Chapter II: BIOMEDICAL PERSPECTIVE in

Gender and Sexuality

Lesson 4: Anatomy and Physiology of Reproduction 

CONTENT 

Definition of Terms: 
✔ Reproduction- process on producing off springs 
✔ Genitals- external sex organ 
✔ Primary sex characteristic- sex characteristics that are present at birth 
✔ Secondary sex characteristics- sex characteristics that emerge during puberty 

Introduction 
Humans experience various physical and emotional changes from
childhood to adulthood. These changes are gradual and progress at different
ages and speed in different people. These stages are based on human growth
and development from childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. 
This chapter focuses on the adolescent stage of human development,
which is characterized by dynamic changes in physical and behavioral traits.
Despite differences in physical appearance, the sexual organs of men and
women arise from the same structures and fulfill similar functions. Each person
has a pair of gonads: ovaries are female gonads; testes are the male gonads.
The gonads produce germ cells and sex hormones. The female germ cells are
ova (egg) and the male germ cells are sperm. Ova and sperm are the basic
units of reproduction; their union can lead to the creation of a new life. 

THE BIOLOGICAL FEMALE 

Anatomy the study of body structure in relation to body parts. The
female sexual anatomy is designed for the production and fertilization of ovum,
as well as carrying and delivering infant offspring. Puberty signals the final
development of primary and accessory organs that support reproduction. 

A. The female external genitalia consists of the following: 

vulva- all the external genital structures taken together; 
mons veneris- pads of fatty tissue between pubic bone and skin; 
Labia majora - outer lips surrounding all the other structures. 
prepuce- clitoral hood (foreskin above and covering clitoris); 
clitoris- glans (head), shaft, and crura (root), the clitoris is particularly sensitive to
stimulation;
labia minora- inner lips surrounding the vestibule where sweat and oil glands,
extensive blood vessels, and nerve endings are located; 
vestibule - area surrounding the urethral opening and vagina, which is
highly sensitive with extensive blood vessels and nerve endings; 
urethral opening - end of tube connecting to bladder and used for
urination; 
 vaginal opening- also called introitus; and 
Perineum -area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus; distance is
less in females than males.

B. The female internal reproductive structures consist of the following as described and
shown below: 

Vagina- collapsible canal extending from vaginal opening back and upward
into body to cervix and uterus. During arousal, it is engorged with blood. This
aids its expansion and triggers the release of lubricants from vaginal mucosa; 
Cervix- small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is the opening in cervix
leading to interior of uterus; 
uterus- womb, organ within pelvic zone where fetus is carried; 
fallopian tubes - carry egg cells from ovaries to uterus, this is where
fertilization occurs; and
Ovaries- produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen influences female sex
characteristics and initiates menstrual cycle. Progesterone aids in regulation
of menstrual cycle and promotes mature development of uterine lining to
allow for zygote implantation. Also produce ova, egg cells, and bring them to
maturity. As many as I million immature ova are present at birth, with about
400,000 surviving to puberty. Of these, only about 400-450 are typically
brought to maturity and released into the fallopian tubes. 

PUBERTY 

The menstrual cycle marks the beginning of puberty in females. The

first episode occurs between II to 15 years of age referred to as menarche.
Menstruation pertains to the sloughing off of the uterine lining if conception has
not occurred. It may last within two to six days which follows a cycle ranging
from 24 to 42 days. Regardless of the length of the cycle, menstruation begins
about 14 days after ovulation (plus or minus one to two days). The overall cycle
1sgoverned by the hypothalamus as it monitors hormone levels in the
bloodstream. 
It involves changes in the endometrium in response to the fluctuating
blood levels of ovarian hormones. There are three phases as described and
shown in the figure below.

Menstrual phase. This occurs if the ovum is not fertilized and does not implant
itself into the uterine lining. The continued high levels of estrogen and
progesterone causes the pituitary to stop releasing follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease
causing the endometrium to be sloughed off, and bleeding ensues. It is during
this time that ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels. 

Proliferative phase. It occurs when the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary

gland to release FSH that stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and
causes ova to mature in the ovarian follicles. Endometrium is repaired, thickens,
and becomes well-vascularized in response to increasing levels of estrogens. 
Secretory phase. It occurs when the pituitary gland releases LH that causes
the se ovary to release a mature ovum and causes the remaining portion of the
follicle to develop into the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum then, produces
progesterone. Endometrial glands begin to secrete nutrients, and lining
becomes more vascular in response to increasing level of progesterone. 
Problems associated with menstruation include premenstrual syndrome
(PMS) (80-95% of women experience), dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation
caused by overproduction of prostaglandins, causing the uterine muscles to
contract), and amenorrhea (disruption or absence of menstruation). All of these
involve the fluctuation of hormone levels associated with menstruation. At
menopause (usually around age 45-50), a woman stops menstruating as ova
are no longer brought to maturity. During the three to four years of this transition
women may experience hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disturbances(resulting
in fatigue, irritability, short-term memory loss, difficult concentrating),
headaches, anxiety, depression, and difficulty of becoming sexually aroused. 

Female secondary sexual characteristics emerge after puberty: 

1. Widening of hips and pelvis - accommodates giving birth, but also results in
downward shift in center of gravity.
2. Enlargement of breasts - at puberty, both the glandular and fatty tissues of
the breasts develop considerably. Differences in breast size between women
are primarily due to differences in the amount of fatty tissue. It is also not
uncommon for one of a woman's breasts to be slightly larger than the other. The
glandular tissue of the breasts responds to sex hormones, and the breasts are
involved in a women's sexual arousal. The glandular tissue produces milk
toward the end of pregnancy and after childbirth in response to hormone levels. 

More female characteristics: 

∙ generally shorter than men; 
∙ greater proportion of body weight composed of fat than men; 
∙ two X chromosomes reduces expression of many sex-linked conditions; and 
∙ Lower mortality rate at every age and longer projected lifespan than men.
THE BIOLOGICAL MALE 
The male sexual anatomy is designed for the production and delivery of
sperm for fertilization of the female's ovum. Puberty signals the final
development of primary and accessory organs that support reproduction. 

A. The male external genitalia consist of the following structures: 

✔ prepuce- foreskin covering head of penis, removed in male circumcision; 
✔ Penis glans (head), shaft, and root. The glans is particularly sensitive to
stimulation. Running the length of the penis is the urethra surrounded by the
spongy body and two cylindrical chambers known as the cavernous bodies.
During arousal, these become engorged with blood, resulting in erection; 
✔ Corona- rim of glans where it arises from shaft; 
✔ frenulum- thin strip of skin connecting glans and shaft on underside of penis; 
✔ Scrotum-sac that encloses the two compartments housing the testes; 
✔ Urethral opening-found on head of penis this is the end of tube connected to
bladder and used for urination. It is also tube to which internal structures
deliver semen by which male ejaculates; and 
✔ Perineum - area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus, distance is greater
in males than females. 
B. The male internal reproductive organs: 
✔ testes produce androgen, particularly large quantities of testosterone, which
greatly influence male development and drive sexual motivation; also
produce sperm cells in virtually unlimited quantity over the entire course of
the lifespan;
✔ vas deferens - travels from testicle toward urethra carrying sperm; 
✔ Seminal vesicles - two glands that produce alkaline fluid rich in fructose
sugar, comprising some 70% of semen volume. Alkaline nature may
stimulate sperm to start self-propulsion and sugar may provide sperm
nutrients. Ducts carry fluid and connect with vas deferens forming
ejaculatory ducts; 
✔ ejaculatory ducts - connect vas deferens to urethra; 
✔ Prostate- gland producing alkaline secretions that account for about 30% of
semen volume. Alkaline nature may help counteract otherwise, acidic
environment of urethra and vagina making them more hospitable for sperm.
Fluid passes through a series of ducts along wall of urethra; and 
✔ Urethra -tube within penis that carries sperm and semen the rest of the way to the
opening of the penis. 

More Male Characteristics: 

✔ generally taller and greater proportion of body weight composed of water; 
✔ proportionately larger heart and lungs, presumably to handle greater
blood fluid volume;
✔ exposure to greater levels of testosterone resulting in heavier body
and facial hair, but also increased frequency and degree of baldness;
and 
✔ Single X chromosome resulting in sex-linked conditions such as colorblindness
and hemophilia. 

MALE HORMONES  
The testosterone is the major male hormone produced mainly by the
testes, but there are other glands called the adrenal glands that also produce
some testosterone. In case a man has lost his testes, these glands would
continue to produce testosterone to support the male physical appearance.
Testosterone is responsible for the growth and development of a boy during
adolescence and for the development of sperm and secondary sexual
characteristics. 

Male secondary sexual characteristics that emerge after puberty: 

✔ no monthly cycle; 
✔ elongation of vocal cords (lower voice); 
✔ broader shoulders; and 
✔ Deeper chest cavity. 

Summary 
Humans experience various physical changes from childhood to
adulthood a traits. Despite differences in physical appearance, the sexual
organs of men and women from the same structures and fulfill similar functions.
Each person has a pair of ovaries are female gonads; testes are the male
gonads. The gonads produce germ cells a sex hormones. The female germ
cells are ova (egg) and the male germ cells are sperms. Ova and sperm are the
basic units of reproduction; their union can lead to the creation of a new life. 

Lesson 5: The Process of

Reproduction 
Definition of Terms: 
✔ Ovulation the process when mature ovum is released from the ovary and
travels to the fallopian tube for possible fertilization 
✔ Fertilization union or the sperm and the ovum 
✔ Pregnancy the process when an offspring develops within the mother’s womb. 

Introduction 
Although human beings are fully sexually differentiated at birth, the
differences between males and females are accentuated at puberty. This is when
the reproductive system matures, secondary sexual characteristics develop, and
the bodies of males and females appear more distinctive. 
Female puberty usually begins at about 8-13 years of age; the
reproduction maturation of boys lags about two years behind that of girls. The
physical changes of female puberty include breast development, rounding of the
hips and buttocks, growth of the hair in the pubic region and the underarm, and
the start of menstruation. 

How does one ovulate? 

The major landmark of puberty among females is the onset of the
menstrual cycle, the monthly ovulation cycle that leads to menstruation (loss of
blood and tissues lining the uterus) in the absence of pregnancy. The menstrual
cycle is from the first day of a period until the day before the next period starts. 
Normally, it lasts around 28 days, on the average, but can be as short as
21 or as long as 40. Whatever the length, ovulation will happen about 10-16 days
before the start of the next period. 

How does pregnancy occur? 

For pregnancy to proceed, the sperm needs to meet up with an egg.
Pregnancy officially starts when a fertilized egg implants in the lining of the uterus.
Pregnancy happens 2-3 weeks after sexual intercourse. This is redundant so it
was it redacted. 
Conception is the process that begins with fertilization of an egg by the
sperm and ends with implantation. When a male and female have a sexual
intercourse, the penis fits into the woman's vagina. Ejaculation or coming releases
the sperm via the penis into the vagina. The sperm swims through the female's
cervix, into the womb, and finally into the fallopian tubes. Once the egg or ovum
has been released into the fallopian tube, hundreds of sperm swim up to reach it.
Finally, the sperm penetrates the egg in the fallopian tube where fertilization takes
place and eventually, becomes an embryo. Once the embryo (fertilized egg)
attaches to the inner lining of the uterus (endothelium), a fetus develops within five
to seven days from a ball of cells floating in the uterus, which officially begins
pregnancy. 
A normal pregnancy lasts 37-42 weeks (nine months). This is measured
from the first day of the last period. Pregnancy is discussed in terms of trimesters
(three-month periods), since each trimester is very different from the rest. After
eight weeks, the embryo is officially referred to as a fetus. 

What can be done to prevent teenage pregnancy? 

Teen pregnancy has a tremendous impact on the educational, social, and
economic lives of young people. Early parenting reduces the likelihood that a
young woman will complete high school and pursue the necessary post secondary
education needed to compete in today's economy. Although there is a decline in
teenage pregnancy rates it has been steady over the past two decades. Teens are
still engaging in sexual activity and teen girls are still getting pregnant. 

Equipping the youth with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to protect
themselves against unwanted pregnancy and provide them access to
reproductive healthcare are needed.

There are serious health risks associated with early pregnancy because
a young woman's body is not mature enough to handle bearing a child. When a
woman is under 20, the pelvic area (the bone surrounding the birth canal) is still
growing and may not be large enough to allow the baby to easily pass through the
birth canal. This can result in what is called an obstructed labor". Obstructed labor
is dangerous to both mother and child and requires the help of trained medical
professionals. Under the best circumstances, the young woman will have an
operation called a "caesarean section" in which a cut is made in the abdomen and
the baby is removed directly from the uterus. A major contributor to high maternal
mortality rates is adolescent pregnancy. If a young woman is not physically
mature, the uterus may tear during the birth process, and she may die because of
blood loss. If she is lucky and survives the delivery, she might face fistula due to
prolonged labor. A baby's head can also tear the vagina causing a hole between
the vagina and bladder or between the vagina and the rectum resulting in what is
known as a fistula. Unless she has an operation to fix her problem, for the rest of
her life, she will not be able to hold her urine or feces and this will make her a
social outcast. 
In addition, younger women who become pregnant face a higher risk than
older women in developing a number of other complications. These complications
can be any or a combination of the following manifestations:
o excessive vomiting; 
o severe anemia; 
o hypertension; 
o convulsions; 
o difficulty in breast feeding (if the girl is too young to produce milk; 
o premature and low birth weight babies; 
o infection 
o prolonged labor; and 
o High maternal mortality or death. 
 The risk of having serious complications during pregnancy or childbirth is
much higher for girls in their early teens than for older women. Ages of 20-30
years are the safest period of women's life for child bearing. The major difference
between girls in their early teens and older women is that girls aged 12-16 years
are still growing. The pelvis, or the bony birth canal, of a girl can grow wider by as
much as 20% between the time she begins menstruating and the time she is I6
years old. This widening of the pelvis can make the crucial difference between a
safe delivery and obstructed labor. 
It is not surprising, therefore, to find that obstructed labor, due to disproportion
between the size of the infant's head and the mother's pelvis, is most common
among very young mothers. The consequences of such obstructed labor may be
death due to numerous complications or lifetime crippling conditions of vesico-
vaginal fistula. 

Summary 
Reproduction involves the ova and sperm to fuse. Their union can lead to
the creation of a new life through pregnancy. This has explored the process of
pregnancy and the changes that happen during pregnancy. We have discussed
the various ways of preventing pregnancy so that the growing adolescent would
be empowered to choose to avert from early pregnancy that can lead to various
life-threatening complications. 

Lesson 6: Sexual Health and

Hygiene 
CONTENT 

Definition of Terms: 
Health- a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity hygiene refers to behaviors that
can improve cleanliness and lead to good health such as frequent hand
washing, face washing, and bathing with soap and water. Practicing
personally hygiene etiquette is difficult especially in many areas hand, face,
and body can spread many diseases. 
Sexual Health- refers to a state of physical emotional mental and social well-
being in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease,
dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive and respectful
approach to sexuality and sexual relationships as well as the possibility of
having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion,
discrimination, and violence. For sexual health to be attained and maintained,
the sexual rights of all persons must respected, protected, and fulfilled 
Reproductive- health refers a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity in all matter
relating to reproductive system and its functions and processes at all stages
of life. It suggest that people with adequate reproductive health have a
 satisfying and safe sexual life, can have children and can make a choice as to
whether they would like to have children, and when and how to have them. 

Introduction 
Puberty causes all kinds of changes in the adolescent's body. These
bodily changes are normal part of developing into an adult. There are instances
when these changes can be a source of anxiety to the growing teen. Does
anyone not worry about smelly breath and underarms? This further puts personal
hygiene and healthy habits being important life skills for the teen. 

OILY HAIR 
The hormones that create acne are the same ones that can make you
feel like you’re suddenly styling your hair with a comb dipped in motor oil. Each
strand of hair has its own sebaceous (oil) gland which keeps the hair shiny and
waterproof. But during puberty, when the sebaceous glands produce extra oil, it
can make your hair look too shiny, oily, and greasy. Washing your hair every day
or every other day can help control oily hair. Dozens of shampoos are available in
drugstores and supermarkets for you to choose from. Most brands are pretty
similar, although, you might want to try one that is specially formulated for oily
hair. Use warm water and a small amount of shampoo to work up a lather. 
Do not scrub or rub too hard-this does not get rid of oil any better and
can irritate your scalp or damage your hair. After you have rinsed, you can follow
up with a conditioner if you like; again, one for oily hair might work best. When
you are styling your hair, pay close attention to the products you use. Some
styling gels or lotions can add extra grease to your hair, which defeats the
purpose of washing it in the first place! Look for formulas that say grease less" or
oil free." 

SWEET AND BODY ODOR 

Perspiration, or sweat, comes from sweat glands that you have always
had in your body but thanks to puberty, these glands not only become more
active than before, they also Begin To Secrete different chemicals into the sweat
that has a stronger smelling odor. You might notice this odor under your arms in
your armpits. Your feet and genitals might also have new smells, 
The best way to keep clean is to bathe or shower every day using a mild
soap and warm water. This will help wash away any bacteria that contribute to
the smells. Wearing clean clothes, socks, and underwear each day can also help
you to feel clean. If you sweat a lot, you might find that shirts, T-shirts, socks, and
underwear made from cotton or other natural materials will help absorb sweat
more effectively. If you are concerned about the way your underarms smell, you
can try using a deodorant or deodorant with antiperspirant 
Deodorants get rid of the odor of sweat by covering it up, and
antiperspirants actually stop or dry up perspiration. They come in sticks, roll-ons,
gels, sprays, and creams and are available at any drugstore or supermarket. All
brands are similar (and ones that say they are made for a man or tor a woman
are similar, too, except for some perfumes that are added). If you choose to use
deodorant or antiperspirant, be sure to read the directions. Some work better if
you use them at night, whereas others recommend that you put them on in the
morning. But keep in mind that some teens do not need deodorants or
antiperspirants. So why use them if you do not have to? Deodorant and
antiperspirant commercials may try to convince you that you will have no friends
nor dates if you do not use their product, but if you do not think you smell and you
take daily baths or showers and wear clean clothes, you may be fine without
them.

Body Hair 
Body hair in new places is something you can count on-again, they are
hormones in action. You may want to start shaving some places where body hair
grows, but whether you do is up to you. Some guys who grow facial hair like to let
it develop into a mustache and beard. Some girls may decide to leave the hair on
their legs and under their arms as is. It is all up to you and what you feel
comfortable with. If you do decide to shave, whether you are a guy or girl, you
have a few different choices. You can use a traditional razor with a shaving
cream or gel or you can use an electric razor. If you use a regular razor, make
sure the blade is new and sharp to prevent cuts and nicks. Shaving cream and
gel are often a better bet than soap because they make it easier to pull the razor
against your skin. Some of the newer razors contain shaving gel right in the blade
area, making even beginners feel comfortable shaving. 
Whether you're shaving your legs, armpits, or face, go slowly. These are
tricky areas of your body with lots of curves and angles, and it is easy to cut
yourself if you move too fast. An adult or older sibling can be a big help when you
are learning to shave. Do not be afraid to ask for tips. You might want to avoid
shaving your pubic hair because when it grows back in the skin may be irritated
and itchy. 

Dental Hygiene 

Dentists say that the most important part of tooth care happens at home.
Brushing and flossing properly, along with regular dental checkups, can help
prevent tooth decay and gum disease. To prevent cavities, you need to remove
plaque, the transparent layer of bacteria that coats the teeth. The best way to do
this is by brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing at least once a day.
Brushing also stimulates the gums, which helps to keep them healthy and
prevent gum disease. Brushing and flossing are the most important things that
you can do to keep your teeth and gums healthy. Toothpastes contain abrasives,
detergents, and foaming agents. Fluoride, the most common active ingredient in
toothpaste, is what prevents cavities. So you should always be sure your
toothpaste contains fluoride. 

If you have teeth that are sensitive to heat, cold, and pressure, you may
want to try special toothpaste for sensitive teeth. However, you will still need to
tałk to your dentist about your sensitivity because it may indicate a more serious
problem, such as a cavity or nerve inflammation (irritation). 

Tips on Proper Brushing: 

Dentists say that the minimum time you should spend brushing your teeth is two
minutes twice a day. Here are some tips on how to brush properly: 
∙ Hold your brush at a 45-degree angle against your gumline. Gently brush from
where the tooth and gum meet to the chewing surface in short (about half a-
tooth-wide) strokes. Brushing too hard can cause receding gums, tooth
sensitivity, and, over time, loose teeth. 

∙ Use the same method to brush all outside and inside surfaces of your teeth. 

∙ To clean the chewing surfaces of your teeth, use short sweeping strokes,
tipping the bristles into the pits and crevices. 

∙ To clean the inside surfaces of your top and bottom front teeth and gums, hold
the brush almost vertical. With back and forth motions, bring the front part of
the brush over the teeth and gums. 

∙ Using a forward-sweeping motion, gently brush your tongue and the roof of your
mouth to remove the decay-causing bacteria that exist in these places. 

∙ The main reason for going to the dentist regularly-every six months is
prevention. The goal is to prevent tooth decay, gum disease, and other
disorders that put the health of your teeth and mouth at risk. 

Healthcare Check for the Female: 

The best time for a self-breast exam is about a week after the last day of
your menstrual period, when your breasts are not tender and swollen. This
should be done at the same time each month when you no longer have your
menstrual period. 

Keeping the external female genitalia clean: 

▪ Use soap and water to wash the external genitalia and your underarms
every day especially during menstruation. 
▪ Use either a disposable pad made of cotton, which has a nylon base, or a
clean piece of cotton cloth to absorb blood during menstruation. 
▪ Properly dispose of the pad after each use, or wash and dry the piece of cloth
used as a menstrual pad before reuse.
▪ Wash only the external genitalia. Do not try to clean the inside part of the
vagina. 
▪ While washing, wash starting from the vagina towards the anus. Do not wash
from the anus towards the vagina. This will allow germs to enter the inner
genitalia easily and cause infection. 
▪ Be aware of abnormal fluids from your vagina. Do not confuse this
with normal vaginal fluids. ▪ If you see any changes in the vaginal fluid-a
change in color or odor, please visit a health professional. 

Healthcare Check for the Male: 

Keeping the external male genitalia clean: 
▪ Wash the external genitalia at least daily with soap and water, as you wash
the rest the body. ▪ Boys who are not circumcised need to pull back the
foreskin and gently wash underneath it with clean water. ▪ Be aware of any
abnormal fluids coming from your penis. Do not confuse this with the
presence of normal fluids. 
▪ If you see any abnormal fluid or wound, please visit a health professional. 
Summary 
In this chapter, we have identified the important health habits for the developing
adolescent to address the various changes that take place in the growing
adolescent. Practical tips on observing good and healthy hygiene daily have
been highlighted as well as indications when to seek help, especially from a
healthcare professional. 

Lesson 7: Risky Behaviors of

Adolescents 
CONTENT 

Definition of Terms: 
✔ Risk the probability that a hazard in the environment can
actually negatively affect the individual ✔ Risk-taking a behavior of
doing something regardless of potential loss 

Introduction 
Majority of the youth mature successfully through adolescence without
apparent long term problems. All adolescents should be considered at risk due to
the prevalence of risk behaviors, the inherent developmental needs of
adolescents, and the various risk factors for their initiation and maintenance. 
Risk-taking is a normal part of adolescent development. Risk-taking is
defined as participation in potentially health-compromising activities with little
understanding of, or in spite of an understanding of, the possible negative
consequences. 
Adolescents experiment with new behaviors as they explore their
emerging identity and independence. The concept of risk has been established as
a characteristic that exposes adolescents to threats to their health and well being.
Young people may be exposed to similar risks but respond differently. Some may
not sustain any physical or emotional damage while others may be affected for the
rest of their lives. The challenge for health providers is to distinguish between what
may be normal exploratory behaviors and those that are health-compromising.
Health behaviors in adolescence continue into adult life and will influence health
and morbidity throughout life. During adolescence, young people begin to explore
alternative health behaviors including smoking, drinking alcohol, drug use, sexual
intimacy, and violence. The Department of Health, in its Adolescent and Youth
Health Policy (2000), has identified the following health risks: substance use,
premarital sex, early childbearing abortion, HIV/AIDS, violence, accidents,
malnutrition, and mental health. 
Guidance of family is also important as the adolescent develops into a
mature adult. Family Arrangement, based on the 2006 McCann Erickson Study,
has noted that 53% of adolescents live with both parents. Because of the
overseas Filipino worker (OFW phenomenon, 5% live without the mother, 20% live
without the father, and 23% live without both parents. 
 Data on non-sexual behaviors where adolescents engaging in vices, such
as smoking and alcohol drinking, show that the adolescent is the fourth highest in
the country who are currently smoking (20.7%). The adolescent is likewise, the
fifth highest in the country who are currently drinking alcoholic beverages (38.9%).
More than three in 100 of adolescents have used drugs, below the national
average, while greater than eight in 1oo have ever thought of suicide. This has
decreased from 2002 to 2013 compared to the general population. Those who
attempted suicide decrease to 2.4%, below the national average. 
influencers among adolescents engaging in high risk behaviors, as shown
in studies in NCR and CALABARZON. Three in five have watched X-rated movies
and videos, the fourth highest in the country. Three in ten have sent or received
sex videos through cell phones or Internet, the second highest in the country. Six
in 100 have engaged in phone sex, higher than the national average. 

Identified Sexual Risks that were found among the growing Filipino
adolescents are as follows: One in three has sexual experience. They also
engage in sex at younger ages: first sex for boys: 17.6 years old while first sex for
girls: 18.I years old. One in 50 had sex before age 15while one in four had sex
before age 18. Seven in 10 of Ist premarital sex cases are unprotected against
unintended pregnancy and sexually-transmitted infections (STI) including HIV-
AIDS. 

1.2% have paid for sex and 1.3% have received payment for sex, this is low but
above the national average level; 6.7% have engaged in casual sex; 4.1% mostly
males have fu** buddy (FUBU) experience; 6.3% have males having sex with
males (MSM) experience; 2.9% of married youth (including those in live-in) have
engaged in extramarital sex. 
Giving birth at younger ages has also been evident in the Filipino youth.
Such that there is a marked increase in teenage fertility in the past decade, 7.1%
aged 15-19 are already mothers. The proportion of women who begun
childbearing increases with age: 2.0% aged 16, 31.2% aged 19. Teenage fertility
is the lowest among all regions of the country. 
While prevalence of sexually transmitted infections like HIV and AIDS are
increasing in the youth, as of 2013, 86.7% have heard of HIV and AIDS with poor
understanding being the highest in the country noting that three in four think that
they would not get AIDS. 

TROUBLE SIGNS among TEENS: 

✔ sexual promiscuity; 
✔ regular use of drugs and alcohol 
✔ repeated violation of the law or school 
regulation; 
✔ running away more than once in three months; 
✔ skipping school more than once in three 
months; 
✔ aggressive outbursts/impulsiveness; 
✔ dark drawings or writings; 
✔ deterioration in hygiene; 
✔ oppositional behavior; 
 ✔ refusal to work/non-compliance; 
✔ chronic lateness; 
✔ falling asleep in class 
✔ changes in physical appearance; and 
✔ Excessive daydreaming. 

Harmful Practices 
Culture and tradition play a significant role in shaping the way young
people and adolescents behave and lead their lives. However, young people have
become victims of some harmful traditional practices, which affect their human
and reproductive rights. These practices differ from place to place but primarily
affect women. Common drugs abused by young people and their effects: 
1. Marijuana (also known as Cannabis, Grass, Joint, Splif, Hashish, Pot, Weed).
Marijuana is a plant grown and used worldwide. Usually people smoke the leaves
but the leaves and the stem can be made into tea, or even cookies. The effects
vary. You can stay under the influence for about two or three hours. Some people
become relaxed and happy while others feel panic or fear. Users' eyes usually
become red and their throats and mouths will become dry. Appetite may increase. 
Effects: 
Marijuana causes increase in heart rate and dilation of certain blood vessels in the
eyes, which creates the characteristics of blood-shot eyes. Chronic bronchial
irritation is one of the long-term effects of chronic marijuana use. Other potential
adverse effects include impairment of long term memory, gum disease, increased
risk of cancers of the mouth, jaw, tongue and lung; and impairment of the immune
system. Some studies have suggested that long term marijuana use may result in
decreased testosterone levels, decreased sperm counts, and increased sperm
abnormalities in male users. Heavy marijuana use during pregnancy may cause
impaired fetal growth and development. 

2. Mairungi (also known as Khat, Qat, and Mirraa). Mairungi is the common name
for a stimulant leaf that is chewed in much of East Africa. Chewing Mairungi can
help someone feel more awake, confident, and energetic and can also reduce
hunger. In fact, many students use it when "cramming' for exams. 
Effects: 
Negative effects include sleeplessness, anxiety, aggressive behavior, and
hallucinations. Some men are unable to get an erection after they have been
chewing. 

3. Alcohol is the most common drug and is used worldwide. Because it is legal,
often kept in the home and comes in extremely cheap local brews, alcohol is
extremely easy to find and consume. At first, alcohol causes relaxation and people
feel less self-conscious. After more alcohol, and individual gets drunk; reaction
time slows down and thinking straight becomes difficult. (This is why people who
are drinking are often involved in car accidents) 
Effects: 
Further drinking can cause slurred speech and aggressive behavior that can lead
to fights, rape, or other kinds of violence. People who consume too much alcohol
can end up vomiting, becoming unconscious, or even dying. Because both young
men and women often lose their inhibitions when drinking, a girl might have
unsafe sex with someone she does not know and a boy might decide to force
someone to have sex. Of course, the consequences of these alcohol-based
decisions can be very dangerous, even life threatening 
Remember: when people drink, their ability to make healthy and safe decisions is
impaired. 

4. Cigarettes (tobacco, cigars). Many young people start smoking tobacco

products for different reasons including: influence of friends, seductive
advertisements, and older role models like siblings' or celebrities, to mention a
few. Young people find smoking a 'cool' thing to do, but they become addicted to
one of the most addictive and dangerous substances, Nicotine, which is an active
ingredient in tobacco. 
Effects: 
According to WHO (2006), tobacco is the second major cause of death in the
world. Nicotine, which is found in tobacco products including cigarettes, is highly
addictive. The tar in cigarettes increases a smoker's risk of lung cancer,
emphysema and bronchial disorders. The carbon monoxide in smoke increases
the chance of cardiovascular diseases. Inhaling smoke passively causes lung
cancer in adults and greatly increases the risk of respiratory illness in children. 

5. Cocaine (also known as Crack, Coke, C, Charlie, Nose candy, Toot, Bazooka,
Big C, Cake, Lady, Stardust, Coco, Flake, Mister coffee). Cocaine is prepared
from coca leaves which are greenish-yellow leaves of different size and
appearance. Cocaine is often called the "champagne of drugs" because of its high
cost. It makes one feel like his/her body is going very fast. His/her heart races and
the "highs" and "lows" are sudden. Crack, which is smoked, is a much stronger
form of cocaine. Cocaine usually comes in a white powdered form and crack looks
like hard white rocks. It is usually snorted up the nose. It can also be injected or
smoked. 
Effects: 
A small amount of cocaine will raise body temperature, make the heart beat faster,
increase the breathing rate, make you feel over confident, and make you more
alert with extra energy. When crack is smoked, all of these feelings are intensified.
Excessive doses may lead to convulsions, seizures, strokes, cerebral
hemorrhage, or heart failure. Long term effects of cocaine/crack use will lead to
strong psychological dependence and other health problems like destroying nose
tissues, reportorial problems, and weight loss. 

6. Heroine (also known as Hammer, Horse, H, Junk, Nod, Smack, Skag, White,
beige, White lady, White stuff, Joy powder boy, Hairy, Harry, Joy powder). Heroin
is a drug obtained from morphine and comes from the opium poppy plant. Heroin
is a drug that slows down the user's body and mind. It is a very strong painkiller
and can be one of the most dangerous things to mix with other drugs. Heroin
usually comes in a rock or6.powdered form, which is generally white or pink/beige
in color and could also come in dark grey/medium brown. Heroin can be injected,
snorted, smoked, or inhaled. This last method is often called "chasing the
dragon". 
Effects: 
When injected, heroin provides an extremely powerful rush and a high that usually
last for between four to six hours. The effects of heroin include a feeling of well-
being, relief from pain, fast physical and psychological dependence, sometimes
nausea and vomiting, sleepiness, loss of balance, loss of concentration, and loss
of appetite .An overdose can result in death. One of the most dangerous effects of
injecting heroin is the increased possibility of contracting AIDS. A lot of the time,
people who inject heroin use each other's needles, and this is the main source of
infection. Studies have also shown that people who are "high" on drugs tend to
have unprotected sex. This too, puts the person at risk of getting HIV. 

7. Amphetamines (also known as Speed, Ice, Browns, Footballs, Hearts,

Oranges, Wake ups, Black beauties, Crystal meth, Crack meth, Cat, Jeff amp,
Dexies, Rippers, Bennies, Browns, Greenies, Pep pills). Amphetamines are
stimulants that affect a person's system by speeding up the activity of the brain
and giving energy. Ice is a strong type of amphetamine and is very similar to
crack. Amphetamines are man-made drugs relatively easy to make. Usually, they
are white or light brown powder and can also come the form of a pill. "Ice" usually
comes as colorless crystals or as a colorless liquid when used for injecting. It can
be swallowed, snorted, injected, or smoked. 
Effects:

Amphetamines can cause an increase in heartbeat, faster breathing, increase

blood pressure and body temperature, sweating, make the person more confident
and alert, give him/her extra energy, reduce appetite, make it difficult to sleep, and
might make the abuser talk more. The person using amphetamines may also feel
anxious, irritable, and suffer from panic attacks. Frequent use can produce strong
psychological dependence. Large doses can be lethal. 

8. Ecstasy (also known as Ecstasy, Adam, Essence, MDM, MDMA, XTC, Eve,
MDE, MDEA). Ecstasy belongs to the same group of chemicals as the above
category that is stimulants, and is most often used in the form of tablets at rave
parties. Ecstasy is a drug that speeds up the users system by increasing his/her
physical and emotional energy like amphetamines, ecstasy is also a synthetic (or
man-made) drug. Ecstasy is usually a small, colored tablet. These pills can come
in many different colors. Some ecstasy tablets have pictures on them, such as
doves, rabbits, or champagne bottles. The color or the "brand" of the tablet is
usually unrelated to the effects of the drug. Ecstasy tablets are usually swallowed. 
Effects: 
A person using ecstasy will probably feel happy, warm, loving and more energetic.
He/she would feel emotionally close to others, and might say or do things that
he/she usually would not. Nausea and vomiting, rise in blood pressure and heart
rate, possibly even death due to overheating of the body, and dehydration or loss
of water are some effects of ecstasy. Feelings of depression and tiredness are
common after stopping the drug. There is mounting evidence that prolonged
ecstasy use can lead to brain and liver damage. 

9. Inhalants and solvents are chemicals that can be inhaled, such as glue,
gasoline, aerosol sprays, lighter fluid, etc. These are not drugs as such and are, in
fact, legally available from a large number of shops. However, they are abused
widely by the poorer sections of society, particularly street youth. Inhalants can
look like almost anything (glue, paint thinner, gasoline, lighter fuel, cleaning fluids,
etc.). They usually come in tubes or bottles. Often, the chemical is placed in the
bottom of a cup or container and then, placed over the nose and mouth. Other
methods include: soaking a rag in inhalant; placing the rag in bag or sack and then
placing the bag over the face and inhaling the vapors. 
Effects: 
Inhalants may give the user a "high" for a very brief period of time. They make
him/her feel numb for a short period of time, dizzy, confused, and drowsy. They
can also cause headaches, nausea, fainting, accelerated heartbeat, disorientation,
and hallucinations. They can damage the lungs, kidney, and liver in the long term.
They can also cause suffocation, convulsions, and comas. 

Tips to Avoid Drugs: 

You do not need to take drugs to be liked by other people. 
You do not need to take drugs to feel brave or courageous. 
You do not need drugs to cope with sorrow or disappointments. 
You have, inside you, the strength and inner resources to deal with any situation and
any problem. 

Summary;
The developing adolescent is very vulnerable to high risk-taking behaviors
that can harm their growth and pose a threat to their future. Warning signs of a
troubled teen should be recognized and managed early on to prevent devastating
effects on the growing adolescent.