Soil is also known as the pedo-sphere, it is a series of layers below the soil surface.

Layers of a soil are called horizons; differ from each other by characteristics. There are different
factors for a soil can be formed, one of it is the parent material; which is red in color. Other
different factors are climate which is the longer period than weather, biota, time, and topography
which is the shape and the picture of land.
Grassland soil profile is composed of organic materials. Forest soil profile are the roots
and trees that are most commonly seen in forests. Tropical soil profile is also known as the
weathered soil. This soil profile is coated by iron oxide which gives its bright red color. Soil
profile formed under very dry conditions has limited organic matter, its soil is very dry and it
isn’t recommended to plant or grow plants and trees in this type of soil. Soil profile formed under
wet conditions’ surface horizon is usually dark because organic matter is saturated with water.
Soil formed in a very cold climate has a hummocky surface which is caused by freezing and
thawing of water. Its bottom layer which consists of ice, soil, or mixture of both is called
permafrost.
Soil protocols consists of soil characterization which is measure only once with horizon
definition, lab measurements and etc. Included also in the protocol is the soil temperature and
soil moisture which has different protocols for different measurement techniques. Last protocol
is the Infiltration, it is measure occasionally at soil moisture, temperature sites and once at soil
characterization sites.