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Abstract -- The self-oscillating flyback converter is a popular current is continuous. Furthermore, when working in
circuit for cost-sensitive applications due to its simplicity and discontinuous current mode (DCM), the electromagnetic-
low component count. It is widely employed in mobile phone interference (EMI) may be serious since the choke oscillates
chargers and as the stand-by power source in off-line power
while the flyback current returns to zero. Reversely, the
supplies for data-processing equipment. However, this circuit
was almost not explored for supplying power LEDs. This paper oscillation of the RCC recycles after a quarter cycle of choke
presents a self-oscillating flyback driver for supplying Power oscillation. Thus, the EMI trouble of ringing is reduced [3].
LEDs directly, with no additional circuit. A simplified Since the control of the circuit can be implemented with very
mathematical model of the LED was used to characterize the few discrete components without loss of performance, the
self-oscillating converter for driving the power LEDs. With the overall cost of the circuit is generally lower than the
proposed converter the LEDs manufacturing tolerances and
conventional PWM flyback converter that employs a
drifts over temperature presents little to no influence over the
LED average current. This is proved by using the LED electrical commercially available integrated circuit controller [4][5].
model on the analysis. This paper presents a self-oscillating flyback driver for
supplying directly power LEDs, without any additional
Index Terms-- Bipolar transistor oscillators, DC-DC power circuit. Analytical results are verified by laboratory
conversion, Light-emitting diodes, Lighting and Power supplies. experiment. Depending on the circuit design, the oscillation
frequency is usually around tens of kilohertz and can be
I. INTRODUCTION increased by shortening the storage time of the bipolar
In the past few years there has been an increased junction transistors (BJT’s). This topology can also be
penetration of Solid State Lighting (SSL) into the lighting implemented with MOSFET devices with much higher
market, mainly because of its enhanced efficiency and frequency, around hundreds of kilohertz, but this increases
flexibility. Recently, the SSL has been used in some niche the LED driver cost.
applications, such as: post sign, traffic lights, automotive
head lights and architectural implementations. Some authors II. ELECTRICAL MODEL AND LED JUNCTION TEMPERATURE
estimate that in a near future the SSL will replace standard INFLUENCE
lamps used in general illumination [1]. The extended lifetime Fig. 1 shows a simplified electrical model for the Luxeon
inherent to the Light Emitting Diode (LED) qualifies SSL to III Emitter LXHL-PW09 white LED, produced by Philips-
compete with other technologies in the market. In addition, Lumileds. This electrical model has good accuracy for
regarding safety issues, SSL has the advantage of being currents near the LED rated current.
operated at low voltage levels, when compared to other
technologies [2].
The self-oscillating flyback converter is a robust, low
component count circuit that has been widely used in low
power off-line applications. It is also referred to as ringing
choke converter (RCC) since the regenerative signal for Fig. 1. Simplified electrical model.
oscillation comes from ringing of transformer choke. The
merits of the RCC can be attributed to blocking oscillation, The experimental measurements of the temperature
automatically limiting input power when the output is influence over the voltage VLED is showed in Fig. 2. The VLED
overloaded. Moreover, the oscillation may naturally cease if is linearly dependent of the LED junction temperature. The
the output is short-circuited. Even though the flyback series resistance, RLED, can usually be considered constant
converter operating with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) with a value around 0.77 Ω [6][7].
also exhibits merits, when voltage-mode control is employed
it presents the trouble of right-half-plane zero while its choke
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V2 ⎛n ⎞ 2
2
1 1 V
W2 = o ⋅ ⎜ 1 ⎟ ⋅ toff (3) ⋅η ⋅ I M + ⋅ in ⋅η ⋅ ts
2 ⋅ Lp 2 2 Lp
⎝ n2 ⎠ I LED = (13)
Applying equations (2) and (3) in (1), the relation (4) is ⎛ n2 Vo ⎞
obtained. ⎜ η⋅ + ⎟
⎝ n1 Vin ⎠
2
⎛V n ⎞ n2 V
t 2
off = η ⋅ ⎜ in ⋅ 2 ⋅ ton ⎟ (4) If the condition η⋅ o satisfies the equation, than
⎝ Vo n1 ⎠ n1 Vin
Since the only positive solution has a physical significance, (13) can be approximated as in (14). In general this condition
the equation (4) can be rewritten as (5). occurs either when the transformer turns ratio is
approximately unitary (buck-boost), or when the relation
Vin n2
toff = η ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ton (5) Vin Vo is satisfied. In both cases it is possible to connect
Vo n1 one, or more LEDs in series, practically without variations on
The period T is defined by (6). the output current. Thus, under these conditions, the
T = ton + toff (6) converter stabilizes the current through the LED.
Applying (5) in (6), (7) is obtained. 1 n V n
I LED ≈ ⋅ 1 ⋅ η ⋅ I M + in ⋅ 1 ⋅ η ⋅ t s (14)
⎛ V n ⎞ 2 n2 2 ⋅ L p n2
T = ⎜ η ⋅ in ⋅ 2 + 1⎟ ⋅ ton (7) The storage time of the bipolar transistor S1 directly
⎝ Vo n1 ⎠
influences the LED current and it normally varies with
The output power P2 in the LED can be determined by (8). current and ambient temperature. To reduce such influence,
1 1 the resistor R2 is used in series with the transistor to avoid the
P2 = W2 ⋅ = η ⋅ W1 ⋅ (8) super saturation of the BJT. A similar solution is used in
T T electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps.
Applying (2) and (7) in (8) leads to (9).
If the storage time was not considered, equation (14) could
Vin2 be simplified as in (15). Since the input voltage does not
η⋅ ⋅ ton influence the LEDs current, this driver can operate with
2 ⋅ Lp
P2 = (9) universal voltage input (e.g. 80VAC to 240VAC). This
⎛ Vin n2 ⎞ condition can be obtained both when the driver operates with
⎜ η ⋅ ⋅ + 1⎟ low switching frequency, and the storage time is
⎝ Vo n1 ⎠ insignificant, or in high frequency of S1 (e.g. MOSFETs).
The power transistor conduction time (ton) can be 1 n1
determined by (10), where ts is the storage time of the bipolar I LED ≈ ⋅ ⋅ η ⋅ IM (15)
transistor S1 and IM is the current through Lp when the 2 n2
transistor Q1 is turned-on. For the condition adopted in (15), the relation (16) is
I obtained trough equation (5).
ton = L p ⋅ M + ts (10)
Vin toff ton (16)
Applying (10) in (9) obtains (11). Resistor R1 is used to detect the primary current IM that
1 1 V turns-on Q1. This current can be determined by (17), where
⋅η ⋅ I M + ⋅ in ⋅η ⋅ ts VBE is the base-emitter voltage for turning-on the transistor
2 2 Lp Q1. Depending on the value of resistor R1, it can also
P2 = (11) influence the storage time of S1.
⎛ 1 n2 1 ⎞
⎜ η⋅ ⋅ + ⎟ IM =
VBE
⎝ Vo n1 Vin ⎠ (17)
R1
The average current through the LED (ILED) can be Applying the simplified electrical model for the Luxeon
determined by (12). III Emitter LXHL-PW09 white LED, the flyback output
P2 voltage Vo can be obtained by (18).
I LED = (12)
Vo Vo = I LED ⋅ RLED + VLED (18)
Applying (11) in (12) relation (13) can be obtained. Considering the temperature variation, the voltage VLED
can be determined by (19). VLED_25oC is the VLED for junction
temperature in 25ºC, and the ΔVTemp is the voltage variation
according the junction temperature variation.
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VLED = VLED _ 25D C + ΔVTemp (19) ⎡ ⎛1 n ⎞
2
⎤
−1
⎢ 1
L p = 2 ⋅ Vo ⋅ I LED ( nom ) ⋅ ⎜ ⋅ + 2
⎟ ⋅ f nom ⎥
Applying (19) in (18), (20) is obtained. ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (28)
⎣ ⎝ Vo n1 Vin ( nom ) ⋅ η ⎠ ⎦
Vo = I LED ⋅ RLED + VLED _ 25D C + ΔVTemp (20)
Applying (17) and (20) in (13) leads to (21). The current through Lp when transistor Q1 is turned off
1 V 1 V can be determined rewriting (10) and applying ton(max) which
⋅η ⋅ BE + ⋅ in ⋅η ⋅ ts was determined by (27). To simplify the evaluation, the
2 R1 2 L p storage time is considered constant.
I LED = (21)
⎛ n2 ⎞
⎜ η ⋅ +α ⎟ IM =
(t on ( nom ) − ts ) ⋅ Vin ( nom )
(29)
⎝ n1 ⎠ Lp
Where α is defined in (22). Resistor R1 can be determined rewriting (17).
I LED ⋅ RLED VLED _ 25D C ΔVTemp VBE
α= + + (22) R1 = (30)
Vin Vin Vin IM
The output capacitance Co can be determined trough
By analyzing Fig. 2, the relation (23) can be inferred.
equation (31), where ILED(max_ripple) is the maximum value and
n2 I LED ⋅ RLED VLED _ 25D C ΔVTemp ILED(min_ripple) is the minimum value of the current ripple
η⋅ + + (23) through the LED.
n1 Vin Vin Vin
From (23), the equation (21) can be approximated as in
ton ( nom )
Co =
(24). The junction temperature variation practically does not ⎛I ⎞ (31)
influence the LED current. This is another way of showing RLED ⋅ ln ⎜ LED (max_ ripple) ⎟
⎜I ⎟
that the current through the LED is stabilized. ⎝ LED (min_ ripple) ⎠
1 V 1 V
⋅η ⋅ BE + ⋅ in ⋅η ⋅ ts IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
2 R1 2 L p
I LED (24) For experimental results a 220 VAC (60 Hz) driver was
n I ⋅R V D designed. The maximum input voltage is 370 V (260 VAC)
η ⋅ 2 + LED LED + LED _ 25 C and the breakdown voltage of BJT S1 is 700 V (VBE=0).
n1 Vin Vin Assuming that the voltage spike is 150 V and the voltage
The T1 turns ratio is given by (25). margin is at least 100 V, the maximum secondary voltage
n1 VR referred to the primary is 80 V, according (26).
= (25) According to (18), Vo is 3.54 V. The forward voltage drop
n2 Vo + VFD 3
of output diode D3 (1N5819) is considered 0.3 V. The
Where VFD3 is the forward voltage drop of D3 and VR is transformer T1 turns ratio is 20.33 given by equation (25).
the maximum secondary voltage referred to the primary, Assuming that the converter efficiency is 0.6, the input
defined by (26). voltage Vin is 311 V and the nominal frequency is 75 kHz.
VR (max) = VCES − Vmargin − Vin (max) − Vspk (26) The nominal power transistor conduction time is 3 μs, given
by the equation (27). For a nominal current of 700 mA, the
VCES is the collector-emitter voltage (VBE=0), Vmargin is the
designed primary inductance of T1 is 8.3 mH, given by
voltage margin, Vin(max) is the maximum input voltage and Vspk
equation (28).
is the voltage spike.
Assuming that the storage time in Q1 (model STBV32,
The nominal power transistor conduction time, ton(nom), can
produced by STMicroelectronics) is 1.5 μs, the current
be determined rewriting (7) for the nominal switching
through Lp when transistor Q1 is turned off is 0.056A,
frequency, fnom, leading to (27). Where Vin(nom) is the nominal
according to (29). The sense resistance R1 is 12.2 Ω,
input bus voltage for this condition and the output voltage,
determined by (30).
Vo, is considered constant.
−1
The secondary inductance Ls is determined applying the
⎛ V ( ) n ⎞ turns ratio in Lp. The auxiliary inductance of T1 is 38 μH, and
ton ( nom ) = ⎜ η ⋅ in nom ⋅ 2 ⋅ f nom + f nom ⎟ (27) it is determined as a reflected voltage of 5 V over Laux with
⎝ Vo n1 ⎠ load. The capacitor Cp is charged with this reflected voltage
Extracting Lp in (9), and applying (12) and (27), (28) can and the diode zener DZ1 (8V2) is used to monitor the instant
be obtained. Where ILED(nom) is the nominal current through when the load is disconnected.
the LED. Table I resume all electronic components used in the
prototype.
TABLE I
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Circuit list of materials
Designator Description
S1 STBV32 (STMicroelectronics)
Q1 PN2222
T1 Lp=7,8 mH, Ls=19,2 μH and Laux=38 μH
D1 1N4148
D2 MUR160
D3 1N5819
D4, D5, D6 and D7 1N4007
DZ1 8V2 500mW zener
R1 12.2 Ω metal film resistor
R2 10 Ω metal film resistor
R3 2.7 MΩ carbon resistor
R4 100 Ω carbon resistor
R5 82 kΩ carbon resistor
Rs 470 Ω
Cin 2.2 μF / 400 V
Cs 10nF / 50 V
Co 330 μF / 25 V with low ESR
C1 4.7 nF / 2kV high voltage ceramic capacitor
Fig. 4 shows the current in the LED with low average Fig. 5. The current in the LED to a capacitor filter of 2.2 µF.
current crest factor. The average current through the LED
was 635 mA, the ripple factor measured was 15% and the
converter switching frequency was 69 kHz.
2831
V. CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
A low cost self-oscillating flyback driver for power LEDs [1] E. Fred Schubert, Light-Emitting Diodes, Edition 2. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 1-26.
was presented. A simplified mathematical model of LED has [2] E. Mineiro Sá Jr., E. Agostin Jr., J. Bedin, Eduardo I. and J. Perin,
been used to characterize this converter for power LEDs “Design of a Electronic Driver for LEDs”, in Proc. 2007 Brazilian
driver. The mathematical analysis was validated through the Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), pp. 341-345.
experimental results. [3] Yueh-Ru Yang, “Analysis of Winding Capacitance Effects on Ringing
Choke Converters”, in Proc. Nov. 2004 IEEE Industrial Electronics
The LED manufacturing tolerances and drifts over Society Conf. (IECON), pp. 1008-1013.
temperature presents almost no influence on the LED average [4] B. T. Irving and M. M. Jovanovic, “Analysis and Design of Self-
current for this converter. Oscillating Flyback Converter”, in Proc. March 2002 IEEE Applied
Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), pp. 897-903,
This driver can reduce the costs to replace actual compact vol. 2.
fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps for power LEDs. [5] AN2228 STD1LNK60Z-based Cell Phone Battery Charger Design,
STMicroelectronics Application Note, September 2005.
[6] E. Mineiro Sá Jr., F. L. M. Antunes and A. J. Perin, “Low Cost Self-
Oscillating ZVS-CV Driver for Power LEDs”, in Proc. 2008 IEEE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Power Electronics Specialist Conference (PESC), pp. 4196-4201.
[7] E. Mineiro Sá Jr., F. L. M. Antunes and A. J. Perin, “Junction
The authors would like to thank FINEP, FUNCAP and Temperature Estimation for High Power Light-Emitting Diodes”, in
CNPq for the financial support of this work, and Kleber C. A. Proc. 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics
(ISIE), pp. 3030-3035.
de Souza for his contributions on the original version of this [8] S. Birca-Galateanu, “Flyback Converter Output Voltage Stabilization”,
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2, pp. 146-151, March 1987.
2832