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Prediction of engine emissions and performance with artificial neural

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 Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 21 (2018) 1194–1201

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Engineering Science and Technology,

an International Journal
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jestch

Full Length Article

Prediction of engine emissions and performance with artificial neural

networks in a single cylinder diesel engine using diethyl ether
Samet Uslu ⇑, Mustafa Bahattin Celik
Karabuk University, Engineering Faculty, Mechanical Engineering Department, 78050 Karabuk, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the present study, the performance and exhaust emissions of a single-cylinder, direct-injection and air-
Received 9 May 2018 cooled diesel engine using diethyl ether (DEE)-diesel fuel mixtures were estimated by artificial neural
Revised 28 August 2018 networks (ANN). The test engine was run with pure diesel and diesel-DEE blends at different engine
Accepted 30 August 2018
speeds and loads to obtain the test and training data required to build the ANN model. In the designed
Available online 3 September 2018
ANN model, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), brake thermal effi-
ciency (BTE), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxides (CO) and smoke were selected
Keywords:
as the output layer while engine load, engine speed and fuel blending ratio were selected as input layer.
Artificial neural network
Alternative fuels
An ANN model was developed using 75% of the experimental results for training. The performance of the
Diethyl ether ANN model was measured by comparing the test data generated from the unused part of the training.
Diesel engine According to the obtained data, ANN model predicts exhaust emissions and engine performance with a
regression coefficient (R2) at 0.964–0.9878 interval. At the same time, mean relative error (MRE) values
ranged from 0.51% to 4.8%. These results show that the ANN model is able to use for estimating low-
power diesel engine emissions and performance.
Ó 2018 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction
Due to the growing energy demand with the increasing of the
globe population and industry, oil-based fuel reserves are rapidly
depleting [1]. In addition, due to the adverse ecological effects of
fossil fuel using, researchers focused on clean and new renewable
energy resources [2]. Because of its high oxygen content, alcohols
from so-called oxygenates can be applied without significant struc-
tural changes in engine design [3]. The most common alcohols
used as fuels are ethanol and butanol [4]. However, with increasing
research in recent years, the use of DEE fuel is beginning to become
widespread because of higher cetane number than diesel fuel and
also has higher heating value than ethanol and butanol [5].
The use of ANN in diesel engines for various purposes has
increased considerably in recent years. In the literature, there are
many studies done with DEE, although there is no study done with
ANN in an engine using DEE.
Rakopoulos et al. [6] examined the effect of using DEE-diesel
mixtures at different ratios (8%, 16% and 24%) on engine perfor-
mance and emissions on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, high-speed
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sametuslu@karabuk.edu.tr (S. Uslu).
Peer review under responsibility of Karabuk University.
direct-injection diesel engine. According the results, with the use of
DEE, smoke, NOx and CO emissions reduced while HC emissions
increased. On the other hand, BSFC and EGT increased with increasing
percent of DEE. According to authors, the results show that this fuel is
promising for diesel engines. Sivalakshmi et al. [7] investigated the
effect of adding DEE (5% by vol.) to a diesel engine operating on bio-
diesel, on combustion, performance and emissions. The experimental
results show that, with DEE, BTE and BSFC improved but CO and
smoke emissions decreased. Also, NOx and HC increased with DEE.
Based on these results, it was determined that the addition of DEE
to diesel fuel up to 5% could work efficiently, without any structural
modification of the engine. Qi et al. [8] studied the effect of adding
ethanol and DEE on performance, emission and combustion on a die-
sel engine which is operated biodiesel-diesel fuel blend. The results
show that the parameters generally improve, and that DEE can be
used comfortably in diesel engines. Pragyan et al. [9] studied on a
compression ignition engine in order to improve performance and
reduce emissions and the results showed that better performance
was obtained with the addition of 15% DEE. In addition, compared
with diesel, it was also observed that CO, HC and smoke emissions
decreased with DEE additives. Patil et al. [10] used seven different
DEE ratio (2%, 5%, 8%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) for mixture kerosene
and diesel fuel and for examine the characteristics of combustion,
performance and emissions on a diesel engine. They emphasized that

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2018.08.017
2215-0986/Ó 2018 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 S. Uslu, M.B. Celik / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 21 (2018) 1194–1201
Nomenclature
ANN artificial neural network
BPA back propagation algorithm
BSFC brake specific fuel consumption
BTE brake thermal efficiency
CO carbon monoxides
DEE diethyl ether
DEE0 100% diesel
DEE2.5 97.5% diesel – 2.5% diethyl ether
DEE5 95% diesel – 5% diethyl ether
15% of DEE additions provide general improvements and that the best
results in terms of performance, emission and combustion character-
istics in seven different fuels are achieved with this blend ratio.
Devaraj et al. [11] mixed the waste plastic pyrolysis oil with the
DEE (5% and 10%) and worked on a single cylinder diesel engine for
examine the performance, combustion and emissions. Experimental
results show that DEE addition improves combustion and reduces
_
emissions. Ibrahim [12] examined the effect of DEE addition up to
15% on engine parameters on a single cylinder diesel engine at
1500 rpm constant engine speed. With the adding of DEE, BTE
increased and BSFC decreased. Also, according to results, maximum
cylinder pressure and maximum heat release rate increased with
DEE. Paul et al. [13] studied on a single cylinder diesel engine for
the purpose of investigate the effects of DEE and ethanol adding to
diesel fuel on emission and performance. They used six different fuel
blends and the best results obtained with 10% DEE ratio. CO, HC, NOx
and smoke emissions decreased.
Recent years, many researchers have used and studied DEE as a
fuel or fuel additive for internal combustion engines (ICE). Results
of these investigations were widely presented in studies [5,14–21].
Engineers are experimenting with the influences of alternative
fuel use on engine emissions and performance. However, these
experiments are time consuming and costly [22]. Therefore,
researchers use computer systems to achieve the same efficiency
with few experiments. At this point, ANN can be used to reduce
the number of experiments [23].
ANNs are using for resolving problems in engineering and
science, especially in issues where classic modeling methods failed.
Fig. 1. The schematic view of experimental equipment setup.
1195
DEE7.5 92.5% diesel – 7.5% diethyl ether
DEE10 90% diesel – 10% diethyl ether
EGT exhaust gas temperature
HC hydrocarbon
ICE internal combustion engine
MRE mean relative error
NOx nitrogen oxides
R2 regression coefficient
RMSE root mean square error
ANN’s predictive ability is provided by training for experimental
data and then by validation. If new data are available, ANN may
re-learn to improve performance [24].
In recent years, it has provided considerable success in the
applicability of ANN method for diesel engines and there are so
many studies [24–35]. In this study, experiments were conducted
with fuels composed of DEE and diesel fuel blends. After that,
ANN model constructed using data obtained from experimental
data was examined.
2. Measurement of experimental data
The schematic diagram of the experimental study equipment
and the technical characteristics of the test engine are represented
in Fig. 1 and Table 1, respectively. Tests were carried out without
any structural changes to the engines. Test engine loading was
carried out by a generator system by a loading unit containing
150, 300, 500 and 1000-watt halogen lamps. Exhaust emissions
were measured using with MRU DELTA 1600L gas analyzer, fuel
consumption was measured using a chronometer and a scaled con-
tainer with a scale which has a measuring capacity of 30 kg with a
precision of 0.1 g. EGT was measured using a digital thermometer.
The experimental work was performed at four engine loads,
four engine speeds (1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 rpm) and original
ignition time with pure diesel and diesel-DEE fuel mixtures. In this
experimental study, DEE with 99.5% purity getting from Merck [36]
was mixed with diesel fuel at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% by volume
(DEE0, DEE2.5, DEE5, DEE7.5, DEE10). Each experiment was
1196 S. Uslu, M.B. Celik / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 21 (2018) 1194–1201

Table 1 DEE. HC emissions are result of the incomplete combustion zone

Properties of experimental test engine.
Properties
Type
Diameter  Stroke (mm)
Maximum engine speed
(rev/min)
Piston displacement (cm3)
Compressions ratio
Maximum output power (kW)
Cooling system
where the air/fuel ratio is very lean or too rich, in some regions
of the cylinder [43]. When the experimental data are examined,
Four-stroke, single-cylinder, diesel engine the HC emissions also decrease as the DEE ratio increases. With
78  62 DEE7.5, HC decreased 28%. HC increased again because the mixture
3000 with DEE10 fuel became excessively lean. DEE fuel has a high oxy-
gen content and a low carbon/hydrogen ratio [44,45]. There is a
296
18/1
positive effect on the reduction of smoke formation. According to
5 the experimental results, emissions of smoke up to DEE 7.5 are
Air cooled reduced, but after this it has increased. Smoke emissions reduced
31% by DEE7.5 fuel compared with diesel fuel.

Table 2
Properties of fuels [12,16,37,38].
4. Application of ANN

Properties Diesel Fuel DEE ANN is a computational model based upon the human brain’s
Chemical formula C12H23 C4H10O information processing system. It is mostly collected of three
Molecular weight 190–220 74 stages; an input layer, output layer and some hidden layers. All lay-
Density (kg/m3) 820–845 713
ers have a particular number of small individuals, called neurons
Oxygen content (% weight) 0 21.6
Viscosity (mm2/s) 2–4.5 (at 40 °C) 0.23 (at 20 °C) and nearly interested processing components. The neurons are
Stoichiometric air–fuel ratio (A/F) s  15 11.2 bonded to each other via communication links, which are related
Boiling point (°C) 180–360 34.6 to the connection weights. The signal is transferred to the neurons
Lower calorific value (kJ/kg) 43,000 33,900
via the weights of connection [23].
Ignition temperature (°C) 315 160
Evaporation latent heat (kJ/kg) 260 360
To improve the ANN model, the network is operated in two
Cetane number 50 125 stages, the training/learning stage and the test/verification stage.
Throughout the training stage, the network is trained to make an
output estimate based upon input data. In the test phase,
repeated five times and the average of the results was obtained. In
experimental data are compared with the predicted data. The
all tests, EGT, CO, NOx, HC and smoke emissions were measured.
network training is cutted when the test error reaches the wanted
BSFC and BTE were calculated from the measurement using the
tolerance [46].
fuel blends lower calorific value and density. The properties of
The most preferred algorithm is ‘‘back propagation algorithm”
DEE and diesel fuel are given in Table 2.
(BPA) in ANN model generation. It consists of two stages, forward
feed and feedback. During forward feed, the information process-
3. Experimental results ing is forwarded from input layer to output layer. During feedback,
the distinction among the output value obtained from the feed for-
In general, the use of alcohol fuel from oxygenate fuels in diesel ward process and the wanted output is matched with the predicted
engines brings about a cleaner combustion. Experimental results distinction latitude and the error at the output stage is calculated.
have shown that DEE increases the BTE and BSFC while reducing To update the link, this error is spread back to input layer [47].
EGT, NOx, HC, CO and smoke emissions. DEE’s lower heating value Root mean square error (RMSE) and MRE are utilized to appre-
is less than diesel fuel, so with addition of DEE, calorific value of ciate the predictive performance of the models generated in
the blend has decreased, resulting in the increase of the BSFC as research studies on application of ANN.
seen in the experimental data. BSFC increased about 10% by Pn !
2
DEE10 compared with diesel fuel. BTE is an indication of how much 2 i¼1 ðt i  oi Þ
R ¼1 Pn 2
ð1Þ
i¼1 ðoi Þ
of the fuel is converted into beneficial work by burning the fuel
[39]. According to experimental results, since the oxygen content
n  
of the DEE makes the mixture lean, combustion is improved, and
BTE is increased by more homogeneous fuel-air mixture in the 1X 
100 t i  oi 
MRE ð%Þ ¼ ð2Þ
combustion space [40]. Maximum value of BTE was achieved with n i¼1  ti 
DEE7.5 being 8%. Due to high heat of evaporation and low calorific
value of DEE, combustion temperatures and EGT decreased. Maxi- vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
u n
mum reduction was achieved with DEE10 about 17%. u1 X
RMSE ¼ t ðti  oi Þ2 ð3Þ
The main reason for creation of NOx emissions in diesel engines n i¼1
is increase in combustion-end temperatures. At high temperatures
in the combustion process (above 1600° C), nitrogen in the air Where ‘n’ is number of dots in the data set, ‘o’ is estimated out-
enters the reaction with oxygen to form oxides of nitrogen. It is put value and ‘t’ is real output.
understood that nitrogen oxide formation is greatly influenced by In this working, ANN was used to estimate the output parame-
the in-cylinder temperatures and NOx emissions are increasing ters (BSFC, BTE, EGT, NOx, HC, CO and smoke) based upon the input
rapidly with increasing temperature [41]. Since DEE’s heating parameters (fuel blend ratio and engine load). In the created
value and density are lower than standard diesel fuel, when diesel design, 75% of data set was defined as a training set while the
fuel is added, burning temperatures are reduced and thus NOx remaining 25% was used to test the performance of the ANN esti-
emissions are reduced [42]. NOx reduced 56% with DEE10 com- mates. The generated configuration of multilayer neural network
pared with diesel fuel. The reason for the formation of CO emis- is shown in Fig. 2.
sions is the incomplete combustion due to oxygen insufficiency. The ‘‘BPA” method is used in model training. This algorithm
As the amount of DEE added to diesel fuel increases, CO emissions uses examined training technique in which network weights and
are reduced about 45% with DEE10. The main reason for the pre-stresses are randomly initiated at the beginning of the training
improvement in CO emissions is the existence of oxygen in the stage. Input and output values are standardized among 0.1 and 0.9.
 S. Uslu, M.B. Celik / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 21 (2018) 1194–1201 1197

Fig. 2. Configuration of multilayer neural network.

While output layer has seven neurons, input layer occurs of two
neurons.
Output of the network is calculated by comparing it with the
desired output. This error was later forwarded to ANN, which
was used to set the weights. The input parameters from the test
data set are then put forward to the trained network, after that out-
put layer estimated by network are checked against with the test
results for efficiency measurement.
The solution of the BPA and measurement of the network per-
formance were done with the MATLAB NN Toolbox.
5. Discussion and results
The results acquired with the ANN model for the experimental
study show that the use of ANN for the prediction of BSFC, BTE, EGT
and emissions is sufficient. The comparison of the estimation
results with the results from experimental for BSFC, BTE and EGT
is shown in Fig. 3. The R2 values of the ANN estimates for BSFC,
BTE and EGT are 0.985, 0.9829 and 0.9878, respectively. RMSE
values for BSFC, BTE and EGT were 0.985 g/kWh, 0.072% and
5.081 °C respectively. A sample about R number of test, training

Fig. 3. R values of test, validation and training data.

1198 S. Uslu, M.B. Celik / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 21 (2018) 1194–1201

Fig. 4. ANN prediction results for engine performance.

and validation info about ANN composed in the project are shown
at below in Fig. 3.
MRE for the BSFC, BTE and EGT are 0.662%, 0.510% and 2.281%
as shown in Fig. 4.
The ANN estimates for the performance and emissions of the
diesel engine tested gave good statistical performance. The graphs
obtained by comparing the results from experimental and ANN
estimates show that single-cylinder diesel engines with DEE-
diesel fuel blends can be precisely simulated by ANN. The compar-
ison of ANN estimation results and experimental results for NOx,
CO, HC and smoke are shown in Fig. 5. According to the obtained
data, the MRE values for NOx, CO, HC and is calculated as 4.06%,

Fig. 5. ANN prediction results for emissions.

 S. Uslu, M.B. Celik / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 21 (2018) 1194–1201 1199

4.226%, 3.33% and 4.8% respectively, while the RSME values were Comparison of ANN estimates and test results for BSFC, BTE and
also determined as 1.16 ppm, 0.001%, 29.65 ppm and 2.01% EGT In Fig. 6, the comparison of NOx, CO, HC and smoke emissions
respectively. R2 values were calculated as 0.9831, 0.9825, 0.964 is shown in Fig. 7. The graphs obtained from the comparison of the
and 0.9796, respectively. experimental data and the ANN show that ANN applications can be

Fig. 6. Comparison of experimental results and estimation of ANN results for engine performance.

Fig. 7. Comparison of experimental results and estimation of ANN results for emissions.
1200 S. Uslu, M.B. Celik / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 21 (2018) 1194–1201
applied correctly to the single-cylinder diesel engines in which the
DEE-diesel fuel blends are used.
6. Conclusions
ANN was applied in a diesel engine which is using DEE-diesel
blends to estimate BSFC, EGT, BTE, NOx, HC, CO and smoke emis-
sions in this study. The input data used in the ANN implementation
was obtained by experiments. Experimental data show that DEE-
diesel fuels increase BTE and BSFC when considering the engine
performance, reducing EGT. In addition, the CO, NOx, HC and smoke
emission concentrations were reduced with the use of DEE-diesel
fuel blends. The ANN estimates for performance and emissions of
the diesel engine tested provided good statistical performance
with regression coefficients between 0.964 and 0.9878, MREs
between 0.510 and 4.8% and very low RMSE values.
The results clearly show that, the prediction results and the
experimental results are close to each other. The results acquired
with the ANN model for the experimental study show that the
use of ANN for the prediction of BSFC, BTE, EGT and emissions is
sufficient. The R2 values of the ANN estimates for BSFC, BTE and
EGT are 0.985, 0.9829 and 0.9878, respectively. RMSE values for
BSFC, BTE and EGT were 0.985 g/kWh, 0.072% and 5.081 °C respec-
tively. MRE for the BSFC, BTE and EGT are 0.662%, 0.510% and
2.281%, respectively. According to the obtained data, the MRE val-
ues for NOx, CO, HC and is calculated as 4.06%, 4.226%, 3.33% and
4.8% respectively, while the RSME values were also determined
as 1.16 ppm, 0.001%, 29.65 ppm and 2.01% respectively. R2 values
were calculated as 0.9831, 0.9825, 0.964 and 0.9796, respectively.
The comparison of ANN estimates and experimental data shows
that diesel engines fueled with diesel-DEE blends can be accurately
modeled using ANNs. The error rates between the experimental
and predicted results are very small and negligible for torque,
power and BSFC. As a result, the use of ANN helps in determining
exhaust emissions and the performance of an engine, thus reduc-
ing engineering time, effort, and cost.
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