KEY EXAMPLES Question Maes 1. Which of the following can be possible conditions that give the results in the graph? u) Volume 1 2 Time experiment f experiment 2 a“ powdered Mg, 10 om? granulated Mg, 10 em? ee of | mol/dm’ HC! of | moVdm? HCI affected by the number powdered Zn, 10 om , of moles of the limiting B_ | of molidm’ HCI, few drops | Powdered Zn. 10 a reagent, and not the ‘of copper(II) sulfate Ptr nan reagent in excess. | Powdered Mg, 2 molim? | powdered Mg, 1 mol/dm’ excess HCI excess HC! p__| &xcess powdered Zn, 10 cm? | excess powdered Zn, 10 em? of 2 mol/dm’ HCI of | mol/dm HCI + From the graph, the rate of reaction is slower in experiment 2 and the volume of gas produced is also decreased. + For option A, granulated Mg increases the size of particles, hence decreasing the rate of reaction, However, sinee the amounts of reactants used are the same, the volumes of products will be the same ‘or both experiments.Cee Bee a + For option B, copper({I) sulfate acts as a catalyst and the rate of reaction for experiment | is higher. However, since the amounts of reactants used are the same, the volumes of products will be the same for both experiments. + Foroption C, 1 molidm’ excess HC/ will decrease the rate of reaction. However, since the acid used is in excess, the volumes of products will be the same for both experiments, + For option D, 10 cm’ of 1 mol/dm’ HC! will decrease the rate of reaction and lower the volume of product due to the smaller number of moles of acid (which is the limiting reagent). 2, (a) Define collision theory. 21 The production of ammonia by the Haber process uses iron as a catalyst. N, (g) + 3H, (@) = 2NH,(g) AH<0 () (Define the term catalyst. 2 (ii) Draw labelled energy profile diagram(s) in the axes provided to show the effect of the catalyst on the process. BI Energy Course of reaction (iii) “A catalyst inereases the rates of both the forward and backward reactions for a reversible reaction.” Using your answer in (o)(ii), explain if the statement is tue, 2) (iv) The iron catalyst is obtained from finely ground iron powder. Explain how this affects the rate of reaction as compared to using granulated iron. 2] (©) Using the collision theory, explain how the rate of the Haber process is affected by pressure. pIQuestion Answer: (a) A chemical reaction takes place when colliding particles possess sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy of the reaction and are in the correct orientations. [2] (>) (A catalyst is a chemical substance that increases the rate of reaction by providing an alternative pathway of lower activation energy, without itself undergoing any chemical change. [2] Gi) Energy ‘Activation energy without catalyst Activation energy with catalyst Course ofreaction [3] (iii) From the energy profile diagram, the activation energy for the backward reaction (2NH,— N, + 3H.) is also lowered. ‘Thus, the rate of reaction for the backward reaction is also increased and the statement is true, [2] (iv) Finely ground iron has a larger surface area as compared to granulated iron. [1] This increases the probability of reacting particles colliding, hence increasing the frequency of effecti sions and the rate of reaction. [1] (©) The rate of reaction increases with an increase in pressure. [1] Increasing the pressure inereases the number of nitrogen and hydrogen molecules per unit volume, hence decreasing the distance ‘between them and increasing the frequency of effective collisions. Ol coll ares Coc (©) The term “frequency of effective collisions’ is important when relating back to rate of reaction. Do not use terms such as “number of effective collisions’ or ‘rate of effective collisions’.KEY PRACTICE 1. When magnesium ribbon is added to a conical flask containing dilute nitric acid, the rate of reaction increases in the first few seconds. Why does this happen? ro A. The hydrogen gas evolved acts as a catalyst. B__ The reaction between magnesium and nitric acid is exothermic. C The concentration of the nitric acid decreases as the reaction proceeds. D__ The mass of the magnesium decreases as the reaction proceeds. ( ) 2. Excess dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc in two experiments. Experiment 1: 0.01 moles of zine powder is reacted with 50 em’ of 1 mol/dm* dilute hydrochloric acid Experiment 2: 0.01 moles of zinc powder is reacted with 50 em’ of 2 mol/dm’ dilute hydrochloric acid All other conditions are kept constant. Which of the following remains the same in both experiments? ro A Rate at which zine is reacted B_ Rate at which volume of hydrogen is produced C Time taken for rate of reaction to reach a constant rate D__ Volume of hydrogen gas produced ¢ ) 3. 0.1 moles of excess zine powder is reacted with 50 cm* of 0.1 mol/dm’ dilute nitric acid in experiment 1 at 25°C as shown in graph X. 0.1 moles of excess granulated zine is reacted with 50 cm? of 0.2 mol/dm? dilute nitric acid in experiment 2 at 50°C. Which of the following graphs could be obtained for the second experiment? uy ‘Volume of gas Time4. Enzymes are biological catalysts. Biological reactants are referred to as substrates. A graph of rate of reaction against substrate concentration is plotted as shown below. Reaction rate Which of the following statements is true? A B Cc Substrate concentration t) ‘The rate of reaction approaches zero as substrate concentration increases. The rate of reaction increases as long as substrate concentration increases. Increasing the temperature beyond 50°C will ensure that the rate of reaction further increases. The rate of reaction is independent of substrate concentration at high substrate concentrations. 5. Zine reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce zine chloride and hydrogen gas. In experiment 1, an excess of zinc metal is added to a known amount of hydrochloric acid and the volume of hydrogen gas produced is measured at 25°C. In experiment 2, a small amount of copper(II) sulfate solution is added to the same amount of zine and hydrochloric acid at 25°C. experiment 1 experiment 2 temperature 25°C 25°C zine metal excess excess dilute hydrochloric acid 10.0 em’, 0.05 mol/dm* 10.0 cm’, 0.05 mol/dm? copper(I1) sulfate solution not added a few drops addedThe results are shown in the graphs below. Volume of hydrogen gas collected / em! Experiment 2 ‘Experiment 1 Time/s (a) (i) Which experiment has a faster rate of reaction? How do you know? 2] (ii) Hence, suggest the role of copper(II) sulfate solution Oo) A third experiment is carried out with the temperature being raised to 50°C and all other conditions are the same as experiment 2. (b) (i) Sketch a curve on the graph above to show the rate of production of hydrogen gas. Label the curve as experiment 3. 0) (ii) Using collision theory, explain how temperature affects the rate of reaction. 2]6. Zine reacts with acids to form salt and hydrogen gas. experiment I experiment 2 experiment 3 temperature 25°C 25°C 28°C zine excess excess excess chi 5.0 em? of 1.0 mo/dm’ | 5.0 em’ of 1.0 moVidm* | 5.0 cm® of 1.0 mol/dm’ hydrochloric acid sulfuric acid ethanoie acid Volume of gas 100. 90 80. 70: 60 50. 40 Experiment 1 30. 20. 10 ° 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 Tme/ain (a) (i) Sketch a curve on the graph above to show the rate of reaction for experiment 2. Label the curve as experiment 2. it] (ii) Explain your answer in (a)(i). 2](b) (i) Sketch a curve on the graph to show the rate of reaction for experiment 3. Label the curve as experiment 3 ii] (ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i). mW 7. Sulfur trioxide is made by reacting sulfur dioxide and oxygen according to the equation. 2SO, (g) + O, (g) = 2SO, (g) AH<0 Under industrial conditions, the process is carried out at 450°C with vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst. (a) (i) Define the term catalyst. (2) (ii) Draw labelled energy profile diagram(s) in the axes provided to show the effect of the vanadium(V) oxide on the process. B) Energy Course of reactionUsing collision theory, explain how the rate of production of sulfur trioxide is (b) (i) affected by pressure. [2] (ii) affected when temperature is changed to 200°C. 2] 8. Oxalic acid, H,C,O,, can be oxidised by acidified manganate(VII) ions according to the ionic equation below. 2MnO,- (aq) + 16H* (aq) + 5C,0,2- (aq) —> 2Mn** (ag) + 10CO, (g) + 8H,0 (2) The reaction is known as an autocatalytic reaction. In autocatalysis, the reaction is catalysed by one of its products. In this case, Mn** acts as the catalyst. Excess manganate(VII) ions are used and the reaction is carried out at 30°C. The change in concentration of oxalic acid is plotted against time according to the graph below. Concentration 4 {__,_,_». Reaction time/s 20 ‘0@ (b) « Explain, using collision theory, how the Mn” catalyst speeds up the rate of oxidation. B) (Explain, using the information above, why the rate of reaction is slow for the first 20 seconds of the oxidation reaction. w (i) Explain, using collision theory, why the rate of reaction decreases from 60 seconds. 2] State how it can be known that the reaction is completed 0]