Task exercise 2 page 94 eeteeeeeeeree Hydrogen fuel cells + pure hydrogen contains no carbon, and does not create CO, or CO + the only emission from a hydrogen fuel cel is water you can drive over 320 km with a full tank of ‘compressed hydrogen ‘+ hydrogen is the lightest atom so it can escape from the smallest leaks ‘+ storage, transportation and distribution are difficult: it's stored either in liquid form (at 258°C) or under extremely high pressure (about 700 bar) ‘© there is a risk of combustion or explosion during te-filing with hydrogen ‘= the fastest methods of producing hydrogen ‘consume energy and emit highly toxic chemicals ‘the cleanest way to produce hydrogen is to break up water with electricity, but many parts of the world have water shortages ‘when mass-production begins, the cost of a ‘uel coll engine is estimated to fall o €150 per KW. (A car needs about 60 kW to run.) Industry's uttimate goal is €20-€35 ‘+ hydrogen will probably cost the driver about 2.5 euro-cents per km ela Fee eee aes Non-contact recharging ‘+ in one system, car is driven and parked in a designated parking bay with an induction coil; driver can do shopping while car is recharging ‘© In another system, the induction coil is built into the road: car is recharged as it drives ‘+ no need for cable connection; no possibilty Of electric shack; no need for driver to camry a ‘mains electric plug or other equipment. ‘+ acar battery can be charged in about three hours ‘+ an induction coil is a low-cost simple technology ‘which will not add significantly to the cost of an electric vehicle + itwill probably cost around 2-2.5 euro-cents per km-to charge a battery ‘© you can drive about 160 km with a fully recharged battery eal VE OF OF PLO Oe eee Battery exchange + car's driven into a special area like an automated car wash where the battery is exchanged for a newly-charged one + full automatic system: the driver doesn't have toleave the car * the exchange takes about 3-5 minutes, less time than it takes to fill a petrol tank ‘+ battery itself is free; driver pays a refundable deposit fr the frst battery, 90 the driver only pays forthe electricity; the deposits repaid When the battery is returned + one company estimates that drivers will pay less than 2 euro-cents per km for the electricity in a battery-exchange system + with afully-charged battery, a typical saloon car ‘could travel 160-190 km aie eeetceeerterere Solar cars ‘+ the sun is an unlimited and free resource (but it ‘does not shine all the time) ‘fitting battery electric vehicles with solar cells ‘would increase their range beyond the normal 160 km; they would allow recharging while parked anywhere in the sun ‘+ energy can be stored in batteries or ‘Supereapacitors for use when sun is not shining: ‘one company has developed a supercapacitor ‘which can give a range of 250 km after a 5-minute charge ‘+ solar panels on roofs of cars have a size limit and may not provide enough power; the sun supplies energy of about 1 kW per m; the maximum size of a solar panel is less. than 10m’, so the maximum power available toa solar car is 10 kV; however, today's car ‘engines need about 60 KW * panels on cars are very heavy and add to the overall weight of the car * solar panels are expensive and can be easily. damaged ee us