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    NG ed 02/2021

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    NG ed 02/2021

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    29 views100 pages

    National Geographic History - 01 2021 - 02 2021

    Uploaded by

    Jacielrodrigues
    NG ed 02/2021

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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On the cover, Achilles, clad in golden armor, squares off against Hector, who is wearing a shining helmet: The action was intense, and I was hooked. At frst, it was just a gripping story of a war fought over the most beautiful ‘woman in the world, but years later when I returned to the Trojan War through The Iliad, the story grew deeper. More than just a beautifully illustrated action sequence, the poem was now a thematic clash between wrath and honor as heroes stared down their fates on the battlefield I revisited The Iliad in preparation for this month’s cover story. This time the epic was more than just a story. It was a window through which one could view ancient Greece to examine what was important during that time. "To which objects is the author devoting time and attention? What qualities are embodied by his heroes? Through this lens, The Iliad becomes a valuable primary document, one that has survived for millennia because of its ability to engage, to give historians valuable perspective into the past. ny Bi History MGLOLO NATIONAL (GEOGRAPHIC 16 The Lost Civilization of Jiroft 1n 2001 floods near Jrof, Iran, exposed the ruins of an ancient necropolis. Itbelonged to an undiscovered culture that flourished in 2500 hc alongside the world’s oldest cities in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. 28 Armed and Dangerous in The Iliad Helmets, shields, and weapons dominate Homer's epic poem about the Trojan V dont iFmor to prepare for a duel to the di The Roads That Led to Rome At the peak of Rome's power, 200,000 miles of roads kept the lifeblood, of empire flowing from its heart to the extremities, Many modern European highways still follow the course of one of the Roman Republic’s greatest legacies. 54 The Opium Wars China's attempts to end Britain’s destructive—but hucrative—opium trade unleashed the might and fury of the Royal Navy in 1839, resulting ina humiliating defeat for China and the loss of Hong Kong. 0 Napoleon's Egyptian Victory Napoleon's 1798 invasion of Egypt ended in military failure, but his far-sighted deployment cof an “army” of scholars heralded the triumphant birth of Egyptology. {WE ROSETA STONE OSD FRONDS NPB 79 ISH ASED LOM . Rogue Numidian Jugurtha the throne in 118 ne. by killing his rivals, bribing Roman officials, and dragging Rome into a costly war His Smbiion paved the way fr the crisis thal would bring down the Roman Republic. Carved from ivory in the 1500s, a saltcellar from West Africa depicts men cartying a European ship. Ol inches high, it was one ofa limited-edition made for Portuguese mer craftsmen in the ancient kingdom of Ben ‘The first roller skates were clumsy and slow, so inventors made them. sleeker, speedier, and safer. Later impresarios built inks, and in the 1880s Americas first full-blown skating craze was on all 200% ‘The permafrost of Russia's Pazyryk Valley trapped ancient Scythian burial in anicy me warp, Staring 21920 cogsls ue oto thet NEWS AUSTRALIA the traditional Indig- ‘enous name for the peninsula and coastal islands (also called the Dampier Archi ppelago) in Australia’s Pitbara region, Many ancient Australian sites have been found in the Murjuga area, Indigenous Australian Past Found Underwater First proof that such sites exist is expected to spur further research on Australia's continental shelf, opening up a new watery frontier. rchaeologists have long speculated about human set \tlement on Aus: tualia's northern continental shelf, a stretch of now sub- merged land that extends 100 niles fr forevidence was unsucces leaving the question open. A new effort, drawing on the expertise of Australian universities and Britain’s Uni versity of York, in partnership with the Murujuga Aboriginal Corporation, recently set out to try again. The project cen- tered on the Dampier Archi pelago in Western Australia Even knowing that this area abounds with Indigenous rock engravings, doctoral students John McCarthy and Chelsea Wiseman were surprised by ‘what they found in the aqua ‘marine watersof Cape Brug eres in July 2019. “Twas stunned when I saw the tools ina little pothole on the seabed,” said McCarthy. ‘When he surfaced shouting “lots of definite lithics (stone PIN act ST peer facts begin mnespman be they deployed high-tech ad te Speer oa rea Pes een enor ee wah Poe’ ati rinse 000 yeat Broader Implications c haw Attheend of thelast iceage The discovery is significant whi the muchlower than today, exp 000 se toric thisprojectr ingmorehabitableland.Asthe sites int cont @ PROFILES Jugurtha, the King Who Bought Rome Bribery, murder, and brilliant strategy tightened Jugurtha's grip on his North African kingdom, drawing Rome into an extended conflict that weakened the foundations at home. Ruthless and Rebellious 134 Bc. luguth, nephew of King ‘Micinsa of Numidia, Fights bravely with Roman troops fn Spot making power 18 Re. ‘Micipsa dies and leaves Numa to his two sons and Jugurtha, Jugurtha will Sspense with beth vals and seize power himselt. IN Be. Alter failed attempts to subdue Jugurtha, Rome invades, but hgurtha bribes his way to a0 advantageous peace 107 B.C. toevade captur plebeians appoint anew 105 BC. lugurtha aoe takes hhrmto Rome, where he's paraded in chains and des in prison truggling to subdue the peo- ple of Spainin34¥.c.,Roman general Scipfo Aemilianusre alized heneeded more troops. Heturned to Numidia, aNorth African ally whose ruler, Micipsa glad to provide Numidian soldiers. A loyal ally of Rome in its recent victory ‘over Carthage, Numidia located in parts of modern Algeria, Tunisia and Libya) had an underlying motive for helping Rome: Micipsa could send his nephew Jugurtha to command Numidia’ fore es. Charismatic, lever, and aaressive, Jugurtha represented a threat to Micip sa’s throne and his two sons. Assisting pain would conveniently put m'sway. Pechapshe would never return. But Jugurtha did return after a deci sive Roman victory at Numantia with a glowing letter of recommendation from Scipio, His military and political reputation enhanced, Jugurtha had also established vakuable Roman connections, ‘Todiminish histhreat to thethrone, King Micipsa decided to adopt his nephew and include him in a three-way split of the kingdom with his biological sons, ‘Hiempeal aid Adherbal Jugurtha'sambition was undeniable and he would not be content toco-rule ‘with his adoptive brothers. Most of what isknown about Jugurtha’s life comes from two Roman historians: Sallust and Plutarch, whorecorded how he employed bribery, treachery. and murder in uthless pursuit of sole control of Numidia. The civil conflict, the Jugurthine War, wou! ‘turn intoa costly distraction for Rome thatexposed thecorruptioneatingaway at the heart of the Roman Republic. Family Affairs ter the death of Micipsa, Jugurtha immediately contested the division of power. Gathering his soldiers, he sent them to Hliempsal’s quarters where they ransacked the house, killed anyone who resisted, and discovered! Hiempsal hiding inthecellofamaidservant. Asorderedby Jugurtha they cut off Hiempsal’s head. ‘Adherbal fled to Rome, where he declared to the Senate that Jugurtha wwasatraitor and had murdered his own brother. He demanded punishment, and the Senate set up a commission to investigate. Quoted in Sallust’s first century 8. work, Jugurtha describes Rome as “urbem venalem et mature per~ ituram, siemptorem invenerit—a city for sale and doomed tospeedy destructionif Jugurtha’s murderous path to power helped destabilize the Roman Republic. an com 8 TH ACE OF UGURINA NATONALRARY PS = ; JUGURTHA i NEB) at cdlonadintaenettta Eee it finds apurchaser"—a\ lesson Adherbal and pushi ! ne le ng his tim man Adherbal 4, secured himself in oops in Spain. To fight his adoptive _Cirta, the capital of his portion of Nu- pplied midia, and appealed to Rome for help. ich man in charge of bi Jalline. Facing a popular ou PROFILES NUMIDIAS SHORT LIFE that Jugurtha strove torule alone arose during the Sec- cond Punic War fought between Rome and Carthage in the third Rome, Jugurtha’s grandfather King Masinissa, united the region Under his rule as the kingdom of Numidia, His land prospered, and following Rome's destruction of Carthage in 146 8.c, Masinissa’s son, Micipsa, continued ruling as 2 Roman ally. His division of the kingdom into three provoked the jugurthine War, The kingdom ‘made the wrong call during the Roman civil wars in the first cen tury 8.¢. when King Juba I sided against Julius Caesar. Followin Caesar's victory and rise to power, Numidian independence ended uous coun, TAA’ coun POTN CENTRT RR afirm conviction that at Rome anything couldbe bought."Evenso, Jugurthaprob- ably had res overRomea conflicts with Germanic tribescloser to home made fighting with him in North Africa less of a priority Lucius Calpurnius Bestia led Roman forces inNorth Africa in m1 RC. Bestia's on to believe he could win yeain because Rome'sexisting Muey, rena ete campaign began with victories but was undone by bribes. Jugurtha doled out bribes tothe invading Bestia that a prolonged war was the last thing Rome wanted, Histacties paid off: When Jugurtha surrendered to Bestia, the terms were very favorable to him. Despite sparing Rome from war, this eat dishonor forces. He warned arrangement was seen asa; by the Roman public. Gaius Memmius, tribune of the plebeians (described by Sallust as“a man fiercely hostile to the power of thenobility”) accused the aris tocrats in the Senate of accepting Ju gurtha's bribes. ANew Commander Jugurtha wasagain brought from Numi iatoRometodefend himself against the accusations, Duringhis visit, he bribed officials in a bid to ease his sentencing process, He was promised safe passage home, butbeforeheleft, Jugurtha found aroyal throne livinginRome andhadhim killed, The murder of a prince under pro- tection of Rome was a provocation too far. In 10 BC. war was renewed with enerals, during which Rome's rivalry between nobles and ple- Deians intensified. ‘The consul Quintus Metellus won, significant victories over Jugurtha, but dian cousin, and rival tothe moreexperienced| was unable to capture him. In 107 8 the plebeians wrested the command in Numidia from Metellus and gave it to his subordinate, Gaius M commander ha sul partly onth just been elected con: stre ith of his modest tackle corruption, arius was gifted with formidable military skills, and was popular among thetroops. Yet even Marius had difficulty capturing Jugurtha, who had persuad cd his father-in-law, Bocchus, king Mauretania, to shelter him, With great diplom itary nto f cat and mouse, It d flair, Jugurtha drew Roma wasonly in that Rome man: ith Bocchus. In ret tostrike adeal for control ofa large portion Numidia, Bocchushandedover hiserrant son-in- he first-century A.D. (orian Plutarch recountsinbis 1s, that the through Romea lied sometime afterward of starvation. Jugurthine Legacy Although Rome’smnilitary might crushed Jugurtha, his courage, craftiness, brilliant guerrillatacticsarearemarkable chapter intheannalsof Rome's military history; Jugurtha's true motivations in provoking this conflict are uncle the historical record. Some assu ‘wanted to free Numidia from Roman -e. Others believe his aim may ne he > reinstate himself as anally Thehistorian Sallust'saccountisofter citedasthe main source for Jugurtha, and undcolorshis account Anonaristocrat, Sallust waselected tri ‘une, but hiscareer was cut short by in- hen he backed arival of Julius he 49-45. His subsequentea torian was-col ored by his relatively humble roots and ‘THE ROYAL MAUSOLEUM, atthe Tipasa Archaeological Parkin Algeria is believed to have held the remaias of Jb I ‘one of Numidia’ lat kings. ruption and arrogance raticelite His preoccupations found a perfect theme in his history of the Jugurthine War writtencirca 40 8c. Historian Ga rethC. uthor of The Crisis of rthine and Nocthern We us, argues that“Sal Rise of lust had an ax to grind about the decay ofRoman elite society, and Jugurtha prime example that he could exploit to ‘prove’ his Jugurtha’s legacy certa nly suppo lust’s interpretation of events. After the jugurthine War, the plebe bly used Jugurtha’sbs petence toga brilliant soldierslike Marius. Theerosion of senatorial power in favor of individual ate's inc generals would inc stabilize the rise to Julius Caesar blo Séinchez WORK OF ART The King’s Ivory: Benin Saltcellar The fl tra erg ey ula Seed climbs up the rigging, The figures are not depicted eer g cores Pores Seer ae Ceara Sada ed ships. The round anchors are raised, suggesting, rere cere Cee cue reas aren beards and prominent ee Ce Er etn ant MASTERS AND SERVANTS cee a Cee cua Ce eesti eed ceed Eh arc Pees era fo eonaeasiS Peeerrnee s Soares Peres @ DAILY LIFE Roller-Skating: A Skate for All Seasons Ice-skating had long been a winter pastime, but the invention of roller skates created a craze that could last all year long. he series of roller-skating crazes in recent memory make it seem a quintes- sentially 20th-century phenomenon, but wheeled shoes first rolled out as early as the 17008. As models changed and im- proved over the years, skating fads bloomed in Europe and the United States throughout the r9th century. ‘The precursor to roller-skating— ice-skating—is vastly olderand canbe dated as far back as 1800 B.C. Archae~ ologists found evidence that people in ‘Scandinavia fashioned ice skates from animal bones, pioneering the oldest ‘human powered means of transport. In-line Adventures One of the frst recorded attemptsto put ‘wheels on shoes took place in the1700s. Anunnamed Dutchman strapped tohis, shoes strips of wood with wooden SMOOTH RIDE spools on the bottom, known asskee- lers?"They quicklybroke. Another famous early attempt to skate on wheels was made by an ec- centric Belgian inventor, John Joseph Merlin, Merlin’s invention featured metal wheels arranged in line, like the blade of an ice skate, on the bottom of a wooden sole, Renowned for his museum of clocks, musical instruments, and automatons, Merlin lived in London where he was a favorite at high society parties. Ata ‘masquerade ballin 1760, he reportedly played. violin ashe attempted to glide around on ler skates. Unable tocontrol his speed or direction, he crashed intoa large mirror and shattered it"The violin ‘was destroyed, nd Merlin was injured, Another Belgian inventor tookacrack. atrolle skates around 1790. Whileliving inParis, Maximiliaan Lodewijk van Lede attached wooden wheels oan iron sole DESIGN MILESTONES in early roller skates sought to give users greater control. The Plimpton quad skate of 1863 ‘made tuming easier, and ballbearings wereintroducedin = 1884 toengineera smoother ride, While the first toe stop was patented in 1876, it didn't become a regular feature of roller skates until the mid-20th century, ‘Acai oma oF HESS LRA TELUSTOOUS EEL ec plate and dubbed it the patin d terre, or land skate. Van Lede’s work did not get much attention, perhaps because he hadto lee Paris during the French Rev- olution and leave behind his invention. ‘The first patented roller skate wasde- signedby French inventor C.-L. Petibled His skate wasa wooden sole withthree wheels attached in a line. Straps held the skates to people's feet. Four years later, Robert John Tyersreceived the first English roller skate patent. His*Volito”sporteda rowof five wheels, with slightly lager center celstoenable maneuveringby shifting weight tothe frontorrear. ‘The Frenchman Jean Garcin used cursor to indard design for roller s des. Developed by provements! -design, itwas an American inventor, James Leona loanythingother than travel Plimpton, this four-wheeled design videcitcles. made roller-skating easier and more fun. The owner of amachinery facto in New York, Plimpton was adh the same idea with his three-wheeled Legrand’ skate w what became the the Plimpton skate, All the Year supe skates over everything invented up to the present time has induced wholesale piracy” With various jcmodel would ate for designing the so-called quad si which had four wheelsattached in two rowsatthe heel and the ballofthefoot. weather, he invented aroller skat Legrand sl ee ieretece. Pammeliniter production of Giacomo Meyerbeer’s Patented in 1863, his tw xa Le Prophete at the Paris Opera, “rocker skate” allowed the wheels to et moveindependently ofthe sole, which ation and turning -by-two atingamajor sensation. forn London’s Covent Ga boosted their popularity even skating soeasy troller-skating h pair of whee @ DAILY LIFE HELL ON WHEELS? veracunreostaesthe role Statngcrze othe 660s wos both ebraced an eared Pubemkshodbern pps eines Newser ce the 1860s 8) te 1880s the crazed evan spread the Wert ints cy’ Spenedin Doda cy areas (it also doubled as an opera house). Older generations drew concerned about a Scshating elects on young peoples morally. inan 628 argent Corie Wee Holdin Pesan se brecters called satig inks {pisol perdtion” Asia caroon even suggested tat pastors incorporate skating ft the sermons to ata more contents craze among youngpeople.Startingin the 1860s, roller rinks began to pop up in large townsand cities across wester Europe and the United States, where the first public roller rink opened in 1866 inthe Atlantic House,a seaside resort in Newport, Rhode jh, Island Toencourage the 14 perception of roller- skating asa refined pastime, Plimpton promoted the sport as a proper"activity for ladiesand younggentlemen, rather than forthemasses, Witha liveorchestraand then-uncormon electriclights skating iksbecame the perfect place toseeand be seen in the latest fin de siécle fash ions. Therinks became so popular that they competed with ballrooms. In 1876 Le Monde llustéspoke ofthe delirium mn wheels” that gripped Paris, while the London press dubbed the new devotees of roller-skating “rinkomaniacs” and “rinkualists.” ‘Themedical profession felt compelled toevaluate the effects of rller-skating, Nineteenth-century roller skate design featured some peculiar \ variations with short histories. WsPRED BY THE TRCYLE THE THRE WHEELED SKATEOESGAED 6” ENGIN WALTRS Wak LEDTOCATONON amas In 1885 Scientific American concluded that “the pathological outcome” was small in proportion to the number of people who had“engiged in propulsive

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