of M , Gr , Pm and Pr . It is observed from these figures, both steady-state

local and average current density increase in case of strong Pr while decrease with the increase
of M , Gr or Pm . The profiles of steady-state local and average Nusselt number for different

values of Ec , Pr , Gr and S c are displayed in Figs.29-32. These figures show that both local and

average Nusselt number decrease with the increase of Ec , Gr or Pr while increase with the rise

of S c . The curves of local and average Sherwood number are presented in Figs.33-36 for the

different values of S o , Ec , Gr and S c . An increasing effect is observed from these figures on

both local and average Sherwood number in case of strong S o , Ec , Gr or S c .

69
 Local Current Density Curves M Gr

Average Current Density

0.5 1.0
0.3 1.0
0.1 1.0
0.1 1.5
0.1 2.0 Curves M Gr
0.5 1.0
0.3 1.0
0.1 1.0
0.1 1.5
0.1 2.0

Length of Plate Dimensionless Time

Fig.25. Steady-state Local Current Density for So  1, Fig.26. Average Current Density for Gm  0.5,
Gm  0.5, Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01. Pr  0.71, S c  0.6, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01.

Curves Pm Pr

Average Current Density

Local Current Density

3.0 .71
2.0 .71
1.0 .71
1.0 1.0
1.0 7.0
Curves Pm Pr
3.0 .71
2.0 .71
1.0 .71
1.0 1.0
1.0 7.0

Length of Plate Dimensionless Time

Fig.27. Steady-state Local Current Density for Gr  1, Fig.28. Average Current Density for Gr  1,
Gm  0.5, M  0.1, S c  0.6, S o  1, & Ec  0.01. Gm  0.5, M  0.1, S c  0.6, S o  1, & Ec  0.01.

Curves Gr Sc
Local Nusselt Number

Average Nusselt Number

2.0 0.6
1.5 0.6
1.0 0.6
1.0 .78
1.0 1.0
Curves Gr Sc
2.0 0.6
1.5 0.6
1.0 0.6
1.0 .78
1.0 1.0

1.0 1.0
Length of Plate Dimensionless Time
Fig.29. Steady-state Local Nusselt Number for So  1, Fig.30. Average Nusselt Number for Gm  0.5,
Gm  0.5, Pr  0.71, M  0.1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01. Pr  0.71, M  0.1, S o  1, Pm  1 & Ec  0.01.
Average Nusselt Number
Local Nusselt Number

Curves Ec Pr Curves Ec Pr

.03 .71 .03 .71

.02 .71 .02 .71
.01 .71 .01 .71
.01 1.0 .01 1.0
.01 7.0 .01 7.0

Length of Plate Dimensionless Time

Fig.31. Steady-state Local Nusselt Number for So  1, Fig.32. Average Nusselt Number for Gr  1,
Gr  1, Gm  0.5, M  0.1, S c  0.6 & Pm  1. Gm  0.5, M  0.1, S c  0.6, Pm  1 & S o  1.

70
 Average Sherwood Number
Local Sherwood Number

Curves So Gr Curves So Gr
2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0
1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5
1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0

Length of Plate Dimensionless Time

Fig.33. Steady-state Local Sherwood Number for Pm  1, Fig.34. Average Sherwood Number for Gm  0.5,
Gm  0.5, M  0.1, Pr  0.71, S c  0.6 & Ec  0.01. Pm  1, M  0.1, Pr  0.71, S c  0.6 & Ec  0.01.

Average Sherwood Number

Local Sherwood Number

Curves Ec Sc Curves Ec Sc
.03 0.6 .03 0.6
.02 0.6 .02 0.6
.01 0.6 .01 0.6
.01 .78 .01 .78
.01 1.0 .01 1.0

Length of Plate Dimensionless Time

Fig.35. Steady-state Local Sherwood Number for Gr  1, Fig.36. Average Sherwood Number for Gr  1,
Gm  0.5, M  0.1, Pr  0.71, S o  1 & Pm  1. Gm  0.5, M  0.1, Pr  0.71, S o  1 & Pm  1.

Finally, a comparison of our results is made with both analytical solutions for the natural
convective problem (S.Ostrach, 1953) at a heated vertical plate and numerical solutions given by
(M.M.Allam and M.A.Sattar, 1999) with no magnetic and rotational effects in their problem. If
the plate is not subjected to constant heat and mass fluxes, viscous dissipation and joule heating
terms in energy equation are neglected as well as no magnetic effect, no uniform velocity U 0 are

assumed in our problem, it reduces to the problem (S.Ostrach, 1953). Hence the comparison of
the present results with both analytical and numerical results is presented in Table I for steady-
state   80  . The accuracy of the present results may be good in case of all the flow variables.

Table I. Comparison of the Present Results with Both Analytical and Numerical Results
Y 0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Analytical U V T U V T U V T U V T
Results
39  39 grid
  0.1
0 0 1 5.29 -0.097 0.461 2.78 -0.251 0.149 0.92 -0.342 0.040
Numerical 0 0 1 5.03 -0.129 0.450 2.86 -0.275 0.155 1.12 -0.356 0.047
Results Truncation
10  10 grid 0.26 0.032 0.011 -0.08 0.024 -0.006 -0.2 0.014 -0.007
  0.5 error
Present 0 0 1 5.36 -0.089 0.463 2.75 -0.244 0.147 0.87 -0.339 0.037
Results Truncation
125  125 grid -0.07 -0.008 -0.002 0.03 -0.007 0.002 0.05 -0.003 0.003
  0.005 error

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8. Conclusions
A transient heat and mass transfer problem by mixed convection flow of an incompressible
viscous fluid past a moving vertical porous plate with induced magnetic field, constant heat and
mass fluxes is investigated in this work. The physical properties are graphically discussed for
different values of corresponding parameters. Some of the important findings are listed below,
1. The transient velocity increases with the rise of S o or Gr while it decreases with the

increase of M , Pr or S c .

2. The transient induced magnetic field decreases with the increase of M , Pm or Gr but

increases in case of strong Pr or S c .

3. The transient temperature increases with the increase of Ec , Gr or S c while it decreases in

case of strong Prandtl number.

4. The transient concentration profiles are increasingly affected by S o or Pr and

decreasingly affected by Gr or S c .

5. The shear stress is more for air than water.

6. The current density is greater for water than air.
7. The Nusselt number is more for air and carbondioxide than water and helium respectively.
8. The Sherwood number is greater for heavier particle than lighter particle.
As the basis for many scientific and engineering applications, for studying more complex
vertical problems involving the flow of electrically conducting fluids, it is hoped that the present
investigation of heat and mass transfer problem by mixed convection flow over a vertical surface
can be utilized. The findings may be useful for study of movement of oil or gas and water
through the reservoir of an oil or gas field, in the migration of under ground water or oil as well
as in the filtration and water purification processes. The results of the problem are also of great
interest in geophysics and astrophysics in the study of interaction of the geomagnetic field with
the fluid in geothermal region.

Acknowledgement
M.M. Haque, is very grateful to the Ministry of Science, Information & Communication
Technology, Bangladesh for awarding a research fellowship to conduct this study.

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