see eRe ede) eee received by the receiver using Friis Sich} belt rs 2. Derive the relation between the directivity and maximum effective Toa gee ETCH Fd Rain mana ellen Lael explain its parameters? 4. Anantenna has radiation resistance of Wee Aaa kee etek) TT) [mie 3 Pein ale Lana RIMS AL directivity? 5. Explain what is “Reciprocity theorem" in terms of antennas? 6. Distinguish between the terms: Beam Area and Beam Efficiency WAM Moen Cee-Lo Lae) Lelthdle 10-1 aes Clara le Aa) power gain of 40 dB ,if the transmitted V3 power is 1 KW ,Find the received power for the range of 30 km? Mere Ry types in detail? Pam C) 1-1 uM ileelec AULD increased directivity 10. Explain about Measurement of gain using 2 antennas and 3 antennas method? OP PR er ented two-point sources with equal amplitude and in phase? epee 24) Wg ica) eels hdc0) multiplication and find the radiation pattern of 4and8 tunel ee ake CMe te lie] ma)13. Explain in detail about the measurement of radiation pattern with neat diagram? 14. Explain the typical sources of errors Came D ANNUAL ATM MAT=e= TOL Nn} 15. Explain the principle of pattern multiplication and find the radiation pattern of 4and8 tanta lar- bea 16. Obtain array factor of N-element OTaCOLM ap -IaE- hd 17... What are parasitic arrays? 18. What are advantages and disadvantages of Yagi Uda antenna? 19. Design a Yagi-Uda antenna of 6 elements to provide a gain of 12 dB if the operating frequency is yA aaa 20. What are the Advantages and disadvantages of Folded Dipole antenna? 21. Describe the characteristics and applications of Yagi-Uda antenna ? 22. Find the input impedance of folded dipole antenna?% Seuss rapsanicnion Seoamuular Copeue per nn FP angie communiegtion dnl): 9 4 . Ai ae are er nt 2 rene ee Fe ig: Radio communication Link: The Yoites Juomeoninion «| la wos develepeol ty Cel AY Socis ot Bell doherctary . Shia fpemeta vis useful um ablatning dhe owen sewived ay seceding onifenna Bemider a sade Link shétoen 2 Ta anol Ry OA ghawn !det this omlenmas de scpaucted ty a dlislawce ‘A? exp uesel vin Ml eu hm’. dd Wy de the power aknarsnricter! ty Ceuaemitti- avlenna. dt Ney ond Aeg due offectine vaperttues 4 trans witli ff teeceivuing cuilennas specie ~ty Gt 4) Gp om Goins } Tx ancl Ry capedtivell . ht We le dhe power secelveot ay Re wshich ue Adve to Coleulate- Assume that the Ascusmithing wutenna un wade commu- miration dimk ww com iseleopie sartenna, then the powew dunsity awtuived -.cal eect wong vowlenma is Po Fh = Wr +71 d* “WD a But, the ducnmitting orilenna may mot ue tesluopic. 4 Gq is the goin Te thew the -powen clemstly secetves ey wotiuing .awilenna 4 ‘ Ros Wr 4nd? Gx lane —-® Wb gd tre power served dup the seteiul arlene wus douse te anuttiply power cclemity © se ceiutd Pg) utth ef pe chive. vapettne 4 was eerlaiing ow enna (Aer). We = Fr: Aer (: deem) Wee Wr 4nd Gr. Aer wolts aul mou frat , Gy 240We = Wr R atd= “at. her: Aer We = wiz» Aer- Aer watts da 202 kuou that , G = 4T De wa De = Gx i a We = Wr 2 Gr). Gee . : 411x410 °X* We = We x G@r:Ge-d* ee 2 7 2i Klattien uuctuseen Bbuélivity oud Gestpeos Fo syste afl Ye tind ait tts oultttion pitween clduedtivily q nor ell eclive Opeudune , dt us eormrider 9 owatonna. ie; outerna A e] vwslenna, ‘B oud deewediuittes el,Y cond "Dy! and a0 ke, these 2 cvilennas Ase “DS cates ant Deadman sind (Reb) moot atstitan (7 tive su ettively Gon. va fou thas pe on lies eulennas fle titi eb “kp divi fapetlibal 3° (Rdnee Da & Cedmae ——O Db & (hemax —7O redte3t4 WDedwae Re = ty CRetrune eT Lb Be. Wedne __5@ | Cetimor Ek au ssB bef auienvia, ty aati Jacioetn Goin ea “aowdaty iy fae ae | pea Rona Go = gun om iach ose Ks iftei sciio- too offen yo 4 aitenna “6 som Ubbecpie eum 8 puctliat tttenne foe whi at ote fvaling oot te einer D = diactisity e frome han clos son tis anes -ane rfid “KS id sed a srtheonts “a eae c 2 Gedmar Go sed — +O (Cesdmat = CREB uae a FA suites 8 sa chest djeh —cetlenna (00D agr 2 aE 7 Das, &Blo a Dy = (Reb>mor (Peas) maR ae elev al ax Radiation -pallesie vis onalhenucitica grophical seperation ef cadicilien paepettces gh onilenne wrt dbace ce-atdinales ne@.- (0k) Radidtien -patlewn ws @ quaphh achich shews vouialions 4 oleclric Yoel bictonsity at earch cond suey point avhtih One equal distance face the ernilee gh asileinna. gt % Radiation Mlle posgandes: "ig ale 3 = Wlajor Lobe © tain iBle das ae oy dhe. lebe which contains Wa: Bate abinadoasodiction . Wine’ Loic: Uhordeles athe, than - CR RRS avi amg Tohes owe called miner Lee Yhese ie a 2 ayes: 2 Gide, Lee: Vee ele. ushich iu cudjacent te amam Lobe. or) Sho Lele which da / a Guilenoleol Lele ws calledl. ¢de Lele. : he ui) Back ele: 4 dete whith as epporit te ; ERE RR mmoyor Lele. ihe. Lele which, us ain is anderited ditwition ub called frack Lobe. we Wall echduections = ase ote, tuictions’ dim ashich evcictiction is ‘0’ otal), fous pent diedtion: Wase ase cliveclions don voshich the power is O-F0F tts Gs san. value. “out onl: egy yudth: dt di che angle ex shea auidéh wulween & fot, met divsclion . / “5 al, der ag aii: ca te ge doen a ‘uctoeen @ halh owen pomt clieceline. :im> Example 1.14: An antenna has radiation resistance of 72 , a loss resistance of 8 Qand a power gain of 12 dB. Determine antenna efficiency and directivity.Q: Avlema hos a Ry G 720, Ry =8.0 cmd powex gain GH 12dB. And ih 1, dlinectine qn Yiven thot : Rys4#R0- 3 Reps 82.3 GpriadB Rr+Rp = Ra ; ~ Rave NQ+e = 80 ‘fp. - FR «100 fhe Ub an a - Wao \Mt.2 90% Gplas) = 10809,,4~ : De LN Beal 10-409, 4F : wo = Gp Gp = 15.84 \ Gp = <4d > Gd = Be = 14.6 O- ceeNad Avil. 2 | Smt Tn wepy ku te the eer © 0 Gia + yxy 4 %m (ErHa) 20 yt 4am Ema =e [an r%m] ~tmta fia, 7 x utili O oe O @ x lurin] fem te). en wo Tifletm) on aay) — toh Ty = GalZee2 222) > TL emt kag? FA InTo2]) Zod Ty= Fra (tens Za] 2 4) [el eurzaa) + Hea] = €12 [tn 222) Toe -fia [ome 22] Bonk r2se) + 20 X22) Sutin OQ im © —6 Tas Em. Ga one Te Tin (een ott Zim: Bia ie “Ym (Eat aa) +E Zao. Srniouly fam’ rable Te Sen Zim [i rXaa} + Vakag 4 net Ean. Oh =o Ge. %a FoeL eur Zas}e Re [zy Zen] Za ee] = —-@ on |gy, WO 4 od © E)5," '3.Eal bo oT5. Geee at Ree sed eg (nd Fa ds «vdoinalp ds eno. doa bam esse. ss defined a ite tee slop movmalizul poses comport en fatto ors 0 + On J [osoatoce ay oa tplodd = Clo CODmer 2] P20@ oo] ee fla with ef stan uc = Liou ona ca abe Seo Pe Own: G0 up « hall poses dtm sith wo © dur = fn i Vv f pourepls Howe | : & ‘sed as mej ie or ed me oe | we om fjieney « APP aon 0 Seow ion» a ea aes So Pps Oy Len heer “sayy —emafet sleewn este Dem —* amine acim E886 Pn Omiom As De 4 Dey Ba Be, Dan = — stay foetan = Sexhtion | $ cam le defied 0s se Ralf oh 6 fost mutt as aidth CFABN) &f Ow aston,Seffertoe Apestwe (ney 0 Gffective area QUEA » capture AULA» active eee or “epson A duommaitting camtenna dower EM woud! as uudenna wuecofveb tte aien* 4 the 4am Of rfp ectine spot ca a ws duet oe aiteod “a echive DOLL we) Conmioleutng te vanitenma te home, pedis Eun ahi _ethsaee eM egy be the . dnaeind wanes. ES fpective: apecuue B value sacl fi de svotle oh power succivek diy the vavilerina » 40 - persing power danctcleriled. Ae - Powen weeeiverl Poynting -powen man eeaeatel Re = We amr PP Beek type sb apistuses: . ¥ Along willy elleéline scl 4 LOW puitenna we awe Morr Opertturus ike : d CeotLesving apectue As &) dos opel Ag ty Bolleetine opertuues Ae iv) Chaprical Apetust Dp DEaatonrig opees OW: Ae = Tims Re a i) dos Apeitlune (2): Ags Tims Ry P cid Gobledive apéilune (Ae) Ae = Ag +Ag +Ae = Tim. Pr eTeme Rt Tem PR . ora P P i) Cyprical epetluse (APD: dt ws cthw physical omer that ws cowairtalele ~fe% oad Lavilenne.44 Directivity of End Fire Array with Increased Directivity For an end fire array with increased directivity and maximum radiation in 9 = 0° direction, the radiation on intensity for small spacing between elements (d << 2) is given by, a — 1 (nV¥fn,2 Uy = ald) [$+2-1.s015] 0.878 S (20) Uo = TRa (20) Multiplying numerator and denominator quantities by 2x in equation (20), we get, u, 0.878x2n _ 1.7560 _ 1.756 Tt 0 © TBdx2n ~ nnBd x |2npd fa Uy = 0.559 (ara) -=(21) Thus the directivity is given by, = Umax _ Bt Tey 0.559" _ 2nd p= A) 0.559 |"But, p= = ug " = 3 $ v 5 S »|8 us = u " te 3 6 eo D= 1789 [«(5)| where L = (n- 1) d=nd{s sources of Error in Antenna Measurement gor the antenna measurement in far field region, j amplitude is the ideal requirement. But practical Due to the finite distance between the AUT and the plane wave with uniform phase am lly there are deviations in the plane io urvature takes pl: the source antenna, amplitude taper od phase ¢ Place. These errors affect the main lobe of the antenna “qificantly- Due to the reflections from the surroundings, ripple in the amplitude and rwse is observed. These ripples affect the accuracy of the side lobe significantly. "owing are different sources of errors in antenna measurements 4, Errors due to oe measurement distance between antennas : When the distance patveen the antennas is very small, then the field received by the AUT at different points wij be with different phases causing quadratic phase error. The quadratic phase error ees by reducing the measured gain and increasing the side lobes as compared to the ideal uniform plane wave condition. Due to the small distances between the antennas, the amplitude gets affected. The anpltude errors are of two types transverse amplitude error and longitudinal amplitude mor. In transverse plane, the amplitude of the field is small at the edges of the AUT, while slightly greater away from the edges. This causes the transverse amplitude error. Typically the measurements of the long end fire antennas are affected by the longitudinal anplitude errors. 2Reflections from surroundings : The reflections from surroundings is another inportant source of the error because reflections cause amplitude ripple as well as phase pple. The ripples occur in a region, due to the interference between the direct wave and | flected wave. Note that the powers of the waves are not added but always the field of the waves are added. So due to very small reflection also large measurement error may be caused, | During the measurement of the side lobes, the reflections are found to be harmful as it | Masks completely the main lobe coupled to the side lobe of the direct wave. ne outdoor ranges, reflections from the ground, trees, towers, buildings, hills, eect can | ““*ttions from antenna support structures are significant. ba, - |} Brors due to coupling in the reactive Near Field : The reactive near field causes Signi 7 eat error at low frequencies. If the distance is greater than 10 2, then the coupling 3s | eigible,—. . ~ 4. Errors due to misalignment of antenna : Basically ‘the antenna measurement is are a 3-dimensional vector measurement so any misalignment of the source antenna caus amplitude errors. Due to the misalignment the patterncut can not be properly taken, 5, Errors due to manmade interface : On outdoor ranges, when the manima rt interference gets coupled with receiver at the frequency same as the measurement frequency ot any other frequency, harmonic distortion takes place. ‘On indoor ranges, in anechoic chambers, the reflections from the walls, floor ang celing are significant 6. Errors due to atmospheric effects : Due to the atmospheric effects, such as variation of refractive index of atmosphere, multihop propagation takes place which finally results in significant amplitude variation during measurement. At higher frequencies, the attenuation of the atmosphere is very high which results in amplitude variation. 7. Errors due to cables : If the cables used for the connection do not have proper shielding, leakage occurs and the cables act as antenna producing measurement errors. The incorrect use of cables also cause errors. 8. Errors due to impedance mismatch : If the antenna impedance is not properly matched with the instrument impedance, errors occur in the gain measurement. 9. Errors due to imperfections of instruments : Due to the imperfections of the instruments in the measurements such as transmitter, receiver, positioner etc, the measurement error occurs.8.8.2 Set up for Measurement of Radiation Pattern of an Antenna , The simple arrangement for the radiation pattern measurement consists primary antenna is transmitting mode, secondary antenna as antenna under test. The secondary antenna is coupled with) the rotating shaft and it is rotated using antenna rotator mechanism. To measure the relative amplitude of the received field an indicator is used along with the receiver as shown in the Fig. 8.16. Secondary antenna ‘Antenna under test ‘Support shaft Primary antenna for antenna Antenna rotator mechanism @) indicator Fig. 8.16 Measurement set up for radiation pattern Transmitter .,, Usually the antenna under test is used in the receiving mode. It is properly illuminated by the stationary primary antenna. The secondary antenna is rotated about vertical axis. For E-plane pattern measurement, the antenna support shaft is rotated with both the antennas horizontal. While for H-plane pattern measurement, the shaft is rotated with both the antennas vertical,g fevosshic 21a - oat WX ar KK 0g 015A ae |. 4 T (Re wafer - 0-55) on} 0-454 De = tive element | H D = alituclon - Le elite 2 ; adn @an, ern oma eollinor. assays #0ch oud every clown a AOU oseay iA oacited. : HW 4° iitlead of enciting Lach 7 Bd tha uw wate of eneng “a enly one elven sare alll coud every elimend, we tia ether elemnits ane esccttec! oly EM tnduéiion. The elenuvt. chat sue eneite ca called -dbiiven eltumade. She eleneils solteh -aue encited tu duiven lume Ate colth pavcritic element. 7 din pasuacitie oss lle oath be & elemecle thatave Ube ote “LO 5 Putven element Cde) ii) Reflects ce) > 90 diuect madidtien un un single ciwdlion , ae ae one mee elt callid ineclan + Jn oot of the powaritc eeucye ais, thie cluven element auseol ts half - wave dipole (Ag on asa) > he elemertl uehich ca used tubiordl the clutven climet wb called auc}lecton whee Length as se mete thaw ape (0.554) Fhe clement wehich sis om peont GJ De caltect insite wurhose ongth Sh Wsben thaw Dp: & > She Apa ting ete omy tie elves 4 faucstic Oouad wb 9.tA £8 O.15AT% , (MHZ) puitenne, , = - yee, ~Y Geneual choswaclerigties z) Sogi- Ude BEAMS a PADWDRAND ent includes | Yogi-uda avilenma, with 3 elements ornament} Ont ~ selocteu, one De, ene firwdlow vs ¢ colked ram orlenna . i) dt wo high goin -onitienna olig collec Apex ow spar oldie cavitenna, , ; a ie qeoucclly 0 foadk orfaaquavcy eponcting suit ”) dt us a uonrut genditive ~dlewwie, The Novndlutelth 4 2-3%) com da oantly ocuventol af pacing ihween the olumails is O.td to OE4- W) dain oh agi dda. seittenma vs’ ¥cép gci8 ob front te back wdtio uw godb. Vi) Yage-aicla. cuitenna in tage usight, bon 20% ouch SenPle™. in z : : vitty Yh Gint 0 ovadiation tua Leann asst) whieh, Unidieedtion ninth medenate eet ] que | ed fx) Yo aclveus Olea ctiatty moun me. & diowclecs. can elie aed. *) the no. a dirwitoru penaaes from 20-40UA P ddvowtlond AAAS 4, dts font ste diack cicitie as exellent ; _) qeceivlug antenna 2 gt -w auud -at Acriomilliing mrilennd, ot fugh prequeen : : v | Ty. sur cepilien « Bt har alert emidceactional sociation pattern: & uw to the awe gd delaled dipole the “fagi- Uda oR ica auilt lecome Lead and aulerinma 5. ft has excellercl, neue bis advan DAA 1. Hai as Limited &. Banoluidth us iene % 29h. main epplicdlion | 4 Yoge eda eae us Ty, Hecepotven ¢ ‘applications. 2 We com clue ccocculete -polacutteition sy rata 2-3 Yogi - ucla -curtonnas ctsvonged tity Peeps oder .30 advantages and Applications of Folded Dipoie Antenna ‘Advantages i) _Ithas high input impedance. i) It has greater bandwidth. iii) It acts as built in reactance compensation network. iv) Its construction is simple and is cheaper. v) It has better impedance matching characteristics. Applications A basic two wire folded dipole antenna is most extensively used as a feed element of TV antennas such as Yagi-Uda antennas. The bandwidth characteristic of a folded dipole antenna is far better than that of the single dipole of the same size. As the terminal 'mpedance of the folded dipole antenna can be adjusted over a wide range of impedances Using differentitZ™ ques it can be used as feed element for the antennas with very low and very higi 2 impedances so that no impedance matching is required./sabamaon tor wt tostones ot Fld bse saiave Propagation HE, UNE and Wena Atma Lat us consider folded dipole a5 shown in Adtenng =e nm te wi let ds ws commen hyn os pe the ig 58 The evar eet of wo wee i te 10 00 wire eed poe ttuntapae feng 0/2 eat shown fhe oN i obeezyozs, Rest o of The apped valnge Vy which is sppled ® hhh com wom 12 ge equly divide in a i tht he lens te pend vey devo toch ie a vlnge YE, Then equation can te Ly ees 9 ce ech te Tae ae now 8 Ye ozyh aa FIG. 5.11 Equivateny, E fo taht ink ia ye O%h om we ; Note that 2 & the selimpedaice of dipte(Dand 2 i he * ge inp impedance of the pole is oa between dipoles) and @). The curents 1 and ly mt Ne 5 the cutents utr theo, ‘ipoles Assuming bot the dipoles of equal rai, we can have onset? he cnditn ned Hence eqeation becomes, Bo rah suet be st impedance oft die NSS, Hence the acta vale of spat the 3 wee flded dipole of tiple 1 te wo pt very de ha 8h a epg ten thot onder of thn we an spponnae ts peda eee impedance even eo ie 7 = Zyy Heres eon en, > Satah Fig. 8.12 Equtalont eet of tipo o ie have sendy discussed that the folded alple have abiy of wansooing ceo the ested vale If Ue rad ofthe Wo plete me equ he Oe fapraion forthe input impedance is given By, el . ry = Radius of dipole Wesel = 2 ey then My = 202) y= 42h ‘The self impedance of dipole 1 of langth 2/2 is nothing but is dso wi whichis of value 732, ‘us the input ined of two wie fod il of eng 02 ze nfo] = 993) = 6570Antennas =" aa ve Arty t the impedance transformation depends Ae + distance between the dipoles. Let a be fn OF eo, 0 Prof. Uda and Mushiake, the impe ae distance we It is observed tha also on the spacing © : ding t ; dipoles, then aaa 18 given by, bhi We can express above relationship interms of ratio of antenna ; the self impedance of dipole, then the ratio is called Impedance fl ut i (ITR) or Impedance step-up ratio. Tans; Medan, Me format on q Impedance Transformation _ Ratio (ITR) 7]VF Kadiction (att Aetion (ativan 4 doen Seek er Band faa phase 20 ducoas, ssn case ie haw agi Peas Sheps + Gedo ona y of oe wok elt oh 2 fc asteonas, pound 3 Hs acy che atdinon “patina ts B fgow 8 ae SQ i © Hel 1 hoe 6 HT AE putuonat 14 01 ata 9 eine dada | gents 8 () : ey 4 3 a SEB ao te fife futile sn fats i pap te Geet au aaa eae iho ae LE? SamerVey be 6 + 8 ode Dro tee pee foe pre “ye | + PTL6e ye 2 | Beep Gonder ~ avtlenna 12) 3,4 0% ow unt a s idoeple aamluno seposualed ty Ae a all, , nile wo Na Aa [* ah guild YO? re 4 74 3 A sl ns contdewd Ly dalawe Ho mull 2. f Wiep ar B Ye oulennar 5 gy 9 mule ra 6 ey or omdther _dirailoss out hel , pls ea : null iqudh 6 lees gre quesp autennes WE 28,4 wll de mathe Ly oO oink wonitenna “Ar psboose’ 4 ‘The yor A comluninar 96.48 auitt a seeploted ‘4 ah senile +B! 5 . — ' ‘ Mor Ae A A Ob : _ ; Bo 4 5 6dteps “Som pocbcipe 4 mmuttipt ation pollen » Maks dials onl pul wunal Mra ae pee pattemselwnenl sway: | CO i * Ladys raters on x don’ this enie, we coluulode er dua, the svactiotion ‘Patio Liner prsray eh om. jplaopre pedrt Aourus- dn ths away, the oda elon ane Spaced eqproly tf Dae fed suuth cusuanrts ct equal sawnrfolrhade ef eat, plas. enna: “ the cussual aunabliludes Gree aqua, oe rel ‘ utudes ous olso equal. She catol, fox eft ot Bidout ppsfint ~P 25Ey SB +s+ty re. 7 En j j js ayy 2 600 Le BM, Go EPL. Heo ed Wa 0 JEm-De Ge= bof yterty ann te —) Muttrply ey © “uate ov j ; : . ) & 2? fo felt eet oh an en 8 Butitwad ® om © a) op Ap ee 2”) f[reel*) Ey, ne Ee Ee eee a” alle elle _ gue ent a Fe ae T (eve pe = ay Sen le be wou Lin e : sae \ m 9G axing wg wade on Austly aides/ Eve Jay = op OM. © .cl¥-es_ o asd SPY any! | Kz Meese ey oo e de qt emaotianium vole “ & e.g & domh Yao © Yero ~ sfinyle on ae (2) aC ndatovmivets $e" dan alse dlopital sue CoS AY. fpr 0 8g Ve femot B0, ia —© ee wox'= fog aSy oad he a feed sous yith, equal wovasferttude, ef a) oe rhe pnb sounin culty equal -pvou hte f spp yak, ets Se ith “ Boo -t40 2 ee aoe! I i ep eel | 4 Omnat * OF gud ate” veions mmimcena dewdiier ey null ct'en | marine diester ew mull, aeECrOn Ye gel onintona chic clon, ue oqo the neumals pebcompercal to XeUd 8 ( Boos 2) £0 1 = cos'(ol 2 = } 4 wse tQn+) ™ 1080z,7 $45 fie 2 OD Omin = 8 om 186° ui) Hey ‘paves peigdt dui ctions : (Onrp) Yo get Opp wolinsdliion wwe eqmuttle the merrnatireg) feet component 20 4 ve ce 17, MN=0519253- 2. ares