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English, as a language, was introduced in India with arrival of the East India Company in India and Indianized with the
introduction of the English language as a medium of instruction in India and the introduction of English literature as a
subject in the Universities. In 1780, India's first newspaper, 'Hicky's Bengal Gazette', was published in English by James
Augustus Hicky. In 1817. Macaulay’s Minute Upon Indian Education introduced in 1833 provided for the introduction of
English as a medium of instruction with the claim that “the English tongue would be the most useful for our native
subjects.” while presenting his famous minute, making such a pronouncement: “…A single shelf of a good European library
is worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia”. The Wood Dispatch of 1854 proclaimed the establishment of the
Universities at Bombay, Madras and Calcutta and thereafter made the English language accessible to students, professors
and also the officials of Government offices. This was the time of the emergence of the Middle Class. Hence, the first
writings in English language in India was the official documents and collections of data.
The first book written by an Indian in English was "The Travels of Dean Mahomet", a travel narrative by Sake Dean
Mahomed, published in England in 1794, The first Indian novel in English was Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s “Rajmohan’s
Wife” appeared in 1864. The period from 1850 to 1900 is a phase when Indian poets were mostly romantic or in George
Bottomley's words "Matthew Arnold in a saree" or as some says "Shakuntala in a mini‐skirt". The chief sources of
inspiration were the British romantic poets. But in the post‐colonial era the "new" romantics of the decadent period for
expressing the consciousness of the Indian renaissance between nationalism and political changes which ultimately led to
the attainment of political freedom in 1947.
The first phase of Indian poetry was the period of literary renaissance in India. Derozio's poems, Kasiprasad Ghose's The
Shair or Ministrel and other poems, Michael Madhusudan Dutt's "The Captive Lady", Toru Dutt’s poems are a testimony to
the creative upsurge occasioned by the romantic spirit kindled by the literary renaissance. The poets of the second phase
were still romantic in spirit like Sarojini Naidu, Tagore, and Aurobindo Ghose. Romanticism of these Indian poets was
fraught with Nationalism, spirituality and mysticism. .While Aurbindo was the search for the Divine in Man and Tagore's was
the quest for the Beautiful in Man and Nature.
The beginning of the twentieth century is the time of growth of the novel form and Realism in English in India. Romesh
Chandra Dutt, T. Ramakrishna who wrote "Dive for Death" and Swarna Ghoshal who wrote "The Fatal Garland". Krupabai
Satthianandan wrote "Kamala, A Story of Hindu Life" ﴾1894﴿, "Bal Krishna, The Love of Kusama" ﴾1910﴿, Sir Joginder Singh,
Rajam Iyer, A. Madhavan. Without that in the first half of the twentieth century, in the colonial India or in the Pre‐
Independence era, there were great literary figures like: A.F. Khabardar, N.V.Thadani, Nizamat Jung, and, Dilip Kumar Roy.
However, one name that stands apart from this body of writers is that of Rabindranath Tagore, who had equal felicity and
grace both in Bengali and English writings. "Gitanjali" made Tagore a world literary figure fetching for him the highest
honour, the Nobel Prize in Literature for the year 1913. In the following years Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan and Raja Rao
became the trinity of Indian writing in English. the three being early representatives of the use of English language in
describing an Indian experience a struggle characterized their attempts. Some other prominent writers who fascinated the
world in the post‐ colonial India were: Kamala Das, V.D. Trivedi, A.K. Ramanujan and Nissim Ezekiel, Jayanta Mahapatra,
Arun Kolatkar, Sarojini Naidu and others which revealed significant developments on modernist lines in Indo‐Anglian
Poetry.
Nissim Ezekiel being one of the foundational figure in the post ‐ colonial period familial events,the mundane and the
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skeptical societal introspection, like in his poem "Ganga", he creates a statement naming the mythical river, and maid
named 'Ganga', both being the cleanser, using words which are very relevant maintaining the mundane.
In the other hand, there were few poets who were more focused on the regional sensibility than the Indian sensibility. This
literary regionalism was taking place in the mid 70s. Arun Kolatkar being one of them, specifically focused on the 'essential
Oriya sensibility', like in his poem ' Dawn at Puri',
Theatres in India had also been one of the remarkable reasons causing the evaluation of the Indian writing in English in the
Post‐colonial India. It Emerged in the 15th century BCE, Vedic text such as Rigveda provides evidences of drama plays
being enacted during Yagya ceremonies. The roots of Indian Dramas is in the Natyasatra by the Sage Bharata, dealing with
issues like acting, dance, costume, music, dramaturgy, make‐up, props, the reciprocal relationship between performers and
spectators so and so forth. Indian puppet theatres and Street theatres were also so popular. And it took a huge shift after
the arrival of the British in 17th century, as they started organising plays of the English playwrights in the places like
Bombay, Calcutta, Madras. But the real journey of Indian English drama began with Michael Madhusudhan Dutt's "Is This
Civilization?" that appeared in 1871. Rabindranath Tagore was also a prominent playwright, whose plays were performed
internationally. It took a untouchable height with the figures like Dinabandhu Mitra, Dwijendra Lal Roy, Girish Ghosh,
Notibinodini, Girish Karnad, Utpal Dutt, Sisir Kumar Bhaduri, Rabi Ghosh, Utpal Dutt being the most popular of all. On the
other hand, there are figures like Gautam Halder who made a solo performance of the play "Meghnad Badh Kabyo" by
Michael Madhusudan Dutt and Saoli Mitra who are still making us amazed with their performances.

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Title: A BRIEF HISTORY OF INDIAN WRITING IN ENGLISH
 · In 1780, India's first newspaper, 'Hicky's Bengal Gazette', was published in English by James Augustus Hicky. In 1817, the
Hindu college, which later became Presidency College, the premier educational institution of Bengal, was founded.
Macaulay’s Minute Upon Indian Education introduced in 1833 provided for the introduction of English as a medium of
instruction with the claim that “the ...
http://www.surendranathcollege.org/new/upload/SUDIPTA_SAHAINDIAN%20WRITING%20IN%20ENGLISH2020‐03‐
29A%20BRIEF%20HISTORY%20OF%20INDIAN%20WRITING%20IN%20ENGLISH.pdf

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Title: Download ‐ e‐Gyanagar, OER Repository, Odisha State Open ...

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