PHARMAGENE Vol: 2 Issue: 2 Research Article www. genesisjournals.org, Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical studies on leaves of Pandanus tectorius Soland.; ex Parkinson unit R Bhatt, Kajal B Pandya Shree Swaminarayan Pharmacy College, Kevadia Colony, Dist. Narmada-393151 (Gujarat) India, Abstract: andanus tectorius (Family: Pandanaceae), commonly known as Kewado (Gujarati) and Ketaki (Hindi), is a medicinal plant and utilizable species. The plant is used in Indian folk medicine to treat various disease alignments. The present study was undertaken, to perform Pharmacognostic and photochemical studies of leaves to evaluating plant material. Various macroscopic, microscopic and chemo-microscopie studies of powdered leaves and anatomical eaves were carried out, Transverse section of the leaf showed sulfur containing glands, calcium oxalate crystals, xylem vessels, and cuticle. Powdered microscopy showed anisocytic stomata and calcium oxalate crystals. Preliminary chemo-microscopic studies revealed the presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, ‘annins, saponins etc. Quantitative evaluation of powdered drug gives total ash 9.5%, acid insoluble ash 1%, ethanol soluble extractive 8%, and water soluble extractive 7.2%. This finding can be useful for the standardization of raw material as well as preparation of herbal monographs, Key words: Pandanus tectorius, Pandanus odoratissimus, Pharmacognostical studies, Macroscopy, Microscopy Introduction In recent times, focus on plant research has increased all over the world and a large body of evidence has been collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional systems, More than 13,000 plants have been studied using modem scientific approaches and innovative scientific tools during 1994-1998". Pandanus tectorivs, which is also known as Pandanus doratssimus Parkinson (family- Pandanaceae Serew-pine family) “Erect, branched small te, growing 3-5 meters, the trunk bearing many prop roots. Leaves are spirally crowded toward the ends of the branches, linear lanceolate, slenderly Jong-acuminate, up t0 1.5 meters long, 3-5 cm wide, the margins and midrib armed with sharp spiny teeth pointing {oward the apex ofthe leaf. The male inflorescence is fragrant, pendulous, upto 0.5 meters ong and truncate atthe apex. Pharmacological actions are described as antiseptic, ‘WAddressforcomespondence) SS *PunitR. Bhatt Assistant Professor, ‘Shree Swaminarayan Pharmacy College Kevadia Colony, Ta, Nandod, Dist, Narmada (PIN 393151) Gujarat (India) Mobile: +9197 25 209039 Email: puns003@ gmail.com ‘carminative, stomachic, deodorant, urinary astringent & tonic. ‘The oil obtained from this plant used as stimulant, antispasmodic & is useful in cephalgia, rheumatoid arthritis” Kevda oil isolated from P.tectorius is also used as stimulant, antispasmodic, headache and rheumatism ® The investigation composes of pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation ofthe leaf material ‘MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant collection and identification ‘The leaves of the Pandanus tectorius were collected from Junagadh Agricultural University campus during the month of September-October, 2010. The plant was identified and authenticated by Dr. A. S. Reddy, Department of Bioscience, Sardar Patel University, Anand, Gujarat (India). A herbarium, was prepared (voucher specimen no. SU/DPS/Herb/36) deposited in the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India, for future reference. Pharmacognostical studies ‘Morphology The leaves and fruits were subjected to macroscopic evaluation which comprised of the study of organoleptic characters of the drugs. Visual inspection provides the simplest and quickest means to establish identity, purity andPhammacognostc and Pfytochemical studies on eaves of Pandanus tectorus Soland: ex Parkinson possibly quality of plant material ® Microscopy ‘The powdered and transverse section ofthe leaf was employed for this study; to carry out quantitative and qualitative studies using the method employed. Chemo-microscopical examination was cartied out to detect the presence or absence of various chemical compounds such as starch, cellulose, tannins, and lignin, fat and oil, mucilage and calcium oxalate crystals. Phytochemical study ‘The qualitative chemical test was performed for the leaf powder for the detection of the presence of Carbohydrate, mucilage, Proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, favanoids, etc" Phytochemical standards Various parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extracts have been carried out as described” RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Macroscopical study The leaf is simple, dark Green in color, Size of leaf was about 09 to 1.5 meters and surface contained spine on margin and narrow at the top of the leaf, Shape of leaf was lanceolate, apex ‘was filiform, base was amplexicaul and venation was parallel (Figure 1). Microscopical studies ‘Transverse section of leaves shown in figure 2, the presence of upper epidermis, sublimed sulfur containing’gland, palisade cells, vascular bundles and lower epidermis, Sulfur containing sland after the stain and after treat with clove oil it gives sublime sulfur (crystal type). The microscopy of leaf powder showed the presence of Lignified vessel (A), Parenchymatous cells (B), Calcium oxalate erystals(C), Lignified fiber (D). All the characters have been identified as per standard literature" Phytochemical study Phytochemical analysis of the leaf powder showed in table 2 shows the presence of glycosides, saponins, sterols, (erpenoids, and flavanoids Phytochemical standards Allthe results of standards ofthe leaf are shownin table Parameter Value Total ash 9.5 %wlw ‘Acidinsoluble aah L%wiw ‘Water soluble ash Se wiw ‘Waterinsoluble ash a5 Tewhe ‘Methanol soluble extractive 22.4% wiw ‘Ethanol soluble extractive 3% wiv ‘Water soluble extractive 72% wi Ethanol ; water (60 40) extractive | 40% wiw Foreign organic matterin powder _| 2.1% w/w Loss on drying at 10°C Tt ww Foaming index of powder > 100) Swelling index of powder ‘00m ‘Table 1 Physico-chemical parameters of P, tectorius Test PY] ® letherfhexane CHCIE.AT a (HA foutanol Alkaloids [= [Glycoside [Carbohydrates +L Phytosterals +f [Saponins —[T- [Phenolic compounds Proteins & aminoacid - [| =| [| — (Gums &mucilage [| - | — TTerpenoids ee Flavanoids Fixed oil and fats vfele lef Gann Where +Present,- Absent EA: Ethyl acetate, HA: Hydro alcoholic, P. ether: Petroleum ether fable 2: Phytochemical screening of the Pandanus tectorius CONCLUSION ‘Macroscopic and microscopic studies of the plants can be ‘useful for the formulation of the herbal monographs. The study also employed for the drug authentication, The characters taken in (o consider here can also be useful for the standardization ofthe herbal formulation containing this drug. Pandanus tectorius also contains essential oils which bears some important phytochemicals. Further study carried out for the pharmacological and formulation based criteria, REFERENCES [1]. Dahanukar SA, Kulkami RA, Rege, NN. Pharmacology of medicinal plants and natural products. Indian J Pharmacol, 2000; 32 (4), 81-118 [2]. Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants. 1” ed, New Delhi, India: Springer Pvt. Lid;2007, ,906-907. [G]. Nadkami KM. Indian Medicinal Plants and drugs with their medicinal properties and uses. 3° ed. New Delhi India: Srishtibook distributors; 2005, pp 277-278, [4], Wealth of India, The dictionary of raw materials and industrial products, CSIR, New Delhi, 2005, pp 6 &16. Khandelwal KR. Practical Pharmacognosy. 19° ed, Pune, India: Nirali Prakashan: 2008, pp 49-70. [6]. WHO, Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials. (An authorized publication of World health organization, Geneva). A.LT.B.S. Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 2002 [7], Wallis TE. Text book of Pharmacognosy. 3 ed. London: J.A. Churchill publisher: 1956. [8]. Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. Pharmacognosy, 18"ed, Pune, India: Nirali Prakashan; 2002, pp 520. 65Pharmacognostc and Pfiytockemical studies on leaves of Pandanus tectorus Soland:; ex Parkinson FIGURES Uppeepidemis Paieade cele Upper epidermis Palisade cell Focatipmns i Solpur lands ‘Vascular bondle ewer prac Lower epidermis Figure 2: Transverse section of Pandanus tectoriusPharmacognostc and Pfiytockemical studies on leaves of Pandanus tectorus Soland:; ex Parkinson Parenchymatous cells i Lignified vessels Calcium oxalate crystals Limnified fibers Figure 3:Powder characters of the Pandanus tectorius