Fault Location Update

EPRI Power Quality Applications (PQA) and
Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA)

2008 Joint Conference and Exhibition
Fault Location Update
Jinsang Kim (Jinsangkim@epri.com)

EPRI
Aug 4, 2008
Outline
• Methods for Fault Location

• Automating Fault Location
• Using Substation Monitoring to Locate Faults
• Integration Requirements
• Example Applications
– Consolidated Edison
– Progress Energy Carolinas
– San Diego Gas and Electric
• Using Distributed Monitoring for Fault Location
• Arc Voltage Estimation
2 Copyright © 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. PQA/ADA 2008
How do we locate faults?
• Visual fault indicators, patrol the circuit

• Thumping the circuit for underground systems
• Outage Management Systems (OMS) provide prediction
of the section of a circuit that is out of service
• New technologies
– Communicating fault indicators are becoming available
– Automation schemes can include information from
intelligent switches, reclosers, etc regarding fault
location
• Using oscillography from substation monitoring
• Integration with advanced metering and real time models
of the system to calculate fault location
The premise for using substation oscillography
• Many utilities already have an

infrastructure for managing
monitoring data from substation
IEDs
– PQ monitors
– Digital fault recorders
– Intelligent relays, reclosers
– Smart meters on individual
feeders
• New communications
infrastructure is often making this
information in more timely manner
• Using this information for fault
location requires virtually no
additional investment
The concept
Known fault
location
Probable fault locations
Measurements
Fault location accuracy depends on accuracy of
electrical model
• It can be necessary
to correct for the zero
sequence
representation in the
electrical models.
• This can be done
with a correction
factor based on
historical data
1-Ph Fault
Single-Phase Fault Evolves into
Two-Phase Fault
Single-Phase Fault Evolves into Two-Phase
Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic
20
Voltage (kV)
-20
5
Current (kA)

0
Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic XTF
Voltage (kV) 17.5
-5 15.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
12.5
Time (s)
EPRI/Electrotek 10.0 PQViewٛ
3
Current (kA)
2
1
Reactance (ohms)
10.0
7.5
5.0
1B 2.195 2AB 2.216
2.5
0.05 0.10 0.15
Time (s)
Integration requirements to make fault
location useful
• Operations data
– Need to know which circuit operated
– Information from DA system can provide more detail about
portion of the circuit where the fault is located
• Electrical circuit model
– This provides the basis for converting from an impedance
(or reactance) to actual possible locations
• Outage management system
– For permanent faults, the OMS will provide information
about the protective device that operated after customers
call in
• Geographical information system (GIS)
– Need to show the possible locations on actual geographic
circuit maps
Examples
• Progress Energy
• Con Edison
• SDG&E
• Hydro Quebec and LIPA – evaluate distributed monitoring
for fault location
Fault Detection and Location Systems
at Progress Energy Carolinas
• Fault Detection System

– Feeder Monitoring System Installed in 1997
– Fault Events Captured at 100% of all T/D Substations and
Distribution Feeders
• Fault Locating Systems
– Three Generations of Excel Spreadsheets
– CymDist Feeder Analysis Software
– Integration with OMS System in 2001
• Currently used to locate feeder lockouts automatically by
dispatchers
• Web based program to generate daily reports of previous day’s
faults with location
– Locates permanent as well as temporary faults
– Web Based Historical Trends
11 11
Copyright © 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. PQA/ADA 2008
Distribution Communications
(1) Substation Power Quality and Load

Alarm Monitoring with dial-up access
Distribution Substation
Monitors
Event Monitor, Planning, Info., PQ

S
(3) 2-Way Communications w/Alarms
FDR
(4) Supervisory Control (remote
OCB
operation of feeder breaker)
FDR
OCB
FDR Feeder
OCB
Switc
RTU h
CAP
OCB
Telephone
Modem
Dial-up
Dedicated Telephone
or V-sat
Communications Network
PQM
Server
CDC CSC Skaale ECC
DSCADA DLC CPU Dispatcher EMS CPU

CPU Console
Communications Summary Alarms

Intelligent Sub Alarms
Network
from all
L
CP&
T/D Subs
Fault Detection on Distribution System
Display of Fault Event in FMS
13 13
Fault Detection on Distribution System
RMS Waveform of First Fault Event
From FMS
waveshape
analysis, the
RMS value of 3
phase fault is
~ 3,400 amps.
14 14
Fault Location Basic Operation
• Runs real-time short circuit analysis of current feeder

configuration based on source (substation) impedance’s
and actual wire size impedance values
• Provides graphical display of probable fault location lines
with fault indicator (lightning bolt)
• Stores information in table for future reference and
analysis
15 15
Manual Fault Location Entry Screen
Graphical Display of
probable Fault Locations
List of probable locations for

Manual Fault Locations
16 16
Automated Process - continued
• Fault information is interfaced into the OMS fault location

program
• Screen pop is produced on the OMS screen for any
dispatcher logged into an AOR (area of responsibility)
with control of that feeder
• Fault location analysis is done and probable fault
locations are displayed on the OMS screen
• Dispatcher reviews probable fault locations (excluding locations
behind protective devices) and provide locations and source-
side sectionalizing switch information to serviceman
17 17
Successful Fault Current
Results Screen pop
Displayed probable location
Source
side
switching
devices
shown Line Segment Highlight
18 18
FMS/OMS- Integrated Application
Web Based Trend Analysis Program
19 19
Benefits of Fault Detection
• Enhances PQ&R Programs

• Detects premature equipment failure
• Reveals relay problems
• Validates protective coordination
• Provides proactive vs. reactive reliability intervention
Distribution CAIDI Distribution SAIDI
85 250
80
200
75
70 150
65 100
60
50
55
50 0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
20 20
Impact to Faults per Feeder Mile
Progress Energy Carolinas Faults Per Feeder Mile
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
12 Month Rolling Average
Without Storms With Storms
21 21
Con Edison –
Fault Location for Underground Systems
• Project Goals
• Reduce the time and cost to

locate primary underground
feeder faults
• Direct field crews more

efficiently
• Maintain network reliability
Area Substation PQ Monitoring
PQ Monitors installed on secondary side of transformer at area substations

Monitors 3 phase bus voltage, 3 phase transformer current and neutral
current using existing PT’s and CT’s
One PQ node installed to monitor one of the four transformers in service
Servers download data from substation PQ nodes every 15 minutes
Flow Chart
Substation PQ Monitor PQ Server
PQ View Calculate RTF
Reactance To Fault (RTF)
1-Ph Fault
Single-Phase Fault Evolves into
Two-Phase Fault
Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic
20
Voltage (kV)
-20
5
Current (kA)

0
Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic XTF
Voltage (kV) 17.5
-5 15.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
12.5
Time (s)
EPRI/Electrotek 10.0 PQViewٛ
3
Current (kA)
2
1
Reactance (ohms)
10.0
7.5
5.0
1B 2.195 2AB 2.216
2.5
0.05 0.10 0.15
Time (s)
Fault Location at SDGE
• Monitoring Sources
– Current: Dranetz-BMI PQNodes and DataNodes
– Planned Addition: SATEC Powermeters
• PQView
– Database of waveform samples
– Fault location calculation engine
– Fault analysis and location records
• Advantica®/Stoner Software® SynerGEE®
– GIS coordinates between line segments and nodes
– Fault analysis simulations run after feeder
reconfiguration provide impedance between nodes
that can be read into PQView automatically
Foreign Object in Distribution Line at
P217711 on Line 0237
North Bus Creelman - 2/27/2006 22:21:22.6330

Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic Ires
10
5
Voltage (kV)
-5
-10
2
Current (kA)
-2
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Time (s)
EPRI/Electrotek PQViewٛ
PQView estimates fault to be 1.3
reactive ohms downline
North Bus Creelman - 2/27/2006 22:21:22.6330

Reactance to Fault
Va Vb Vc Vab Vbc Vca Ia
Ib Ic Iab Ibc Ica Ires XTF

12
Voltage (kV)
10
8
6
3
Current (kA)
1
0
2.5
Reactance (ohms)
2.0
1.5 1.274 (k1=3.500)

1B 3
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Time
The chart is interactive in
that the user can zoom
on the waveforms using a
mouse.
The first view shows all
lines fed by the
substation.
Actual Fault Location
This view shows the faulted

line, estimated fault
locations, and actual
location for the faulted line.
Fault Location Developments in Progress
• UI Company
– Integrate UI’s system of Ethernet-connected PQ monitors
with CYMEDIST databases with the intent to provide
estimated fault location in less than five minutes.
• Wisconsin Public Service
– Fault location with substation monitoring integrated with
Synergee system models
• Dominion Virginia Power
– Using a new EPRI software application that downloads
Schweitzer electronic relays with automatic conversion to
the IEEE PQDIF format
• Southern Company
– GPC and APC have asked EPRI to an automatic function to
integrate Schweitzer electronic relay event files (*.EVE) that
will be collected automatically by services provided by
SUBNET Solutions
• Hydro Quebec and LIPA
– Evaluation of Fault Location with Distributed Monitors (next
presentation)

Fault Location Update

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EPRI Power Quality Applications (PQA) and

Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA)

Fault Location Update

Jinsang Kim (Jinsangkim@epri.com)

• Methods for Fault Location

• Visual fault indicators, patrol the circuit

• Many utilities already have an

Probable fault locations

Single-Phase Fault Evolves into Two-Phase

• Fault Detection System

(1) Substation Power Quality and Load

Event Monitor, Planning, Info., PQ

DSCADA DLC CPU Dispatcher EMS CPU

Communications Summary Alarms

• Runs real-time short circuit analysis of current feeder

List of probable locations for

• Fault information is interfaced into the OMS fault location

Displayed probable location

• Enhances PQ&R Programs

Distribution CAIDI Distribution SAIDI

Progress Energy Carolinas Faults Per Feeder Mile

12 Month Rolling Average

Without Storms With Storms

• Reduce the time and cost to

• Direct field crews more

• Maintain network reliability

PQ Monitors installed on secondary side of transformer at area substations

Substation PQ Monitor PQ Server

PQ View Calculate RTF

Single-Phase Fault Evolves into Two-Phase

North Bus Creelman - 2/27/2006 22:21:22.6330

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

North Bus Creelman - 2/27/2006 22:21:22.6330

Va Vb Vc Vab Vbc Vca Ia

Ib Ic Iab Ibc Ica Ires XTF

1.5 1.274 (k1=3.500)

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

This view shows the faulted

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