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    10 views10 pages

    Watershed Characteristics 2

    Uploaded by

    Mohammad Bin Adam

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 10
    = soll. AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERIgg “ The characteristics which affect the function (ic. 0 rece! t te i essa 2 ft ane ae mits Pignificant Ove ‘The soil maps. a Occasionally, a field reconnaissance su an be excluded from the area considered for computing as under ‘Shape: The common shapes of watersheds are given 1. Square 2. Rectangular 3. Triangular etc. . ‘The watershed’s shape is described by the “shape index”. L 27) wa jven as under where, thm) W = average width of watershed (km) =A FL A = area of watershed (sq. km) ‘The shape index of watershed is more consistent, if valley length is taken into consideration at the place of length of low-flow meandering channel. Slope: The average slope of watershed is determined trom the topographic map of the watershed hy using the follow! ie formu MN es x 100 where, S-= percent watershed slope (average) Mf = total length of contour lines within the watershed (m) N= contour interval (m) A= area of watershed (m’) ation b ¢ ratio of difference in ele erage length of the watershed, ic Jope can be taken as th ¢ 10 the approximate For very small watersheds the averag the watershed outlet and the most distant rid 5 = Elevation difference between outlet and the r Approximate pst distant rid Time of Concentration: The time taken by v to the outlet or some othe: down- letermined by using the nome: rased on the followin: Scanned with CamScanner ‘ sore tion (hy ee nat watershe wm from the outlet Fatant ridge (1) : Nievation difference between the outlet and the moat 30:000 He cant ridge (1) yey an shoukl be followed that, the difference in Measured along the p the main + of watershed to the most 90.000 | A wife coveralls: fap oF other sudden drops must he 13900. et ro the H value, © 8000" oon ig $oileCover Complex 4-000 Ft al ion of specific soil and specific cover is referred ; Cor nite complex. For study of the hydrologic soil-cover 2900 tse Sls and vegetative covers of the Watershed, wre ssi “ed parameters for estimating the runoff, 600: spe wae soil 1) SOF pydrological analysis of watershed the hydrologic Ft of soil oF the group of soils are essential factors. re classified ‘based on their hydrologic properties, . Fig. 27.1, No that they are independent of watershed slope and Spread oie concentration (Kirpich 1940) Moin. Normally, the following four major soil groups are ed Groups A: The soils having high infiltration rate wh ‘These soils involve low runoff potential. Usually, well to excessively drained are the main soils characterized for high rate of water transmission. (i) Group B = Soils of this group have moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wetted. Mair soil depth is moderately deep to deep, moderately well to well drained and moderately moderately coarse textured soils are counted under this group of soil. This group of soi moderate rate of water transmission. (i) Group C : This group contains the soils involving slow rate of infiltration when thoroughly ‘The soils with a layer that impedes the downward movement of water and moderately fine textured soils with slow infiltration rate are recognized under this group. The water transmis of these soils is slow. (i) Group D : Infiltration rate of this group of soils is very slow when thoroughly wetted, as r have very high runoff potential. Commonly, the clay soils with high swelling potential; soils Permanent water-table; the soils with clay pan or clay layer at or near the top surface ar “ils on impervious material are the examples of this soil group. Water transmission rate of of soils is very slow. en thoroughly wetted, are kept under gro the sands or gravels that are for greater depi of this group. The soils of this group an Cover wi can be used for covering the soil surface to protect the soil against rainfall. H by of ae ‘te commonly used to cover the soil. Since, the informations about the cc "he avi ft height, root depth and its density, extent of plant cover and extent and amount “Or condy etre, for hydrologic analysis of watershed it is always relied on the land us Balog The common covers are given as below: 2. Row crops A Clacad eaadad | Scanned with CamScanner 5 Drainape [Braet oad ey eee ag volume, [type and demany epi eens aa J} 6 Land ever Tp a oe |rtuno indos Jreantt sole 17. shape . [rant ve , les eq. or hero nf FM vokumie, sexe | 9. Onemation Ison poh Hy xpocts [Rare al bazar : 10 Clima Aeon lTemperanee 2 Sicceptbil sediment yield et id volumes inoft eate and \ etails 1 Dogme oF development [Cultural [Dept and quality i fe potential wever, the following VATERSHE es. followed. However, 1 ing . DETERIORATION OF ee co management practices: (0 Tr is caused due to faulty use and impr watershed, given as ? sinis also lead to deteriorate the wat sau ao Adoption of faulty agricultural frestory and pasture 2. Fire consequer ; 3. Unscientific mining and quarrying. ; 4. Alignment and construction of roads in faulty way. 5. Extension of industrial activities. 6. People apathy ete. sae ba effects The deterioration of watershed causes following bad effec! (i) Reduction in biomass production ; stops ete. Gi) Poor returns from agriculture, grasslands, forests, {ruit crop: (ii) Sitation of reservoirs, iakes, channels etc. (iv) Reduction in water quality and quantity, both (v) Creation of poverty in the area vanagement practices: 8, WATERSHED DELINEATION . ; The delineation of priority area can be performed to some extent by reconnaissance survey and study of ‘opo-sheets. However, this technique is slow and also not provide very accurate result. De areas can also he done in better way by using the areal photograph. Normally, Seals are most suitable, bu the photographs of lager scale such as 1:15,000 can also be used for the purpose The demarcation of priority areas should be accomplished on watershed basis, bee Yatershed management approach is essential for use of proper soil conser riorities areas on watershed basis, the preparation of framework of watershed delineation over the entire ‘atershed is essential. Furthermore, it is also necessary that the size of w: atershed to be delineated should b om 10,000 ta 20,000 ha, because for small watersheds the formulation of soil ae i fa *eutfon over a reasonable period is practically possible and casy, also, : ‘The steps for demarcation of small size watersheds 1. Divide the entire watershed into differ of sub-watershed should be few la a Se Suita and 1:250,000 scales are fallow Mess, Use suitable se 2. Again, divide each subew: atcéshed into sm; the respective sub-watersheds. ‘The sine emarcation of priority the contour maps of 1:60,000 se a comprehensive ‘ation measures. For demareating idering important tributaries, The ‘ale for delineation, Normally, 1:1 million all, followin, ig distinct tributaries of small. w; ; and streams passing througl ‘uersheds. should be in the range of 50,000 Scanned with CamScanner |,on000 ha. Delineate these small watersheds using the scale 1:50,000, And sapervmpent Ye Satine core rersheds instep (1) on the base map of the area, 5 Further, sub-divide each 20,000 ha Jn the watershed small watershed (as obtained in step 2) in Uhe ste ranging (row 1.008 se there are large number of small streams, that drain the runott diwectty ato We eat ‘erat, then demarcation of small size watershed is difficult. For such conditions the demarcation ws care we hy combining all the streams into sub-watershed, small watershed etc as per size indicated earlier. 7 ‘tould be started from the down stream end and proceeded to upsiream side Scanned with CamScanner 179, DEMARCATION OF PRIORITY WATERSHED ip is carried out by determining the comparative severit - ; sjien sees The metho is éeised under oloee of ersion and prabable sediment yet rom 1. Determine the erosion intensity of different watersheds, walled e saw umn Dacrmanes (0 their merencng eee watesheds, called erosion imtnsty wi. Jout the proba wrtersheds and grade them by their order For erdine the koe number 1 or 0.50, while more eroding units by hi \d_grade them: ble sediment yield of respective the least eroding uni wed by the igher weights such as 2, 3, 4 2.Caleulate the area of each erosion intensity unit and also determine their total are 3, Multiply the area of cach crosion intensity unit to its weight assigned. The obtained value is termed as weighted product. Compute the total weighted value by adding all together. " 4,Compute, the erodibility in 3 ‘ total area, ie. of crosion intensity unit by dividing the total weighted value with its x 100 +(274) where, IE = erodibility index of sub-watershed, (%) Tr = toual weighted ¥ Jue of sub- watershed ial area of sub-watershed 5, Measur the distance between crosion intensity unit and the reservoir in which runoff is discharged; the weight to each, as per given in Table 27.7, This weight is added 10 the erodibility index of each sub-watershed. The consideration of distance between erosion intensity unit and the reservoir is based on the fact that, the silt loads from nearer sub-watersheds tends to reach into the teservoir sooner as compared to those which are at farther distane and assy ‘Table 27.7. Proposed weights as per distance from the reservoir Sie [Discs fon rei el im x a | 6—10 | 40 i 2s 30 | ; oe fa | 51 — 100 | 10 6 | > 100 | 5 6 Aft : Alicr determining the total wei weds , nts for each sub-watershed, arrange them into 3 10 5s Sliases such as, ( Very high (iv) Low \) High (v) Very low Wi) Medium “* Priority: dote tion, the data required and their resources are cited in Table 27. 8. a Scanned with CamScanner wareRSHED-CONCEPT AND MANAGEMENT ~ Data “anna data for fina priority determination o | Ga | ties Bichera (1986) CODING OF WATERSHED Source 27.10. Coding of water several ways, viz. im the watershed. The Jetters and digits. The coding is carr 1, Findout the name of main river/stre 2, Take the first letter of the name of n me of sub-catchment. Let shed is done t0 fi digits, combination of letters roding of waters! 3. Determine the nan 4. Take the first letter of the na which is obtained as 'N% 5. Comhine both the letter, ie. “RN” 6. Use the digits for watersheds delincal 7. Lastly, code the sub-watershed by The coding should be started from the downs" ally from down stream 10 up fe ‘or right hand side of the main stream in stream, ted the sides, he. tell joining tributaries to the The coding method adopted by All Ind ‘Table 27.9. Codi T ca) Data on people’ panicipation Recreational value (ii) Coltaral importance Histoncal imponaace fix a kind of identity based on some specifics hed in the river valley project is norma fed out by using the following steps : lam draining the watershed. Let it is ‘ main stream. which is ame of sub-catchment, ding another Factors 300 Basins 30 — 300 10—s0 Catehments Subp.catchments | h : | | ee Watersheds | 05102 | Micro delineation | Subs watersheds o1--0s Mitt 001 —o1 | cor — oor j | Arabic numbers (1 — 6) 110M | Atanas (A — 1:4Mort:6M | Arabic numbers (1 — 9) ra [apes ir frat | 1; 250000 [scan | 250000 | Allphabers | 1 : 50000 | Aimabess 1: 15000 1 10,000 Arabic numbers fe soy bens 1 4000 Scanned with CamScanner “yan IMPACTS ON WATERSHED OO UMA i “ managed watershed creates a kind of space for develo, wells | most of the mega cities in the world are develo} 4 with the watershed as a water generating so P ¢ linke an PMent of human need res sources. It ped along the waterways, Aad at eee urce point. The waterways are always cation tha Scanned with CamScanner saxo WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING 910 x Jstrhance condition, because of diferent pes of atv fn ation BY Population re ee disurance condition, because of aifeetpcte sediment toad 0 the Tnked Water A The cutting of Ucvclopment of station problem. Uninatcy, the station eauses several "TE esas into forest vegetations from the watershed causes to increase the runofl s end, In itgaton currence at the down strcat severe runoff from the watershed, that creates flood occurrence Mt ni command. the area falling under watershed boundary, if not properly taken care about drainage point of view then thee is possibilty of development of water logging and salinity problems. This problem Wily

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