ENGLISH GRAMMAR
SUBJECT VERB CONCORD
Nouns such as gymnastics, tactics, trousers, scissors, athletics, tidings, acoustics, riches,
and barracks are usually treated as plural.
His tactics are sneaky.
The scissors are on the table.
The trousers are hanging in the closet.
Some nouns which appear to be plural in form when preceded by a pair of take a singular verb, for example, shoes, scissors, trousers, etc.
A pair of scissors was taken out of the drawer.
A pair of trousers was washed by the
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
SUBJECT VERB CONCORD
Nouns such as gymnastics, tactics, trousers, scissors, athletics, tidings, acoustics, riches,
and barracks are usually treated as plural.
His tactics are sneaky.
The scissors are on the table.
The trousers are hanging in the closet.
Some nouns which appear to be plural in form when preceded by a pair of take a singular verb, for example, shoes, scissors, trousers, etc.
A pair of scissors was taken out of the drawer.
A pair of trousers was washed by the
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
SUBJECT VERB CONCORD
Nouns such as gymnastics, tactics, trousers, scissors, athletics, tidings, acoustics, riches,
and barracks are usually treated as plural.
His tactics are sneaky.
The scissors are on the table.
The trousers are hanging in the closet.
Some nouns which appear to be plural in form when preceded by a pair of take a singular verb, for example, shoes, scissors, trousers, etc.
A pair of scissors was taken out of the drawer.
A pair of trousers was washed by the
Social Science
1. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
The French revolution and the idea of the nation
‘Steps taken by French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people ~
Ideas of La patrie and Le citoyen, new French Flag, Estate General was elected and renamed National Assem-
bly, new hymns, oaths taken, centralized administration, uniform system of weights and measurement were
introduced, regional dialects discouraged and French became the common language.
Civil Code of 1804 / Napoleonic Code : Equality before the law was established secured the right to
property, simplified administrative measures, abolished feudal system, freed peasants from serfdom and mano-
tial dues, guild restrictions were removed, transport and communication systems were improved.
‘The reactions of the people were mixed Initial enthusiasm soon tumed to hostility because Napoleon took
‘away politcal freedom, increased taxes, imposed censorship and forced people to join French army,
The making of nationalism in Europe
“Hobsburg Empire was a patchwork of many different regions and people.”
Different people residing in different areas spoke different languages. In Alpine and Bohemia region people
spoke German language, in Lombardy and Venetia - Italian language, Hungary half of the population spoke
Mogyar, other half spoke variety of dialects, in Galicia people spoke Polish. Other than these aso lived a mass
‘of subject peasant people, Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity
‘The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class: Arstocracy - Lived a commion wayof life, owned estates and town
houses, spoke French connected by ties of marriages, numerically a small group.
Peasanty - majority of population.
Middle cass - With the arowt of towns and emergence of commercial classes, new social groups came into
being, these were smaller in number, among the educated liberal middle classes the ideas of nationality gained
popularity.
What did Liberal Nationalism stand for?
Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality for all before the law, the end of autocracy and