S!

GN Consulting (An IIT & IIM Alumnus Initiative)

WRITING SECTION [AREA WISE – IMPORTANT POINTS]
Gender Issues

• UN Women (2010)[New York (USA)] – United Nations entity for gender equality and empowerment of
women
• American Association of University for Women (AAUW) [1881] – Advancing equity for women and girls
through advocacy, education, philanthropy, and research.
• National Organization for Women (NOW) [1966] – Take action to bring equality for all women.
• HE for SHE – Goal is to engage boys as agents of change for the achievement of gender equality and it was
announced by Emma Watson.
• SHE TEAMS – These teams are aimed at dealing with all cases of harassment of women including physical
and mental abuse.
• Women’s Equality Party (2015) – Promotes gender equality [Sandi Toksvig (UK)]
• UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)(New York, USA) [Dec 1976] - Mission is to support
innovative and experimental activities by benefitting women in line with national and regional priorities.
• UN Population Fund (UNFPA) (Formerly known as United Nations Fund for Population Activities) [1969]
[New York (USA)] – Developing a world where every pregnancy is wanted; every child birth is safe and
every young person’s potential is fulfilled.
• UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) [1950](Geneva, Switzerland) – To protect gender based
violence’s and child protection issues.
• Women Without Borders (2002) [Australia] – “Empowering women as agents of change”
• 2014 - Nobel Peace Prize for Kailash Satyarthi (India) and Malala Yousafzai(Pakistan). Satyarthi founded
the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (lit. Save the Childhood Movement) in 1980. The objective is to provide
children’s right and completely against child labour. Malala fought for the rights to female education and
was the youngest to win Nobel Prize at the age of 17.

Animals

• Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) (1977) [USA] – It is an international non-profit, marine wildlife
conservation organization. Objective is to protect wildlife in world’s oceans. Their caption is “If the
ocean die, we die”.
• Defenders of Wildlife (1947) [Washington D.C, USA] – It’s a non-profit conservation organization with
objective to protect animals and plant natives to North America.
• People’s for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) (1980) [Public Education Research, Legislation and
Animal Rescue]
• Animal Welfare Institute (AWI)(1951) [Washington D.C, USA] non-profit, charitable organization
dedicated to reducing animal suffering caused by people. Its legislative division, the Society for Animal
Protective Legislation (SAPL), pushes for the passage of laws that reflect this purpose.
• World Animal Protection (Formerly known as WSPA - World Society for the Protection of Animals) -
Their vision is a world where animal welfare matters and animal cruelty has ended.
• International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) (1969) is one of the largest animal
welfare and conservation charities in the world. Their mission is to "rescue and protect animals around
the world."
• Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) is a non-profit animal welfare organizations around
the world. The oldest SPCA organization is the RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals) which was founded in England in 1824.
• Blue Cross (1897) [London, UK] To promote animal welfare and responsible pet ownership.
• Animal Aid (1970) – To prevent vivisection and factory farming
• UN WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) [Formerly known as World Wildlife Fund] (Gland, Switzerland)
[1961] is an international non-governmental organization. The group's mission is "to stop the degradation
of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with
nature."

1
• National Resource Defence Council (NRDC) [1970] (New York, USA). It is a non-
profit international environmental advocacy group. It today has 1.4 million members and online activities
nationwide and a staff of more than 400 lawyers, scientists and other policy experts. Their objective is to
protect our air, land, and water from the forces of pollution and corporate greed. “We protect. We
defend. We lead the way.” The slogan is "The Earth's Best Defense".
• Project Tiger is a tiger conservation programme launched in 1973 by the Government of
India during Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's tenure. The project aims at ensuring a viable population
of Bengal tigers in their natural habitats and also to protect them from extinction.

Health
• World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva (Switzerland) [1948] - specialized agency of the United
Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health. “Health is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” as stated by WHO
Constitution.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Georgia, USA)[1946] - Its main goal is to
protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability.
• United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (Formerly known as United Nations International Children's
Emergency Fund), New York (USA) [1946] – Mission is to advocate for the protection of children's
rights, to help meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) [1997] - Global leader in the fight against illicit
drugs and international crime.
• Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) –is an effort by nations, international organizations, and civil
society to accelerate progress toward a world safe and secure from infectious disease threats and to
promote global health security. It played a very important role in order to combat Ebola virus.
• National Health Service (NHS), UK [1948] – Mission of NHS is to provide Health and high quality care
for all, now and future generations.
• American Public Health Association (APHA) (Washington D.C, USA) [1872] – Mission is to improve the
health of public and achieve equity in health status.
• American Medical Association (AMA) [1847] – Goals of AMA are scientific advancement, standards for
medical education, launching a program of medical ethics and improved public health.
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) [1906] – Their slogan is “Protecting and Promoting
your Health”.
FDA is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of
the United States federal executive departments. The FDA is responsible for protecting and
promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety etc., tobacco
products, dietarysupplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical
drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic
radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics, animal foods & feed and veterinary products.
• MEDICINS SANS FRONTIERS (Doctors Without Borders) Paris, France [1971] - International,
independent, medical humanitarian organisation that delivers emergency aid to people affected by armed
conflict, epidemics, natural disasters and exclusion from healthcare.
• Centers for Medicine and Medicaid (CMS) [1965] – Goal is to provide access to high quality care and
improved health at low cost.
• Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Geneva (Switzerland) - The mission of
UNAIDS is to lead, strengthen and support an expanded response to HIV and AIDS that includes
preventing transmission of HIV, providing care and support to those already living with the virus, reducing
the vulnerability of individuals and communities to HIV and alleviating the impact of the epidemic.
• National Association of Health Data Organization (NAHDO) [1986] – National non-profit membership and
education association dedicated to improving health care data collection and use.

Environment and Global Warming

• Increase of average surface temperature due to the effect of greenhouse gases and emission due to the
burning of fossil fuel.

2
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [1988] - is a scientific intergovernmental body under
the auspices of the United Nations. The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to "stabilize greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-
induced] interference with the climate system". The then IPCC chairman Rajendra K. Pachauri, along with
former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi (Kenya) [1972] - is an agency that coordinates
its environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies
and practices.
• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (Gland, Switzerland) [1948] - IUCN's mission is to
"influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any
use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable."
• Global Environment Facility (GEF) (Washington D.C, USA) [1991] –The Slogan is “Investing in Our
Planet”. It is the largest public funder of projects to improve the global environment.
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) (New York, USA) [1992] -
UNFCCC objective is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".
• National Resource Defence Council (NRDC) [1970] (New York, USA). It is a non-
profit international environmental advocacy group. It today has 1.4 million members and online activities
nationwide and a staff of more than 400 lawyers, scientists and other policy experts. Their objective is to
protect our air, land, and water from the forces of pollution and corporate greed.“ We protect. We
defend. We lead the way.” The slogan is "The Earth's Best Defense".
• World Nature Organization (WNO) - (Geneva, Switzerland) Formed in 2010 and established in 2014.
Intergovernmental organization which promotes global environmental protection.
• Greenpeace (Amsterdam, Netherlands) [1971] - Greenpeace is an independent global campaigning
organisation that acts to change attitudes and behaviour, to protect and conserve the environment and
to promote peace. Greenpeace exists because this fragile earth deserves a voice. It needs solutions. It needs
change. It needs action.
• US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [1970] - is an agency of the U.S. federal government which
was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing
regulations based on laws passed by Congress.
• World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) (Geneva, Switzerland) [1992] – “Mission
is to provide business leadership as a catalyst for change toward sustainable development, and to support the
business license to operate, innovate and grow in a world increasingly shaped by sustainable development
issues.”
• Conservation International (Arlington, Virginia) [1987] – American non-profit environmental organization.
Its goal is to protect nature as a source of food, fresh water, livelihoods and a stable climate.
• Earth Justice (San Francisco, USA) [1971] – Slogan is “Because the Earth needs Good Lawyer”. It is a
non-profit public interest law organization based in the United States dedicated to environmental issues.
• Rainforest Alliance (New York, USA) [1987] - NGO working to conserve biodiversity and ensure
sustainable livelihoods by transforming land-use practices, business practices and consumer behaviour.
• Oceana (Washington D.C, USA) [2001] – is the largest international ocean conservation and advocacy
organization. Oceana works to protect and restore the world’s oceans through targeted policy
campaigns.
• Green Electronics Council (GEC) (Portland, Oregon) [2005] – promotes green computing and "envisions a
world where green electronics is a cornerstone of a healthy and vibrant world."
Education

• Education helps you in building the overall character of an individual; enhance the qualities of integrity,
honesty and moral values. Education should help in the overall growth of an individual.
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), (Paris, France) [1945] -
UNESCO is known as the "intellectual" agency of the United Nations. The slogan is “Building peace
in the minds of men and women”. UNESCO's aim is "to contribute to the building of peace,
the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the
sciences, culture, communication and information". Other priorities of the organization include attaining
3
 quality Education For All and lifelong learning, addressing emerging social and ethical challenges,
fostering cultural diversity, a culture of peace and building inclusive knowledge societies through
information and communication.
• United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (Formerly known as United Nations International Children's
Emergency Fund), New York (USA) [1946] – Mission is to advocate for the protection of children's
rights, to help meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential.
• National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) (USA) – It is focussed on improving
the well-being of young children with practical emphasis on the quality of educational and developmental
services for children from the birth of age 8.
• Teach for America….Teach for India……Teach for All
• Alliance for International Educational and Cultural Exchange (USA) [1993] – Non- governmental exchange
programs in the US. Activities include formulating specific recommendations to support public policy
regarding educational and cultural exchanges.
• Council on International Educational Exchange (CIEE) [1947] NPO
• American Educational Research Association [1916]
• National Indian Educational Association [1970]
• Institute of International Education [1919] – World’s largest and most experienced international education
and training organization. “Opening minds to the world”
Media

• The term media is derived from medium which means carrier as mode.
• Media expansion is “Missile Error Data Integration Analysis”
• There are 3 types of media 1. Print (Newspaper/Magazines), 2. Broadcast (TV / Radio) 3. Electronic
(Internet / Social media)
• Internet.org – Initiative by Mark Zuckerberg (Founder, Facebook). The objective is to provide free internet
access to everyone especially so that the free access of information is available to the unprivileged.
• Digital India – Initiative by Modi Government. The objective is to bridge the gap among the citizens of
India by connecting people through this initiative.
• Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) [1965] – Contributed to the expansion of Mass Media
• Central Board for Film Certification (CBFC)
• National Film Development Corporation (NFDC)
• Press Information Bureau (PIB)
• Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) – Non-profit television service
• Center for International Media (CIMA) [2004] – It wants to improve development of independent media
worldwide.
• British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) [Oct 18th, 1922] – Founder John Reith. Its vision is to be the most
creative organization in the world. Its mission is to enrich people’s life in programs and services that
inform, educate and entertain.
• Center for Asian American Media (CAAM) [1980] – Karil Chiem. It is an NPO dedicated to presenting
stories that convey richness and diversity of Asian American experiences to the broadest audience possible.
• International Media Support (IMS) – Support local media in all the countries.
• Reporters without Borders (Paris, France) [1985] – Promotes freedom of information and freedom of the
press.
Scandals

• Volkswagen Emissions Scandal

• Wikileaks Julian Assange Scandal
• Edwards Snowden PRISM US Surveillance Scandal
PRISM is a clandestine surveillance program under which the United States National Security
Agency (NSA) collects internet communications from at least nine major US internet companies. Since
2001 the United States government has increased its scope for such surveillance, and so this program was
launched in 2007.

4
• Jeffrey Wigand, a whistle-blower in the tobacco industry disclosed that Cigarettes contain Nicotine which is
addictive and is carcinogenic. Insider movie is inspired by his story.
• Watergate Scandal – Richard Nixon used CIA and FBI against his opponents and activists.
• News of the World Scandal
• Bill Clinton – Monica Lewinsky Scandal
• Tiger Woods Scandal
• Former U.S Cyclist Lance Armstrong Doping Scandal
• 2G Scam (India)
• Coalgate Scandal (India)
• Satyam Corporate Fraud (India)
Arts and Culture

• It is an expression of a particular person or group of people. It can have large effect on culture.
• Art is defined as a person who does creative works or which shows sensitivity and imagination.
• Culture is pattern of behaviour and ideas that distinguishes one group of people with other.
• In India, ancient stone carving was very popular. Example Mahabalipuram, T.N. State.
• Some of the organisations of arts and culture are
o RIPPA, Australia (Arts Research In Progress and Planned Across Australia)
o NFER (National Foundation for Educational Research – Arts Creative and Cultural Education)
o IACDP (Intensive Arts and Culture Development Programme [India]). This programme is implemented
through MLA’s.
• India has one of the largest collection of songs, music, dance performing arts and writing that are known as
ICH (Intangible Cultural Heritage).
• Dancing girl from Mohenja Daro is remarkable culture from Harappan civilization.
• TANA (Telugu Association of North America)
• MANAM is a programme in DD – Sapthagiri through which they promote arts, culture and festivals of A.P
and Telangana State.
• Indian Republic Day parade and Indian National Anthem is one of the best in the world.
• Bharatanatyam, Kuchupudi, Carnatic music and playing musical instruments like tabla, veena, sitar,
harmonium etc. represents one of the rich culture of India.
Science & Technology
United Nations Development Programme, New York (USA)
United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria)

Energy / Nuclear Energy: International Energy Agency, Paris (France)

International Renewable Energy Agency, Masdar City (United Arab Emirates)
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Vienna (Austria)

European Science Foundation, Strasbourg, France

Energy Community, Vienna (Austria)
UN Economic and Social Council, New York (USA)