SHOMOLTO (Pores on the Uncersicle of. leaves). open 0 allow gas exchange, -but.also. allow..water vapour 10 esccipe. thus, tanspitation (loss. of water Vopour.from. leaves. omd.stems of plants) 15 the Inevitoible. consequence of. gas. exchange Inthe leorf. 06 Toctors.Aecting Tsp mtn Page. Sid Sill gus VSR tui Temperature increases i.th0 evaporates faster a Humidity. decreases is more2d_around leag, less steep Heo conc gradient \Winel speed ‘> increases; Heo near leaf Carried away \: : Ponts. dronsport-aoter from the roots 1. Jeplace.losses:from: tronspiration.| ng) -wat-iinpreqncrtea witty ‘50 tney com wit pressured . x % Modo bonFactors Affecting Transpiration Pate 1] : # yat Ho ey es faster widlity : € more Wa AY in Di _decy. H20 cone gradient betw. leat x air * Winol_s : ¢ 1at winol removes water leat _.. Hd ient _betw_Itat anol diy incr. : ‘light intensity: * Yate be _w Stomata to open ;The (panesive! properties of woter. couses.it_t0 be_ drawn from. xylem vessels and.through _ltat-cell_wotlls +0. Yeploce..worter:l0st.-from leaves by levaporortion. This generates. tensian..1n. leaf..cell_ Walls, Which. pulls. worer up_rylem_vessels from_the_yoots. 10 the_leaves..™e (cohesive propertes.of water. allow. it tobe Aansported_up the xylem_in_a_continuous stream, and for the pulling force drawing water. up the xylem ta be transmitted between woer. molecules... MineV@ISONS) dissolved _In_woter_sn soil. are. taven up by.acHy fons pori.1n. Ahe_Yoots. This_creates a concentrotion.gradi nt, .as_mineral.ion.concen trertion JS_higher_In_roots_than_n_soil, which Causes uplake of woter_into the roots by_osmosis: Browne. Inching OF Yo Yooks. Of: Yoot. Waits mcreases:surface aye. f6Y_wineral_absorption,_and_ mitochondria. In_toat hair cells provide ATP for active , Wonspor} of minerals. ~Adonia tions Of _plants_n_deserts dnd saline_soils. io. water conservation, _Xerophgtes’: plants_adapted-to grow ary environments. (e. 9 deserts). Water storage_in rodis /stems Heoves —Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) : ‘stomata, open at night..Co2. is __absorbed_O+ night and sored as. Malic. acid, and is_Yéleased frm _it_ _during_the day , allowing photosynthesis to occur even when stomator_ ore Closed, Reduces fone itaton 1 Thick_waxy_tuticie + Reduced surface area. OF _leaves-(e.g. “acti spines) Stomata_located_in_, Pits : ee ‘Hairs on surface of. plant to reduce exposure of stomata to wild _. Polled leaves Campusrati C S = Fen Sion eo Be + Puls H20 up xylem Ly aoluesion] __-_Low pressure in_xylem = Cohesion (ue to H-bonding) allows H20 __p be tromsported | CollapseNo. Date __Halophytes. planis adapted to gw In solme environments (high salt concentration) . Excess. salt secreted tireugn glands : ‘salt concentrated. in leaves which ave then shed . {_ Altered. reproductive life cycle_(e.g. takes place lringy "ing. Season) __th_Mnimise salt ex posure. long roots a eS ‘Worley storage structures. — - — 1 Toxic_ions_ Nat, CI-) cOmportmentallised.in.vacuale.at concentration ____higner_thon that_of soi) Models of Water Trans; eo Capillary Tabing _ a say ne — 4 — esi on-9 and adhesion. causes | water r_to_rise. aR copillay tube. t0\ pot. Cohesion ‘Causes Water fo move'up tube 4 Ayal DUICON MOVES WOHEN UPA Li lM \ConfinuoUS stream: Water Lil 3 éva poration. frov' pot draws _ ~tombium— — vascular bundle © é é 4 ‘4 4Measuring Transpiration Fate Using Potometers fresh shoot -> Cut and trons ferred 1 potometer under Water to Avoiol introducing ait bubbles Moves along tbe é 20 Yesevoir AS shoot absorps Its tho int een tbe, pushing i ir buvble b air bubble shor, e back [as NOLAND tap Start F Gy Capillary tube UlerDate Plants tvansport organic compounds from sources\ to..sinks (NanSIocortiOn: High concentration. of Solutes_ta_the phloem ot | the_source leads 10 H:0_ jy. hydrostottic. pressure, Cousing coments of | Icom pressibili ty_of H20_|,, allows transport bys. | hydrostatic: pressure gradients. —_ Phloem a. : -| Com ponion cell Souvce Canere sugors-n amino acids ave “wade aud loaded J into phloem (¢.9 leaves, stems) ele { ww Active transport is used t0_load organic compounds ito phloem _ -|-sieve_tabes_at the (sontce. Protons pS gi (H*) cre pumped_ont_ot phloem _ Celis_by_ active transport, H" then jent moves down concentrayiongn —g Aheugh_cotronsporter_ protein)» The \ulenergy_réleased\1s.used to \carny,. :the:.orpanic compound into. tne cell. W_bXe My — Where sugars K SINK, 2c14s,are unloaded, stored and Tor used 16-9 _yoots, Frits, seeds)cell wall __Fesists high pressures wae. sieve tbe cel) ‘membrane “(Hla sap mside sere | tubes aaa a a A Plasiacesmat A) ore cytoplasmic en £0 organelles 028 os SOL _ - oC an » q Mc co = an \ sieve pate eae” mgr a - * oa ft JS (og nen tp nn sot os ° : nee ee cubedcle_ th a sabeeal: naicipecateleatve c flow. This_allows_sop_t0_be_ analysed! (both, Composition x tateof tansport/ tow). = _—______stuiba ) 1 Plowd exposed 11 radoactvely. labelled Ta (1%00,) -. rodionetive sugars are mode «. loaded. into.phlsem. -Aphids.used._t0_ob10in -phloem_sap_(see above), which as analysed: for presence of "C Sugars 10 measure tote_of transport.7 FJ J JF DA 2 A a Unditferenticrted stem \cells In the meristems. Of plants continue.to divide and grow _throughout.a\ plant's lifetime, allowing .mdeter minate. growth, Apical meristem, . ater + Found: atstips\of stems andl roots. ‘Found .atcambium 5 surrounds. Shoot _apical_meristem:.\\ __ existing stem _ _ Say esponsible for shoot: growth... ) Causes _increase.in thickness / diameter Poot-apical\ meristem: Of plants. a responsible tov toot growth | \\s._ _*__Couses_increase_in_length_or height). of _plant____ - : _ Mitosisvand.\cell_ divisions mstneshodt. apex sdisplaces. cells 10: the. edge. of: the meristem, _where_they diffe rentiate. 10 provide tnecells:neded. for extension of\the___ stemand\ development _of leaves. Other Cells Lemain_tnthe mtvistehj ane continire_to_ divide, \-\ NSA ytin) Plowis™) Pee dhe environment by tropisms.\ Forexom ple, geotropism (aka Glovitropism).1s_growth_in_lesponse_1o.gravity, and phorotrepiism 1s growth wn lespanset0_light.— AREA are Plant_harmones_which : oe shade boii Of. oe ysuchias. canting. growih_o¢ shoots.and_roots. It influences cell growth Yates_by chonging.the pattern of gene expression. one sure_Aunxin efflux pumps can setup concentrortion gradients. of..auxin in. plant. tissue. ‘This. changes the distr bution.af.auxin| Oma impacts nee with shat pb High: auxin pees promotes” a y SL AUXINIS: ftanspartta 1 Shaded, __side_of stem, Causingsmore @rowith_sn_that side. -. plant___ _.grows towards light. ___|_Augisi.xe_hs ‘High auxin.concentration.mbibits _QrOWH s,s Auxin.tronsporied_to, bottom of 1004, Inhibiting: growth.an that Wiuside \- root: \grdws. downWards— {asign bank “Wig pcaragadion a : = = Produces large numbers of. genchcot. Peeianalie frome a-stock=plang:\\\ 2 uae i\uil yD Stns ___.Withssome desired. Chavacteristic.ts)s.- 4 atu wlissuectaven-trom stock. plant (usually. from shoot tip).and.sterilisedd ss. Tissue_placed_insterile_growth medium Which contains numents and plant hormones. Once roats_and_shoots develop, plant is transferred t0-Sbilis\ _Used_tp_bulk_up_neol_plont_yovieties. Ptoduce virus-free. strains “of isting. reserves. ns _ a \ Imono/di cotyledonous = one / two leoves . 10 a = ) -_ ; a Factors Affecting berminortion coe eee eee = + Woe, > far thy drating the seed. TT _. ) 2. Temperoture_—_for_optimal.enzymatic_activity. = ~ Oxygen for_aermbic_respirotion_____ FHF JF JF A SF HF