Database Language:

 Database language is the interface to communicate with the

database.
 It is used to create, read, update and store data in the
database.
 There are three type of database language:
1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)
3. DCL (Data Control Language)
1. DDL (Data Definition Language):
 DDL statements are used to define the database
structure or schema.
 It is used to define the physical characteristics of
records.
 It is a link between the logical and physical structure of
database.
 DDL statements are always in the focus of DBA during
designing of the database system.
DDL Commands are:
Create = to create objects in the database
Alter = alter the structure of the database
Drop = delete objects from the database
Truncate = remove all records from a table, including all spaces
allocated form the records are removed.
Comment = add comments to the data dictionary
Rename = rename an object
Example:
Create table student ( Roll_no int,
Name varchar(30),
Address varchar(50)
);
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language):
 DML statements are used for managing data within
schema objects.
 DML is used to update the database by adding new
data or modify or delete the existing data.
 It helps user to use query and display reports of the
table.
 It includes commands to manipulate the information
stored in the database.
DML Commands are:
Select = retrieve data from the database.
Insert = insert data into a table.
Update = Update existing data within a table.
Delete = Delete all records from a table, the space for
the records remain.
Example:
Insert into student values(101, “Hira”, “Kathmandu”);
3. DCL (Data Control Language):
 It is administrative language.
 DCL provides additional features for security of tables
or database.
 DCL statements control access to data and the
database using statement such as GRANT and REVOKE.
DCL commands are:
Grant = gives user’s access privileges to database
Revoke = withdraw access privileges given with the grant
command.
Example:

GRANT COMMAND:
GRANT all on
Employee to ABC;

REVOKE COMMAND:
REVOKE update on employee form ABC;