Ex 2.1

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.2.
0 Production on Tue Aug 10 09:10:19 2021
Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect hr/hr

Connected.
SQL> DESC STUDENT_MASTERS
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
STUDENT_CODE NOT NULL NUMBER(6)
STUDENT_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(50)
DEPT_CODE NUMBER(2)
STUDENT_DOB DATE
STUDENT_ADDRESS VARCHAR2(240)
SQL> SELECT STUDENT_NAME,TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'Month, DD RRRR')

2 FROM STUDENT_MASTERS
3 WHERE TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'Day')='Saturday' OR
TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'Day')='Sunday';
no rows selected

3 WHERE TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'Day') IN('Saturday','Sunday');
no rows selected

2 FROM STUDENT_MASTERS;
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'MONTH,DDRRRR')
---------------------------------------------
Amit
January , 11 1980
Ravi
November , 01 1981
Ajay
January , 13 1982
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Raj
January , 14 1979
Arvind
January , 15 1983
Rahul
January , 16 1981
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Mehul
January , 17 1982
Dev
March , 11 1981
Vijay
January , 19 1980
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Rajat
January , 20 1980
Sunder
January , 21 1980
Rajesh
January , 22 1980
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Anil
January , 23 1980
Sunil
February , 15 1985
Kapil
March , 18 1981
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Ashok
November , 26 1980
Ramesh
December , 27 1980
Amit Raj
September, 28 1980
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Ravi Raj
May , 29 1981
Amrit
November , 11 1980
Sumit
January , 01 1980
21 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT STUDENT_NAME,TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'fmMonth, DD RRRR')

2 FROM STUDENT_MASTERS;
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'FMMONTH,DDRRRR')
---------------------------------------------
Amit
January, 11 1980
Ravi
November, 1 1981
Ajay
January, 13 1982
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Raj
January, 14 1979
Arvind
January, 15 1983
Rahul
January, 16 1981
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Mehul
January, 17 1982
Dev
March, 11 1981
Vijay
January, 19 1980
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Rajat
January, 20 1980
Sunder
January, 21 1980
Rajesh
January, 22 1980
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Anil
January, 23 1980
Sunil
February, 15 1985
Kapil
March, 18 1981
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Ashok
November, 26 1980
Ramesh
December, 27 1980
Amit Raj
September, 28 1980
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Ravi Raj
May, 29 1981
Amrit
November, 11 1980
Sumit
January, 1 1980
21 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT STUDENT_NAME,TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'fmMonth, DD RRRR')

3 WHERE TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'fmDay') IN ('Saturday','Sunday');
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Ravi
November, 1 1981
Raj
January, 14 1979
Arvind
January, 15 1983
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Mehul
January, 17 1982
Vijay
January, 19 1980
Rajat
January, 20 1980
STUDENT_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
Ramesh
December, 27 1980
Amit Raj
September, 28 1980
8 rows selected.
SQL> DESC STAFF_MASTERS

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
STAFF_CODE NOT NULL NUMBER(8)
STAFF_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(50)
DESIGN_CODE NUMBER(3)
DEPT_CODE NUMBER(2)
STAFF_DOB DATE
HIREDATE DATE
MGR_CODE NUMBER(8)
STAFF_SAL NUMBER(10,2)
STAFF_ADDRESS VARCHAR2(240)
SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME,STAFF_SAL,

2 CASE
3 WHEN STAFF_SAL >=50000 THEN 'A'
4 WHEN STAFF_SAL >=25000 AND STAFF_SAL <50000 THEN 'B'
5 WHEN STAFF_SAL >=10000 AND STAFF_SAL <25000 THEN 'C'
6 ELSE 'D'
7 END AS "Grade"
8 FROM STAFF_MASTERS;
STAFF_NAME STAFF_SAL G
-------------------------------------------------- ---------- -
Arvind 17000 C
Shyam 20000 C
Mohan 24000 C
Anil 20000 C
John 32000 B
Allen 42000 B
Smith 62000 A
Raviraj 18000 C
Rahul 22000 C
Ram 32000 B
10 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME,HIREDATE,TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'DAY') AS "DAY"

2 FROM STAFF_MASTERS
3 ORDER BY DAY;
STAFF_NAME HIREDATE
-------------------------------------------------- ---------
DAY
------------------------------------
Allen 23-APR-01
MONDAY
Raviraj 11-JAN-03
SATURDAY
Mohan 19-JAN-02
SATURDAY
STAFF_NAME HIREDATE
-------------------------------------------------- ---------
DAY
------------------------------------
Anil 11-MAR-01
SUNDAY
Shyam 17-FEB-02
SUNDAY
John 21-JAN-01
SUNDAY
STAFF_NAME HIREDATE
-------------------------------------------------- ---------
DAY
------------------------------------
Rahul 11-DEC-03
THURSDAY
Ram 17-JAN-02
THURSDAY
Smith 12-MAR-02
TUESDAY
STAFF_NAME HIREDATE
-------------------------------------------------- ---------
DAY
------------------------------------
Arvind 15-JAN-03
WEDNESDAY
10 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(STAFF_MASTERS,"****")

SELECT TO_CHAR(STAFF_MASTERS,"****")
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00904: "****": invalid identifier
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(STAFF_MASTERS,'*')

SELECT TO_CHAR(STAFF_MASTERS,'*')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00904: "STAFF_MASTERS": invalid identifier
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(STAFF_NAME,'****')

SELECT TO_CHAR(STAFF_NAME,'****')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01722: invalid number
SQL> SELECT * FROM STAFF_MASTERS

2 WHERE TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'DD') BETWEEN 1 AND 15;
STAFF_CODE STAFF_NAME DESIGN_CODE

---------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------
DEPT_CODE STAFF_DOB HIREDATE MGR_CODE STAFF_SAL
---------- --------- --------- ---------- ----------
STAFF_ADDRESS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
100001 Arvind 102
30 15-JAN-80 15-JAN-03 100006 17000
Bangalore
100004 Anil 102

20 22-APR-77 11-MAR-01 100006 20000
Hyderabad
---------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------
---------- --------- --------- ---------- ----------
STAFF_ADDRESS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
100007 Smith 103

20 19-JUL-73 12-MAR-02 100005 62000
Mumbai
100008 Raviraj 102

40 17-JUN-80 11-JAN-03 100006 18000

---------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------
---------- --------- --------- ---------- ----------
STAFF_ADDRESS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bangalore
100009 Rahul 102

20 16-JAN-78 11-DEC-03 100006 22000
Hyderabad
SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME,HIREDATE,TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'DAY')

2 FROM STAFF_MASTERS
3 ORDER BY TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'DAY');
STAFF_NAME HIREDATE
-------------------------------------------------- ---------
TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'DAY')
------------------------------------
Allen 23-APR-01
MONDAY
Raviraj 11-JAN-03
SATURDAY
Mohan 19-JAN-02
SATURDAY
STAFF_NAME HIREDATE
-------------------------------------------------- ---------
------------------------------------
Anil 11-MAR-01
SUNDAY
Shyam 17-FEB-02
SUNDAY
John 21-JAN-01
SUNDAY
STAFF_NAME HIREDATE
-------------------------------------------------- ---------
------------------------------------
Rahul 11-DEC-03
THURSDAY
Ram 17-JAN-02
THURSDAY
Smith 12-MAR-02
TUESDAY
STAFF_NAME HIREDATE
-------------------------------------------------- ---------
------------------------------------
Arvind 15-JAN-03
WEDNESDAY
10 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT INSTR('Mississippi','i',2,3) FROM DUAL;
INSTR('MISSISSIPPI','I',2,3)
----------------------------
8
SQL> SELECT LAST_DAY(HIREDATE)

LAST_DAY(
---------
31-JAN-03
28-FEB-02
31-JAN-02
31-MAR-01
31-JAN-01
30-APR-01
31-MAR-02
31-JAN-03
31-DEC-03
31-JAN-02
10 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(LAST_DAY(HIREDATE),'DAY')

TO_CHAR(LAST_DAY(HIREDATE),'DAY')
------------------------------------
FRIDAY
THURSDAY
THURSDAY
SATURDAY
WEDNESDAY
MONDAY
SUNDAY
FRIDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
10 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;
LAST_DAY(
---------
31-AUG-21
SQL> SELECT NEXT_DAY(LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)-7,'Friday') from dual;
NEXT_DAY(
---------
27-AUG-21
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(NEXT_DAY(LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)-7,'Friday'),'DDspth Month, RRRR') AS

"PAY DATE" FROM DUAL;
PAY DATE
---------------------------------------------------------
TWENTY-SEVENTH August , 2021
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(NEXT_DAY(LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)-7,'Friday'),'Ddspth fmMonth, RRRR')

AS "PAY DATE" FROM DUAL;
PAY DATE
---------------------------------------------------------
Twenty-Seventh August, 2021
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(NEXT_DAY(LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)-7,'Friday'),'Ddspth "of" fmMonth,

RRRR') AS "PAY DATE" FROM DUAL;
PAY DATE
------------------------------------------------------------
Twenty-Seventh of August, 2021
SQL> SELECT RPAD(*,LENGTH(FIRST_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SELECT RPAD(*,LENGTH(FIRST_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00936: missing expression
SQL> SELECT RPAD(FIRST_NAME,LENGTH(FIRST_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SELECT RPAD(FIRST_NAME,LENGTH(FIRST_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00904: "FIRST_NAME": invalid identifier
SQL> SELECT RPAD(*,LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SELECT RPAD(*,LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS
*
ERROR at line 1:
SQL> SELECT LPAD(*,LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SELECT LPAD(*,LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS
*
ERROR at line 1:
SQL> SELECT LPAD(STAFF_NAME,LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;
LPAD(STAFF_NAME,LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arvin
Shya
Moha
Ani
Joh
Alle
Smit
Ravira
Rahu
Ra
10 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT REPLACE(STAFF_NAME,LENGHT(STAFF_NAME),'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SELECT REPLACE(STAFF_NAME,LENGHT(STAFF_NAME),'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00904: "LENGHT": invalid identifier
SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME,LENGTH(STAFF_NAME) FROM STAFF_MASTERS;
STAFF_NAME LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------
Arvind 6
Shyam 5
Mohan 5
Anil 4
John 4
Allen 5
Smith 5
Raviraj 7
Rahul 5
Ram 3
10 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT LPAD('*',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;
LPAD('*',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*****
****
****
***
***
****
****
******
****
**
10 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME, LPAD('*',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;
STAFF_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arvind
*****
Shyam
****
Mohan
****
STAFF_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anil
***
John
***
Allen
****
STAFF_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Smith
****
Raviraj
******
Rahul
****
STAFF_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ram
**
10 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME, LPAD('*',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME),'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;
STAFF_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
LPAD('*',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME),'*')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arvind
******
Shyam
*****
Mohan
*****
STAFF_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anil
****
John
****
Allen
*****
STAFF_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Smith
*****
Raviraj
*******
Rahul
*****
STAFF_NAME
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ram
***
10 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT SUBSTR(STAFF_NAME,1,1)||LPAD('*',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-2,'*')||

SUBSTR(STAFF_NAME,-1,1)
SUBSTR(STAFF_NAME,1,1)||LPAD('*',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-2,'*')||SUBSTR(STAFF_NAME,-1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A****d
S***m
M***n
A**l
J**n
A***n
S***h
R*****j
R***l
R*m
10 rows selected.
SQL>

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Ex 2.1

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SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.2.

0 Production on Tue Aug 10 09:10:19 2021

Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle. All rights reserved.

SQL> connect hr/hr

SQL> SELECT STUDENT_NAME,TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'Month, DD RRRR')

SQL> SELECT STUDENT_NAME,TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'Month, DD RRRR')

SQL> SELECT STUDENT_NAME,TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'Month, DD RRRR')

SQL> SELECT STUDENT_NAME,TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'fmMonth, DD RRRR')

SQL> SELECT STUDENT_NAME,TO_CHAR(STUDENT_DOB,'fmMonth, DD RRRR')

SQL> DESC STAFF_MASTERS

SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME,STAFF_SAL,

SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME,HIREDATE,TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'DAY') AS "DAY"

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(STAFF_MASTERS,"****")

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(STAFF_MASTERS,'*')

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(STAFF_NAME,'****')

SQL> SELECT * FROM STAFF_MASTERS

STAFF_CODE STAFF_NAME DESIGN_CODE

100004 Anil 102

100007 Smith 103

100008 Raviraj 102

STAFF_CODE STAFF_NAME DESIGN_CODE

100009 Rahul 102

SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME,HIREDATE,TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'DAY')

SQL> SELECT INSTR('Mississippi','i',2,3) FROM DUAL;

SQL> SELECT LAST_DAY(HIREDATE)

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(LAST_DAY(HIREDATE),'DAY')

SQL> SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;

SQL> SELECT NEXT_DAY(LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)-7,'Friday') from dual;

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(NEXT_DAY(LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)-7,'Friday'),'DDspth Month, RRRR') AS

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(NEXT_DAY(LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)-7,'Friday'),'Ddspth fmMonth, RRRR')

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(NEXT_DAY(LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)-7,'Friday'),'Ddspth "of" fmMonth,

SQL> SELECT RPAD(*,LENGTH(FIRST_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT RPAD(FIRST_NAME,LENGTH(FIRST_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT RPAD(*,LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT LPAD(*,LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT LPAD(STAFF_NAME,LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT REPLACE(STAFF_NAME,LENGHT(STAFF_NAME),'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME,LENGTH(STAFF_NAME) FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT LPAD('*',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME, LPAD('*',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME, LPAD('*',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME),'*') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT SUBSTR(STAFF_NAME,1,1)||LPAD('*',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-2,'*')||

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SQL> SELECT RPAD(,LENGTH(FIRST_NAME)-1,'') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT RPAD(,LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT LPAD(,LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT LPAD('',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME, LPAD('',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-1,'') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT STAFF_NAME, LPAD('',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME),'') FROM STAFF_MASTERS;

SQL> SELECT SUBSTR(STAFF_NAME,1,1)||LPAD('',LENGTH(STAFF_NAME)-2,'')||