DATE: AUGUST 24, 2021 PROFESSOR: Ener. NOVA DOMINGO PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERINGTable of Contents Introduction BBu kw References Page |2INTRODUCTION Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of RNA viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). The new strain of coronavirus identified in December 2019 in Wuhan city, Hubei province of China, has been named by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The ICTV have determined that SARS-CoV-2is the same species as SARS-CoV but a different strain. The World Health Organization (WHO) has named the disease associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections as Corona “COVID-19", According to the WHO, as at February 17, 2020, there have been 71 429 Confirmed cases of COVID worldwide. Although, almost all the cases have been recorded in China, COVID-19 has spread to 25 countries with some reporting local transmission. Most of the cases involved in the first cluster in December 2019 were linked to the large Wuhan Seafood Market. The original source(s) of Covid-19 transmission remain unidentified. However, available genetic. {and epidemiological data suggests that Covid-19 is a zoonotic pathogen with possible spillover directly from wildlife or via intermediate animal hosts or their products. Sustained human to human transmission has been confirmed in China where numerous healthcare workers have been infected in clinical settings with overt clinica illness and fatalities. While most cases have been associated with fever and respiratory symptoms (coughing, shortness of breath and pneumonia), mild or subclinical cases cannot be ruled out. However, there is not much information about Covid-19 to draw defini conclusions about transmission mode, clinical presentation or the extent to which it has spread. Investigations are currently in progress. Page |3ANALYSIS Public Health Engineering initiatives affect people every day not in every part of the Philippines, land even around the globe. It addresses broad issues that can affect the health and well-being of individuals, families, communities, populations, and societies—both now, and for generations to come, Public Health Engineering aims to protect the health and wellbeing. As such, Public health has developed the “COVID-19 Health Protection Guidelines” to provide health protection guidance that ‘must be follow in order to ensure proper readiness and response to Covid-19 and to reduce the risk during the COViD-19 pandemic. Several strategies implemented for the control of the Covid-19 pandemic, especially in the control of outbreak, screening, containment and mitigation. Basic requirements have been set to standardized the possible way of preventing or reduce the risk in Covid- 19 in wellbeing. As, Well-being integrates mental health (mind) and physical health (body) resulting in more holistic approaches to disease prevention and health promotion. Well-being is a valid population outcome measure beyond morbicity, mortality, and economic status that tells us how people perceive their life is ‘going from their own perspective. Well-being is an outcome that is meaningful to the public. Advances in psychology, neuroscience, and measurement theory suggest that well-being can be measured with some degree of accuracy. Results from cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental studies find that well-being is associated with + Self-perceived health. + Longevity. + Healthy behaviors. + Mental and physical ilness. + Social connectedness. + Productivity. ‘Factors in the physical and social environment. Well-being can provide a common metric that can help policy makers shape and compare the effects of different policies (e.g, oss of greenspace might impact well-being more so than commercial development of an area) ‘Measuring, tracking and promoting well-being can be useful for multiple stakeholders involved in disease prevention and health promation. ‘Well-being is associated with numerous health-, job-,family-, and economically-related benefits. For example, higher levels of well-being are associated with decreased risk of disease, illness, and injury; better immune functioning; speedier recovery; and increased longevity. Individuals with high levels of well-being are more productive at work and are more likely to contribute to their communities. Well-being is associated with numerous health, job-, family-, and economically-related benefits. For example, higher levels of well-being are associated with decreased risk of disease, illness, and injury; Page | 4better immune functioning; speedier recovery; and increased longevity Individuals with high levels of ‘well-being are more productive at work and are more likely to contribute to their communities. Current evidence indicates that the COVID-18 virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets ‘or contact. Contact transmission occurs when contaminated hands touch the mucosa of the mouth, ‘nose, or eyes; the virus can also be transferred from one surface to another by contaminated hands, which facilitates indirect contact transmission. Consequently, hand hygiene is extremely important to Prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus. It also interrupts transmission of other viruses and bacteria ‘causing common colds, flu and pneumonia, thus reducing the general burden of disease. Although ‘awareness of the importance of hand hygiene in preventing infection with the COVID-19 virus is high, ‘access to hand hygiene facilities that include alcohol-based hand rubs as well as soap and water is often suboptimal in the community and in health care facility settings, especially in low-and middle-income countries. ‘As WHO and UNICEF estimate that globally 3 billion people lack hand hygiene facilities at home and two out of five health care facilities lack hand hygiene at points of care. Further, access has become Increasingly challenging as a result of stock-outs of supplies. When hand hygiene is provided free of charge and is made obligatory by public health authorities, acceptability and adherence to hand hygiene best practices are improved, including in public health emergencies of international concern. Hand hygiene is the most effective single measure to reduce the spread of infections through multimodal strategies, including access to the appropriate supplies. Therefore, this uidance is relevant forall countries and is recommended particularly for areas without ready access to hand hygiene location, Public health is being implemented across the globe to suppress Covid-19 transmission and reduce mortality and morbidity. In view of the Public Health Engineering, Public health and safety measures include personal protective measures (e.g. physical distancing, avoiding crowded settings, hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, mask-wearing); environmental measures (eg. cleaning, disinfection, ventilation); surveillance and response measures (e.g. testing, genetic sequencing, contact tracing, isolation, and quarantine); physical distancing measures (e.g. regulating the number and flow of people attending gatherings, maintaining distance in public or workplaces, domestic movement restrictions); and international travel-related measures. In this context, it does not include medical countermeasures such as drug administration or vaccination. Public Health and Safety Measures act in concert, and @ combination of measures is required to ensure adequate control. Measures should be implemented by the lowest administrative level for which situational assessment is possible and tailored to local settings and conditions. Several important developments have occurred since the publication of the previous Considerations for implementing and adjusting public health and social measures in the ‘context of COVID-19. First, several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved by national regulatory authorities and ‘through WHO Emergency Use Listing (EUL). Vaccination has begun in most countries, bringing the prospect of significantly reducing severe disease and mortality further. Initial observational studies following rollout of vaccines suggest that vaccines may lead to protection against infection and a reduction in transmission, which in addition to Public Health and Safety Measures will help control the spread of the virus. Several other variants of interest are also being monitored. Finally, more evidence is, Page | 5‘now available on the effectiveness of a range of individual and community-level measures as per below table, Fiemeat Comideratons ‘SARS-CoV-2 infection aural immunity cofes high Feel of protrion against reinfection, wih timate ‘Varying fom around #1°s to close to 100% protection in people younger than 6S years ot “rvong health warkers daring fellow up of at east five o seven months" Protection ‘gaint reinfection appears to vary by age group and is lower (approximately 47%) among people aped 65 years and older" Fvidence of immunity to SARS-CoV.2 is most commenly determined by measuring antibodis in sea. Within four week following infection 909% of individuals infected ‘with the SARS-CoV-2 virus develop detectable neutralizing antibodies" ‘While comeates of protection ae yet to be flly established, curently the presence of| nstralizng antibodies isthe best indication for protection against re-infection. How long ‘protection lasts remains unclear and may differ depending on disease severity. Protection {fe infection with common cold coronaviruses, which often cause mild disase is highly transient, and for SARS-COV.2, there i evidence that immunological memory is 6 sons ‘While protection i high, natural immunity does not provide 100% sterilizing immunity Individuals who have natural immunity are sill have a potential sk of reinfection and may be infectious COVID-T9 vaccination ie vss oe iy eri ences odin pin VOC The rink of onward transmission and duration of peotction also may vary. Waaing immunity nd vaccine effectiveness ver time wll ned to be documented as vaccination rollout progresses ‘tthe tine of publication, in human clinical wis, all WHO Emergeney Use Listed (EUL) ‘vaccines have’ demonstated efficacy (63% to 98%) agaist symptomatic, lboratory- Early detection of suspected cass, test suspect cases: identify and trace contacts; ‘quarantine comacts Tnvetgation of elstersto implemen! and commnicat localized meastres 0 limit gatherings and reduce mobili Physical distancing oft eat 1 mcr, hand and ocr personal hyzione practices and age-appropriate wearing of masks when physical distancing cannot be achieves” ‘Community intatves for rik eduction (eg addressing incorect and misiading informatio, rumour and stigma) and protection shielding ofvulncrable groups and safe poblic tansprtaton, including organizing “walking buses” and safe ecling routes (Other PHSM, 2s appropriate Shoal ved _Adainistrative policies sting attendance and ent rus: cohoring (kesping stots ‘and eachers in small props tht do nt mi, also referred o as bubble, capsule cis, Safe squad) stapucring the start of school brcaks, bathroom meal and en times; ltcmate physical presence (alters dys allcrnate shi) Inffastsctare: Reorganization ofthe physical space ors use, ientifying entyeists and marking dtcetion of walking, handwashing fails, building envitoomental ‘design clues nudging") 1 facilitate appropriate we of space ‘Maintaining clan environment frequcnt cleaning of surfaces and shared objects Emring adoquat and appropriate ventilation with priosity for insteasing fresh outdoor iby opening window and doors, where feasible, as well as encouraging outdoor stiies, as appropri “The age-appropriate use of masks whore physical distancing cannot be maintained this inches ensuring the availability of masks Symptom serening by parents and tacos, testing and isolation of suspected cases, 2+ per mationa procedures, stay alchome when sick policies Reorganization of school tansporation and artval dpartare ies ‘Cea acesible sharing of information, and feedback mechanisms established with parents, students and teachers ‘Continuation of exsentl school-based services such as mental heath and psychosocial support school feeding and nutrition programms, immunization and other services Prnysia tancing where appropiate Wearing of masks, whore recommended Frequent hand byene Respiratory ciqcte Cleaning nd disinfection Adequate ventilation Spacing of desks or groping of cite if equited Thavidoas ot high ak \Weniiation of students and teachers at high risk of sever iles+ those individuals ‘with pre-existing medical conditions develop appropriate steps to kes these individuae safe Adoption fa coordina and intcerated approach to cnsur vulnerable childen's Satine rine ath pcb en Abin, ‘ution and other issues) Maintenance of physical distancing and we of modal masks Frequent hand hygiene and respiratory etguctte transmiss animals to Jive animal ‘markets or onimal product markets ‘The virus which causes COVID-19 most probably has its ecological reservoir in bats, and transmission of the virus to humans has likely occurred through an intermediate animal host ~ a Page |9domestic animal, a wild animal or a domesticated wild animal which has not yet been identified. While the zoonotic source of the virus is currently unknown, hence as part of Public Health Engineering study the following general recommendations for reducing the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens in live animal markets apply: - Anyone visiting live animal markets, wet markets, or animal product markets should practice general hygiene measures, including regular hand washing with soap and water after touching animals and animal products, avoiding touching eyes, nose, or mouth with hands, and avoiding contact with sick ‘animals or spoiled animal products. Any contact with other animals possibly living in the market (e.g. stray cats and dogs, rodents, birds, bats) should be avoided. Attention should also be taken to avoid Contact with potentially contaminated animal waste or fluids on the soil or structures of shops and market facilities. ~The consumption of raw or undercooked animal products should be avoided. Raw meat, milk, ‘or animal organs should be handled with care, to avoid cross-contamination with uncooked foods, as per good food safety practices. ‘Additionally, recommendations for people working in the markets: + Slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians in charge of animal and food inspection in markets, ‘market workers, and those handling live animals and animal products should practice good personal hygiene, including frequent hand washing. They should consider wearing protective gowns and gloves while professionally handling animals and fresh animal products. Equipment and working stations should be disinfected frequently, at least once a day. Protective clothing should be removed after work and washed daily. Workers should avoid exposing family members to soiled work clothing, shoes, or other items. itis therefore recommended that protective clothes and items remain at the workplace for daily washing. = As a general recommendation, sick animals should never be slaughtered for consumption; dead animals should be safely buried or destroyed and contact with their body fluids should be avoided without protective clothes. Veterinarians should maintain a high level of vigilance and report any ‘unusual event detected in any animal species present in the markets to veterinary authorities. Considerations in decisions on school operations. From public health perspective, deciding to close or re-open schools should be guided by a risk-based approach, taking into consideration the epidemiology of COVID-19 at the local level, the capacity of educational institutions to adapt their system to operate safely; the impact of school closures on educational loss, equity, general health and wellbeing of children; and the range of other public health measures being implemented outside school. Decisions on full or partial closure or reopening should be taken at a local administrative level, based on the local level of transmission of Covid-19 and the local risk assessment, as well as how much the reopening of educational settings might Increase transmission in the community. The shutting down educational facilities should only be ‘considered when there are no other alternatives. Based on the best available data, COVID-19 appears to have a limited direct burden on children’s health, accounting for about 8.5% of reported cases globally, and very few deaths (see the box Research on COVIO-19 in children and in schools on page 8). In contrast, school closures have clear negative impacts on child health, education and development, family income and the overall economy. Page | 10National and local governments should consider prioritizing continuity of education by investing In comprehensive, multilayered measures (see table below) to prevent introduction and further spread of Covid-19 in educational settings, wile also limiting transmission in the wider community, ‘Social Measures in the Workplace In response to COVID-19, countries across the globe have implemented a range of public health and social measures, including movement restrictions, partial closure or closure of schools and businesses, quarantine in specific geographic areas and international travel restrictions. As the local epidemiology of the disease changes, countries will adjust (ie. loosen or reinstate) these measures ‘accordingly. As transmission intensity declines, some countries will begin to gradually re-open \workplaces- covers all places where workers need to be or to go by reason of their work- to maintain ‘economic activity. This requires establishing protective measures, including directives and capacity to Promote and enable standard COVID19 prevention in terms of physical distancing, hand washing, respiratory etiquette and, potentially, thermal monitoring, as well as monitoring compliance with these measures. ‘On 16 April 2020, Public Health officials with WHO, published interim guidance that provides advice on adjusting Public Health and Safety Measures, while managing the risk of resurgence of cases. A series of preventive measures was developed to help guide countries through adjusting various public health measures in different contexts, This preventive measure is for those involved in developing. policies and standard operating procedures to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 in the workplace, including employers, workers and their representatives, labor unions and business associations, local public health and labor authorities, and occupational safety and health practitioners. Additional Protective measures may be necessary for specialized workplaces. Specific recommendations for Protection of the health and safety of some frontline public workers are also included in the existing WHO guidance for the accommodation sector, detention centers, schools, food businesses, aviation sector, water, sanitation, and waste management, camps, and construction. Plan of action Workplaces should develop action plans for prevention and mitigation of COVID-19 as part of the business continuity plan and according to the results of the risks assessment and the epidemiological situation. The plan should also include measures for protecting health, safety, and security in re- ‘opening, closing, and modifying workplaces and work arrangements. Re-opening of workplaces should be carefully planned in advance and all possible risks for health and safety should be properly assessed and controlled. The action plan and preventive measures put in place should be monitored and updated in case of changes in local epidemiological trends, new cases of COVID-19 at the workplace, or lack of compliance by workers, visitors, and clients or customers. ‘The large-scale public health and social measures introduced by countries in response to COVID-19 may also amplify some other risks for health, safety, and wellbeing at work due to alternative work arrangements, job insecurity, sudden loss of income, social isolation, and fear of contagion. Actions on prevention and mitigation of COVID-19 should be implemented together with actions for addressing cther occupational safety and health risks such as ergonomic problems, heavy workloads and long ‘working hours, remote working, psychosocial risks, polsonings, and others. Occupational health services should strengthen their capacity to carry out risk assessment, infection prevention and control, and. Page | 11‘medical surveillance and organize mental health and psychosocial support in the context of COVID-19. in developing and implementing action plans for prevention and mitigation of COVID-19 workers and their representatives should be properly consulted and all workers should be informed about the measures introduced, using specific risk communication and community engagement approaches. Local ‘authorities and local public health authorities can provide up to date information and facts, support community engagement activities, and offer specific recommendations on the prevention of COVID-19 ‘among other groups of workers, such as domestic workers, workers in the informal economy, digital labor platforms, or others, There must be no discrimination in the access of workers to protective measures for prevention of COVID-19. Refugee and migrant workers should have equal access to personal protective equipment ‘as well as to COVID-19 prevention, treatment and care, referral, rehabilitation, social protection, and ‘occupational health services, including mental health and psychosocial support. Special efforts should be taken to prevent social stigma of workers suspected of being infected, infected with, or recovered from Covip-19, ‘SUMMARY Several countries have demonstrated the ability to reduce or stop transt virus. The Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan for COVID-19 aims to slow and stop transmission, Prevent outbreaks and delay spread; provide optimized care for al patients, especially the seriously ill ‘minimize the impact of the epidemic on health systems, social services and economic activity. Public health measures can slow the transmission and spread of infectious diseases. These ‘measures can take the form of personal protective, environmental, social distancing, and travel related interventions. Currently, there are no vaccines or specific pharmaceutical treatments available for COVID-19 what will give 100% efficacy. Public health interventions are and will continue to be an Important tool to reduce transmission and prevent spread of COVID-18. RECOMMENDATION Define rationale and criteria for use of social distancing measures such as cancellation of mass «gatherings or school closure. Public health measures Developed for influenza, this document provides recommendations for personal protective, environmental and social distancing interventions which are useful for COVID-19 and other respiratory infections transmitted through contact and droplets. See also COVID-19 specific prevention or guide below. Page | 12[Sitwation jatervention [Recommendedia | Hand hygiene | saat + Respiratory etiquette | + Masks for symptomatic individuals. + Isolation and treatment of ill individuals. + Monitoring symptoms of healthy + Traveler health advice + Environmental cleaning Consider, based on | > Avoid crowding (re. mass local andor global | gatherings) evaluation. + School closures and other + Public transportation closures, andor + Workplace closures and other + Public health quarantine (asymptomatic contacts) andor isolation (ill individuals). Reference “eebniel guidance publications hoa) Payehoopel pact of COVID-19 pandemic the Filppies tnd, cnn agama EPDATES ON NOVEL CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID9) utah sou ph/2018-90V ane Exploring ealin serch behavior for COVID-I9 preventive measures: The Pipa case Prilippinegveroment respon 0 he COVID-19 pandemic How th Philippines bandlig COVID-19 CCOVID-19 vaccines the Philpine contest ‘ntesJopnon Ingle ne/186192 4 1-accesinthehiopaecoted Page | 13| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT school Dean, Dr-Marifet Grace Capit TOPIC in Gontext of Public Health Engi | which also helped me in doing a lot of ré: b, thankful to them. :