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Dedication
A spiritual feelings of my dedication to my late loving parents.

I dedicate my research work to my family, relatives, friends and the sustainable
environment.
1
Table of Contents
Chapter I: Sustainable Arbitration Engineering Education and Research ................................3
Abstract ..............................................................................................................................3
Chapter II : Evaluating Gin Roller Covering Materials for Cotton Double Roller Gins for the
Sustainable Seed-Cotton Science and Technological Development .........................................5
Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................5
Abstract ..............................................................................................................................5
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................7
2. Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 10
2.1 Roller Construction, Covering, Testing, and Maintenance ...........................................10
2.2 Mechanical Testing ..................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1 Hardness test ............................................................................................................ 12
3. Results and Discussions ................................................................................................ 13
3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Mitigation Study.........................................13
3.2 Evaluation of Different Roller Coverings Materials on a Roller Gin Roller .................14
3.3 Evaluating Vegetable Tanned Walrus Leather Roller Covering ...................................16
3.4 Evaluating Eco-Friendly Tanned Leather Roller Covering ..........................................16
3.5 Evaluating A Coir Board Roller Covering On A DR Gin ............................................ 18
3.6 Evaluating Woven Fibre-Glass Roller Covering On a DR Gin ..................................19
3.7 Evaluating Rubberized Cotton Fabric (RCF) Roller Covering Material ....................... 20
3.8 Evaluating Felt (90% Wool) Packing Roller Covering ................................................24
4. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 24
References ........................................................................................................................ 30
Chapter III: Sustainable Arbitration Engineering Education and Research; .......................... 32
Knowledge and Skills as an arbitrator ................................................................................... 32
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ 32
Summary .......................................................................................................................... 32
Chapter IV: Synergistic (Augmentative) Environmental Health Modelling Approach to find
Environmental Health Effects of Unsafe Chromium in Chromium Resource Based Industries
in India ................................................................................................................................. 35
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ 35
Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 35
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 36
2. Problem Formulation .................................................................................................... 37
2.1 Acute toxic effects ......................................................................................................38
2.2 Chronic toxic effects ................................................................................................... 38
2.3 Sources and Health Effects of Particulate Matter ......................................................... 41
2.3.1 Health effects ........................................................................................................... 42
2.3.2 Heath effects of RSPM cotton dust ........................................................................... 42
2.3.3 Health effects of leather dust .................................................................................... 42
3. Problem Solution .......................................................................................................... 43
3.1 An Environmental System Modelling Approach for Finding Health ............................ 44
Impacts ............................................................................................................................. 44
3.2 Procedure.................................................................................................................... 44
3.3 Health Study ............................................................................................................... 45
5. Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 46
References ........................................................................................................................ 47
Biographical Data ................................................................................................................. 51
2
Chapter I:
Sustainable Arbitration Engineering Education and Research
Abstract
Sustainable arbitration engineering education and research are attempted. An
arbitration engineer is a person who has the power to judge an engineering
dispute in an impartial manner in order to settle a dispute with a random
choice. Sustainable arbitration engineering education and research are
considered the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) process. SEA
process can be broadly defined as a check of the study and potential
sustainability and environment impacts (effects) of a proposed project, program,
plan, policy, or legislative action for information technology in the education
towards sustainable development. The significance of the research work is
mainly the confirmatory SEA process for achieving sustainable development
that aims to incorporate environmental considerations into arbitration and
sustainability planning and decision-making processes; Study and check on the
mechanical industrial environment were attempted. "Environmental health
impact assessment" (EHIA) can be defined as the systematic identification and
evaluation of the potential environmental health impacts (effects) of the
proposed projects, plans, policies, programs, or legislative actions relative to the
physical-chemical, biological, biochemical, toxicological, bio-physical,
radioactive, cultural, socio-economic, and anthropological components of the
total environment. The primary purpose of the EHIA process is to encourage the
considerations of environmental health in project planning and decision-making
process and to arrive at actions that are more sustainable environmentally
compatible. Three most of the significant terms are " Environmental health
inventory ", "Environmental health impact assessment," and "Environmental
health statement´7KH PRVWVLJQLILFDQW OHJLVODWLRQ LVWKH(QYLURQPHQWDO +HDOWK
Impact Assessment Act that is EHIA process Act is proposed in this article
during the study and check consideration of environmental sustainability as well
as quality guidelines, regulations and procedures in order to ensure that balanced
decision making regarding the environment and sustainability occurs in the
public and private interest. The environmental health protection process should
include the integrated considerations of technical or scientific, economic,
environmental, social, and other factors. The most important of these
considerations can be referred to as " the three Es" (technical, economics, and
environment) in the planning and decision-making process. The past five
3
decades have been characterized by the passage of legislation dealing with the
environment including the legislation of control of water, air, and land pollution,
solid and hazardous waste management, resource conservation and recovery
protection (RCR), and soil and groundwater remediation. It is concluded that
SEA process for information technology in education is helpful for sustainable
development. The SEA treaty protocol pertains to federal and official
Government procedures are helpful for making much earlier decision than the
EIA process. Case study and check on evaluating gin roller covering materials
for cotton double roller gins for the sustainable seed-cotton science and
technological development are discussed .
Keywords: act, arbitration, education, engineering, environment, health,

research , safety, law,sustainability.
4
Chapter II :
Evaluating Gin Roller Covering Materials for Cotton Double
Roller Gins for the Sustainable Seed-Cotton Science and
Technological Development
Acknowledgments
The author of this eBook is thankful to Dr.Wolfgang Philipp Muller , Managing
Director of M/S LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing for publication
sponsorship support . Thanks to the International Publishers M/S Sciencia
Scripts, OmniScriptum S.R.L. Publishing Group for the forty seven (47)
multilingual publications and other eBooks published by LAP LAMBERT
Academic Publishing, www.lap-publishing.com
Abstract
Sustainable Cotton Science and Technological Development(SCSTD) system
has been devised³Sustainable development is a kind of development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability and efficiency of
IXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQVWRPHHWWKHLURZQQHHGV´ The function of the cotton gin is
to separate lint from seed and produce the lint (fibre) and seed separately. Health
and safety of workers are key components of responsible production and
processing of seed-cotton and of a responsible management system for cotton
operations. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) of Cotton, Resource
conservation and recovery and life cycle analysis are key factors in processing
of cotton. Roller-type gins provided the first mechanically aided means of
separating lint from seed. Types of roller gin include churka and reciprocating
knife gin. In 1840, Fones McCarthy roller gin consisting of a leather ginning
roller, a stationary knife held tightly against the roller , and a reciprocating knife
held tightly against the roller and a reciprocating knife that pulled the seed from
the lint as the lint was held by the roller and stationary knife. The gin is to
produce lint of satisfactory quality and to gin the seed-cotton with minimum
reduction in fibre spinning quality. Gins can improve fibre quality and improve
values. Organic cotton science and technology is more sustainable than the
conventional seed-cotton processes as the organic cotton is environmental
preferable and do not use pesticides and insecticides and crop protection
processes that adversely effect on the environment and processing workers. The
chemical residue on the cotton that causes cancer, skin irritation and health
related problems to consumers. Seed-Cotton Science and Technology and
5
Sustainability (SCSTS) has balancing a growing economy, protection for the
environment and social responsibility that lead to an improved quality of life
for the present and future generation. Therefore, the sustainable cotton science
and technology has three long term concurrent goals. (1) Quality of life (that is
satisfy personal, family and community needs for health, safety, food, fibre, and
happiness), (2) Environmental quality (That is to enhance finite soil, water, air
and other resources), (3) economic (That is to be profitable).
³Sustainable Seed-Cotton Science and Technological Development(SSCSTD)
is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability and efficiency of future gHQHUDWLRQVWR PHHWWKHLURZQ66&67' QHHGV´
Case study and check on gin roller covering materials for cotton double roller
gins in Industry 3.0 were considered. The roller gin can be defined as a cotton
gin in which the lint cotton is pulled from the seed-cotton (or kapas) by a roller
covered with vegetable-tanned leather from walrus (roller leather) and assisted
by a fixed knife and moving knife. Walrus (a large sea mammal) has a thick
layer of blubber (Whale fat). Blubber is an important part of a walrus marine
PDPPDO¶V DQDWRP\ ,W VWRUHV HQHUJ\ LQVXODWHV KHDW DQG LQFUHDVHV EXR\DQF\
Energy is stored in the thick oily layer of blubber. Blubber covers the entire
body of walruses except for their fins, flippers, and flukes. Walrus leather is
extremely exotic. It has a deep and strong grainer skin and texture interfibrillar
that is situated between fibrils for lint cotton cellulose fiber adherence. The
innovative chrome-free leather product does not contain hazardous chrome
heavy metal and acidic substance. In a standard chrome tanned leather, there is
chromium content of between 3% to 5% of chromium fixed to the fibril, and the
standard value for extractable Cr(III) is 50-1000 ppm (mg/kg) as per the tanning
process condition and tightly bound to the collagen fibril proteins. Chromium as
Cr(VI) is known to be toxic to animals and humans so it needs to be used and
handed under extremely high safety precautions. The permissible
environmentally friendly limit of total chromium in leather is 0.1 ppm (mg/kg).
$ERXW RI WKH :RUOG¶V OHDWKHU LV FKURPH WDQQHG OHDWKHU 7KH FRYHULQJ
leather washer packing is chrome tanned leather from buffalo skins for packing
the rollers of cotton ginning machinery. The covering leather hide washer or
"Packing" used for cotton roller gin roller is very important to the operation and
maintenance of the gin and is supposed to be a major expense item for a
commercial double roller (DR) ginning machine. It is important to conduct
research experiments on various roller covering materials to find a suitable
material that enables faster ginning, longer wearing results, maintenance of good
6
fibre quality, cheaper and eco-friendliness. A major research project entitled
³,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\DQG,QWHJUDWHG6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\,,67´ZDVperformed
at the Belgaum Indian roller ginning industries to compare the performance of
different roller covering materials. Sustainable agriculture, horticulture and
food sciences IIST system has been devised. The most significant legislation is
the Environmental Health Impact Assessment Act that is EHIA process Act is
proposed in this article during the study and check consideration of
environmental sustainability as well as quality guidelines, regulations and
procedures in order to ensure that balanced decision making regarding the
environment and sustainability occurs in the public and private interest.
Keywords: arbitration , covering, chromium, culture, eco-friendly, health, seed-

cotton, roller, ginning, performance, material, property, seed-cotton, society,
sustainability, safety.
1. Introduction
Seed-cotton (Or Kapas) Science and Technology with respect to the chemical
and physical structural and fibre quality properties, production processing of
seed-cotton, and effect of gin machine on cotton quality were discussed in
Cotton: Science and Technology [Gordon, S and Hsieh Y-L., 2007]. The
efficient IIST Sustainable Seed-Cotton Science and Technological Development
(SSCSTD) is important for the sustainable development. Case study and check
on gin roller covering materials for cotton double roller gins in Industry 3.0 were
considered. The cotton ginning mills in the country have been contaminating
and polluting the environment with chromium.
7
The chrome composite leather-clad (CCLC) rollers are used in cotton ginning
mills to separate cotton fibres from the seed-cotton. The chrome tanned leather
roller would have a 180 mm thickness when it was used for the first time and
after three months of use, the thickness of these rollers would be reduced to 115
mm. The constant dust-producing grinding action results in the leak of 80
microns of chromium an hour, leading to air pollution and also contaminating
the cotton fibres, spun yarns, fabrics, and textile effluents. The invisible
contamination present in the Indian kinds of cotton in the form of chromium is
much beyond the tolerance limits.
8
As per the Ministry of Environmental Forest standards Reference Number 157,
MOEF Notification No.157, dated 4.5.1996, the permissible level of chromium
present in the cotton products is 0.1 mg/kg (ppm)(parts per million)for Cr (III)
and 0 ppm for Cr(VI). The invisible chromium contamination from CCLC is
beyond 1000 ppm and the source CCLC is around 40,000 ppm.
Chromium is a carcinogenic substance. The chromium leakage is so alarming

that it leads to a higher prevalence of cancer among cotton ginning mill and
textile workers. Chromium can cause serious health hazards to those who wear
9
cotton garments. Case study and check on gin roller covering materials for
cotton double roller gins in Industry 3.0 were considered.
No attempt was made to find an eco-friendly method for cotton fibre separation
for many years. Since several progressive ginning and pressing unit owners
showed interest in the alternate roll materials for their double roller gins, this
major research project has been attempted to find a suitable material that enables
faster ginning, longer wearing results, maintenance of good fiber quality,
cheaper and eco-friendliness while comparing performance to primarily
eliminate the contamination of cotton and its products, air pollution in cotton
ginning mills, and other ginning problems at the source through the design and
development of an eco-friendly, pollution-free chrome less roller [1].
There is rubberized cotton fabric (RCF) roller, felt (90% wool) rollers, fibre
glass woven (FGW) roller, and vegetable dyed tanned leather roller to replace
the CCLC rollers, but the mill owners are not buying them because of ginning
problems and high price. However, few ginning machinery manufacturers are
still not sure about the commercial success of the alternatives to CCLC rollers
and enormous awareness is required to be created among the ginning industries.
The efficient communication, media, society and culture is investigated for the
sustainable development.
2. Materials and Methods

Sustainable Seed - Cotton Science and Technological Development
(SSCSTD) IIST have been investigated ³Sustainable development is the
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
DELOLW\ DQG HIILFLHQF\ RI IXWXUH JHQHUDWLRQV WR PHHW WKHLU RZQ QHHGV´ Case
study and check on gin roller covering materials for cotton double roller gins
were considered.
When two or more materials are combined to produce a new material,
which possesses many superior properties to any one of the constituent
materials. Such a material is known as composite materials/ composites.
Mechanical tests were conducted to determine the best materials by knowing
mechanical engineering properties such as durability, strength, and hardness and
cotton technological as well as environmental properties [2].
2.1 Roller Construction, Covering, Testing, and Maintenance

Sustainable Seed-Cotton Science and Technological Development (SSCSTD)
IIST system has been devised. The roller gin roller is the major component of a
10
roller gin stand. CCLC rollers are commonly covered with a packing made of
CCLC bonded and stitched together in the form of 78 to 80 numbers compressed
disk washers, depending upon thickness. These CCLC washers are mounted on
a hexagonal or square steel shaft at a maximum handheld pressure through a
conventional hand press and these roller washers should be sufficiently pressed
on the roller shaft. Leather tanneries supply this type of CCLC leather washers
in a bulk quantity to the ginning industries in turn employed as CCLC rollers in
DR gins [3]. The washers should be sufficiently turned and polished on the lathe
to obtain a smooth surface. The hardness of the pressing roller should be such
that if the hard pressure of the thumbnail is applied on the smooth roller surface
the nail mark should be seen. Such rollers are well-pressed rollers. This could
also be known by hearing the peculiar sound. One can become familiar with this
by sufficient practice and experience in the line. The fully pressed, finished and
spirally grooved gin roller is finally used in gins every day to increase friction
and to enable the fibres removed smoothly after ginning operation [4].
CCLC roller is pressed against the stationary knife at considerable pressure.

The roller rotates at a speed of 100 revolutions per minute. This enables the
pulling of fibres from the seed-cotton (or kapas) due to abrasion between rollers
and knife, leads to a continuous rate of wear and tear of the rollers. This action is
known as the dust-producing grinding action of the CCLC roller and adds to the
chromium burden of the environment. This contaminates and pollutes the
surroundings as powdered chrome-specific dust (CSD). Data is given in table.
11
2.2 Mechanical Testing
2.2.1 Hardness test
A hardness test can be defined as the resistance of the material to localized
plastic deformation. In this process of hardness test, the specimen is indented by
a special tip which may be a steel ball or a diamond cone. The tip first
overcomes the resistance of the material to elastic deformation and then a small
amount of plastic deformation. Hardness measurements for determining the
properties of roller covering have been found to select a better material and to
design a new roller. The hardness of roller covering materials was measured at
WKHJLQQLQJVXUIDFHDIWHUWKHUROOHUVKDYHEHHQWULHG%ULQHOO¶V+DUGQHVV7HVWKDV
been carried out by pressing a steel ball known as the indenter into the roller
covering. The mean diameter of the indentation left on the specimen is measured
after the load is removed. The value of the hardness of various roller covering
12
materials is mathematically calculated by the formula and LV JLYHQ LQ %ULQHOO¶V
+DUGQHVV1XPEHU%+1%+1%ULQHOO¶V+DUGQHVV1XPEHU /RDG on ball
/ Area of Indentation;
Table 1 : Values of Hardness of Various Roller

Covering Materials Used In Roller-Gin
S.No. Name of the Roller covering B.H.N.
1. Chrome composite leather-clad (CCLL) roller, 190-230
2. Fabric and Rubber Packing, 90-110
3. Walrus Leather, 90-92
4. Plastics, 200-210
5. Synthetic Rubber, 130-135
6. Thermo Plastic Elastomer, 134-140
7. Rubberized Cotton Fabrics, 90-95
8. Woven Fibre Glass, 90-100
9. Cotton, 80-90
10. Felt 75-80
11. Rubber, 100-110
12. Rubber And Cork, 100-110
13. Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene 110-120
3. Results and Discussions

The most significant legislation is the Environmental Health Impact
Assessment Act that is EHIA process Act is proposed in this article during the
study and check consideration of environmental sustainability as well as quality
guidelines, regulations and procedures in order to ensure that balanced decision
making regarding the environment and sustainability occurs in the public and
private interest.
3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Mitigation Study

Sustainable Seed-Cotton Science and Technological
Development(SSCSTD) IIST system has been devised.
IIST virtual research was done to compare the ginning performance of various
roller covering materials. The Roller gin separates the fibre from the seed-cotton
(kapas). Rollers have been experimented with made from Pandharpur leather -
paper washers, coconut coir material, chrome composite leather cladding,
vegetable-tanned walrus leather covering, eco-friendly tanned leather covering,
coir board roller covering, woven fibre glass roller covering, rubberized cotton
fabric roller, felt (90% wool) covering roller. The physical characteristics of the
13
are materials are what given the gin roll it is frictional and wear properties that
make the roller ginning process possible. During the ginning process, the
covering material is worn away and must eventually be replaced.
3.2 Evaluation of Different Roller Coverings Materials on a Roller Gin

Roller
The roughness of the covering and its tendency to remain rough seems a likely
cause of the greater ginning rate of the proposed experimental coverings. The
work focuses on this property and may provide a better understanding of the
relationships between covering construction, roller life, ginning rate, and fibre
properties [5].
Table -2: Roller Covering Materials and Construction

Details of The Trial Rollers; Roller Covering
Material: Chrome Composite Leather Clad
Roller (CCLC) Covering
Roller Code Laboratory Gin/GRED and DR Gin: CCLC
Roller Covering Material Hexavalent and trivalent chromium composite
embedded with leather (chrome tanned leather)
Method of Construction 78-80 numbers of Compressed Disks
Core Material Steel ( Square, Hexagonal 50 X 50 mm size)
Roller Dimensions 190 mm roller length (GRED)
182 mm dia and 1016 mm long 171-178 mm(DR)
Method of fastening material to core Bonded and Stitched and clamped bolted between
end plates
14
15
3.3 Evaluating Vegetable Tanned Walrus Leather Roller Covering
Vegetable Tannins are complex glycosides of tanning acids obtained from
tree barks and woods. Traditionally vegetable tanning was carried out by
immersing hides in a pit of water with layers of tannin-bearing bark or wood
sandwiched between them. The objectives of this experiment were to define the
physical properties of a roller material that contribute to its ginning rate potential
to produce good quality chrome-free-lint cotton and to search for a better roller
covering material. However, the ginning rate with the cost of the vegetable-
tanned walrus leather covering material is not enough to warrant changing from
the conventional CCLC rollers being used in the industry.
Table-3: Roller Covering Materials and Construction

Details of the Trial Rollers; Roller Covering
Material: Vegetable Tanned Walrus Leather Clad
Covering
Roller Code; Laboratory Gin/GRED and DR Gin: VT
Roller Covering Material Vegetable-tanned walrus leather
Method of Construction 78-80 Numbers of Compressed disks
Core Material Steel shaft (square, Hexagonal, 50X50 mm size)
Method of fastening material to core Bonded and stitched; Clamped /bolted between
end plates
3.4 Evaluating Eco-Friendly Tanned Leather Roller Covering

Eco-friendly tanning leather is an innovative eco-friendly technology.
This uses only neem oil and liquid soap solution. 2-4 % neem oil and 1-3%
liquid soap solution are used for processing the walrus and buffalo leather. The
time required to tan a considerable quantity of hides and skins is two to three
days. This process is cheaper than the chrome-tanned leather process. However,
the ginning rate with the cost of the eco-friendly tanned leather covering is not
enough to warrant changing from the conventional CCLC rollers being used in
the industry.
16
Material: Eco-Friendly Neem Tanned Leather
Clad-Roller Covering
Roller Code; Laboratory Gin/ GRED and DR Gin: ECO
Roller Covering Material Eco-friendly tanned leather
Method of Construction 78-80 Numbers of Compressed disks
Core Material Steel shaft (square, 50 X 50 mm Size )
Method of fastening material to core Bonded and stitched; Clamped between end plates
Physical Characteristics of Various Trial Rollers

Roller code = ECO, VT, CCLC, FRP, RPR, RCF, WFG,
Roller length = 190 mm
Roller diameter = 185 mm
Roller hardness = 89-106 B.H.N.
Layers of fabrics = Good number of fibres; Moderate number of fibres
Fabric fibre color = White /Brown
Layers of fabrics at ginning surface = Yes/No
Approximate distance fibre bristles protrude above rubber surface: 0.5 to 1 mm
Rubber compounding: Resilient condition; Rubber Board Standards
17
3.5 Evaluating A Coir Board Roller Covering On A DR Gin
An experimental covering made of a coir board was tested. Final removal
of the ginned fibers from the roller-gin cylinder presents problems that depend
upon the nature of the covering [6].
Table-5 : Roller Covering Materials and Construction

Material: Coir Board Roller Covering
Roller Code; Laboratory Gin/GRED and DR Gin : COIR
Roller Covering Material Coir board roller
Method of Construction 70 numbers of Compressed disks
Core Material Steel shaft (square, Hexagonal, 50X50 mm size)
Method of fastening material to core Bonded and stitched; Clamped between end
plates
18
3.6 Evaluating Woven Fibre-Glass Roller Covering On a DR Gin
An experimental DR gin roller covering, made from woven fibre glass
fabrics (FGF), was tested on a DR gin to evaluate its ginning performance and
effect on fibre quality. The experimental covering was much better than the
present CCLC covering; it ginned at 1.5 times the present rate and the lint
quality is very good. The roller temperature has been reduced to 4 to 5 °C (39°
C) as compared to 45°C in other coverings. Analysis showed that the fiberglass
fibres did not contaminate knitted cloth made from the lint ginned with the
roller. Final removal of the ginned fibers from the roller-gin cylinder presents
problems that depend upon the nature of the FGF covering. If the fibres are
returned to the ginning point, jamming and chokes, cRPPRQO\NQRZQDV³EDFN-
ODVK´RFFXU
Table-6 : Roller Covering Materials And Construction

Details of the Trial Rollers; Roller Covering
Material: Woven FibreGlass Fabrics (FGF) Roller Covering
Roller Code; Laboratory Gin/GRED and DR Gin : WFG
Roller Covering Material Woven fibre glass covering bonded with white
rubber compound roller
Method of Construction Compressed disks/spool winding /flat sheet
Core Material Steel shaft (Square, Hexagonal, 50X50 mm size)
Method of fastening material to core Bonded and stitched; Clamped between end
plates
Woven fibre glass roller Covering-Roller-II has been evaluated for fibre
quality and ginning performance in a DR gin. This type of woven fiberglass
roller covering on a roller gin cover has pulled more fibres under the fixed knife,
increasing ginning rates reducing heat generated at the surface of the roller at a
roller speed of 100 revolutions per minute. The fibre quality and quality of
knitted fabrics were good compared to the CCLC covering results and thus free
from contamination problems. However, in a DR gin, the covering failed after
thirty-five hours of normal ginning. The experimental gin roller coverings
(Roller-II ) are much better than the CCLC roller coverings they ginned at 1.5
times the rate and resulted in less roller heat, there were significant differences
in the fibre quality and spinning test measurements.
19
However, the ginning rate with the cost of the woven fibre glass material
is not enough to warrant changing from the conventional CCLC rollers being
used in the industry.
3.7 Evaluating Rubberized Cotton Fabric (RCF) Roller Covering Material

The RCF rollers both for laboratory and commercial studies have been
designed, fabricated, and experimented on special-built GRED and DR gins.
These rollers are covered with packing-type roller covering material made from
multiple layers of cotton fabric bonded together with a rubber compound. Four
types of roller covering material with different rubber compounding and
multiple fabrics composition were tested in GRED and DR gins. Two rollers are
abandoned primarily due to higher wear and tear rate, adhesive failure, and
ginning is not carried out properly. Two RCF rollers were found effective and
successful in ginning out the seed-cotton in an eco-friendly way besides
resulting in higher productivity in terms of ginning rate potential and cotton
technological parameters. The RCF rollers made with experimental covering
materials are tested (1) to find obvious shortcomings in performance such as
short roller life, temperature, and lint contamination (2) to establish the
existence of some ginning rate potential. One of the specimens of roller gin
covering material is the most superior among all types tested in respect of
20
ginning rate potential (kg of cotton ginned per unit of time at maximum feed
rate) and amount of energy consumed (work required to gin a kg of lint).
Conventional fabric and rubber roller gin covering material is selected with the
following characteristics viz. The manufacturing technology, design engineering
features, and assembly experience show that the RCF roller covering can be
selected with the following characteristics: hardness of 106 B.H.N. (type Brinell
Hardness Number), 7 to 10 layers of fabrics 20 mm length, and fabric thickness
of fabrics 1.2 mm, The rubber compound is resilient and fibre bristles protrude
0.76 mm beyond the rubber surface is maintained despite wear[7].
Based on the design and development of various rollers with subsequent

performance evaluation studies, pollution-free RCF roller has been
demonstrated concerning techno-economical and eco-friendliness in ginning
industries. The newly developed RCF rollers are successful and effective in
functioning and in ginning out seed cotton. Environmental parameters of CCLC
roller and RCF roller ginneries are given stating cost economics in a table. Eco-
friendly RCF ginnery sounds better in all aspects about cotton technological
parameters, techno-economical and environmental aspects.
21
Comparative economics have been worked out for the chrome-less RCF roller
ginneries and CCLC rollers ginneries; that is for the 'System before and after
modifications' and for commercialization to the ginning industry. However, the
ginning rate with the cost of the RCF is not enough to warrant changing from
the conventional CCLC rollers being used in the industry.
22
Details Of The Trial Rollers; Roller Covering
Material: Rubberized Cotton Fabric Roller Covering
Roller Code; Laboratory Gin/GRED and DR Gin: RCF
Roller Covering Material Rubber packing roller covering
Method of Construction 60 Compressed disks / Flat sheets /spool winding
Core Material Wood/ Steel shaft (square, ; 50 X 50 mm Size )
Method of fastening material to core Rubber packing bonded with adhesive to roller
core; spool windings; Compressed disks are
Clamped between end plates
23
3.8 Evaluating Felt (90% Wool) Packing Roller Covering
An experimental covering made of rubber packing was tested. Final removal of
the ginned fibers from the roller-gin roller presents problems that depend upon
the nature of the covering [8].
Table -8: Roller Covering Materials and Construction
Material: 90% Wool (Felt) Roller Covering
Roller Code; Laboratory Gin/GRED and DR Gin: WPR
Roller Covering Material Wool packing type roller covering
Method of Construction Compressed disks
Core Material Steel shaft (square, 50 X 50 mm Size )
Method of fastening material to core 90% Wool, (Felt material)
The research was done to compare the ginning performance of a felt

material (90% wool) against the commonly used CCLC covering material. This
particular felting used is soft to perform satisfactorily over a long period without
wear. This felt material wore well, ginned at an optimum rate while maintaining
fibre quality. However, the ginning rate with the cost of the felt material is not
enough to warrant changing from the conventional CCLC rollers being used in
the industry [9].
gins in Industry 3.0 were considered [10].
4. Conclusion
The most significant legislation is the Environmental Health Impact
private interest. Sustainable Seed-Cotton Science and Technological
Development(SSCSTD) IIST system has been devised ³Sustainable
development is a kind of development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability and efficiency of future generations to meet
WKHLURZQ QHHGV´ The function of the cotton gin is to separate lint from seed
and produce the lint (fibre) and seed separately. Health and safety of workers are
key components of responsible production and processing of seed-cotton and of
24
a responsible management system for cotton operations. Environmental impact
assessment (EIA) of Cotton, Resource conservation and recovery and life cycle
analysis are key factors in processing of cotton. Roller-type gins provided the
first mechanically aided means of separating lint from seed. Types of roller gin
include churka and reciprocating knife gin. In 1840, Fones McCarthy roller gin
consisting of a leather ginning roller, a stationary knife held tightly against the
roller, and a reciprocating knife held tightly against the roller and a reciprocating
knife that pulled the seed from the lint as the lint was held by the roller and
stationary knife. The gin is to produce lint of satisfactory quality and to gin the
seed-cotton with minimum reduction in fibre spinning quality. Gins can improve
fibre quality and improve values. Organic cotton science and technology is
more sustainable than the conventional seed-cotton processes as the organic
cotton is environmental preferable and do not use pesticides and insecticides and
crop protection processes that adversely effect on the environment and
processing workers. The chemical residue on the cotton that causes cancer, skin
irritation and health related problems to consumers.
Seed-Cotton Science and Technology and Sustainability (SCSTS) has balancing
a growing economy, protection for the environment and social responsibility
that lead to an improved quality of life for the present and future generation.
Therefore, the sustainable cotton science and technology has three long term
concurrent goals. (1) Quality of life (that is satisfy personal, family and
community needs for health, safety, food, fibre, and happiness), (2)
Environmental quality (That is to enhance finite soil, water, air and other
resources), (3) economic (That is to be profitable).
gins in Industry 3.0 were considered.
The heart of the cotton roller ginning machine is the gin roller. A cotton roller
gin separates the fiber from the seed-cotton (or kapas) using the interaction and
interrelation of a fixed knife that rides with some pressure against a rotating
roller (known as gin roller), pulling fibres from the seed. Walrus hide, which
was used till 1940, was thought to be unequalled for roller coverings. The
physical characteristics of this covering material are what give the gin roller its
frictional and wear properties are worn away and must eventually be replaced.
Replacement of the roller washer is done subsequently. A common material
made from a composite of chromium tanned leather is used to cover the gin
roller by the roller ginning industry. When cotton is processed the ginned lint
would contain about 180 to 250 ppm of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) which are known to
25
be highly carcinogenic. The roller ginning industry would benefit if a
satisfactory, cheaper, longer wearing roller covering material and eco-friendly
could be found. Research and experiments show the possibility of obtaining a
substitute. Ginning investigations have been carried out to help meet the
objective of designing and developing eco-friendly roller coverings for cotton
double roller (DR) gins. Various eco-friendly substitutes and methods have been
studied and devised, such as felt (90% wool) , vegetable-tanned leather, woven
fibre glass fabrics, neem oil-tanned leather, 100% wool material, alternative
rubber, and rubber-processing technology, and modification of the commonly
employed CCLC roller gins. The research was done to compare the ginning
performance of rollers against the commonly used CCLC roller. Tests showed
that the ginning rate of some rollers was significantly very good with CCLC
covering. Also, these roller materials were soft to perform satisfactorily over a
long period without undue wear[10]. Further virtual work will be done with
other materials to see if an alternative sustainable techno-economic-
environmental friendly roller covering material can be innovated [11,12]. Case
study and check on gin roller covering materials for cotton double roller gins in
Industry 3.0 available for further reading are given below.
Multilingual eBooks of High Impact SCI /SSCI Published by International

Publishers with ISBN/ISSN:
1. Iyer, Vijayan Gurumurthy (2019) ³*DVWULF /XQJ DQG 2UDO &Dncer
3UHYHQWLRQ7KURXJK+D]DUGRXV(,$3URFHVV´, (ISBN: 978-620-0-32776-
5) Edited By Ijardan and Project ID : 198692 Published by LAP
LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Mauritius.
2. ISBN10 : 6200327769 , ISBN-13: 978-6200327765. Amazon.com,
Paperback $68.00. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21456.66565.
3. Iyer, Vijayan Gurumurthy (2017)³6HOI-Bibliographical References of
3URI'/'U9LMD\DQ *XUXPXUWK\ ,\HU 6XE WLWOH ³6XVWDLQDEOH 6HOI-
Bibliographical References About Sustainable Literature by
Prof.(D.SC.,LL.D.,DL) Dr. Vijayan *XUXPXUWK\,\HU´ , (ISBN-13: 978-
3-330-06124-8) ISBN-10: 3330061243 EAN: 9783330061248) and
published by LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Germany; 64.90
¼ Euro. Number of Pages 196. Published on 24.03.2017.
4. Iyer, Vijayan Gurumurthy (2011) ³3URSHUWLHV RI &RYHULQJ 0DWHULDOV RI
5ROOHU 8VHG LQ &RWWRQ 5ROOHU *LQ´ 6XE WLWOH ³8QVDIH &KURPLXP
Contamination and Pollution from Cotton Ginning Industries and
26
Development of Eco-IULHQGO\ DOWHUQDWLYHV´ , (ISBN: 978-3-8443-9755-0,
ISBN-10: 3844397558) published by LAP LAMBERT Academic
Publishing, Germany; 160 p, Release Date: 02 June 2011.
5. ,\HU 9LMD\DQ *XUXPXUWK\ ³Recent Research Results and
ActivitiHV RI 9LMD\DQ *XUXPXUWK\ ,\HU´ 6XE 7LWOH ³(QYLURQPHQWDO
(GXFDWLRQ DQG 5HVHDUFK IRU %HWWHU /LIH´¶ Abstracts of Selected papers
DQG %LEOLRJUDSK\ %\ 9LMD\DQ * ,\HU´ (ISBN-10: 3845405740, ISBN-
13: 978-3-8454-0574-2) Publisher LAP LAMBERT Academic
Publishing, Germany, 116 PP, Release Date 30 June 2011.
6. ,\HU 9LMD\DQ *XUXPXUWK\ ³6\QWKHVLV RI 5HVHDUFK 'DWD LQ
6XVWDLQDEOH (GXFDWLRQ 6FLHQFH (QJLQHHULQJ DQG 0DQDJHPHQW´ ,6%1-
10 : 6200479550, ISBN-13: 978-6200479556) Published by LAP
LAMBERT December 11, 2019).
7. Iyer,Vijayan Gurumurthy (2021). Short title of e.book entitled
³%\VVLQRVLV DQG &RURQDYLUXV 'LVHDVHV ,PSDFW $VVHVVPHQW 3URFHVV´ DQG
VXEWLWOH RI ERRN HQWLWOHG ³ 6WUDWHJLF (QYLURQPHQWDO $VVHVVPHQW 6($
Process and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Sustainable
'HYHORSPHQW´ ,6%1-13 : 978-620-3-85469-5, ISBN-10: 6203854697,
EAN:9786203854695), Book Project # 218054 Published by LAP
LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 3ULFH¼335HOHDVH'DWH
May 2021.
https://www.lap-publishing.com,
https://issuu.com/home/published/978-620-3-85469-5
8. Iyer,Vijayan Gurumurthy (2021).³Sustainable Forest and Ocean
Management Development Case Study & Check( ISBN: 978-620-3-
86970- ³ (GLWRU ,MDUGDQ %RRN Project # 218810 Publisher: LAP
LAMBERT Academic Publishing, PP.97. ISBN: 978-620-3-74777-5 ,
Project ID: 115446, https://www.sciencia-scripts.com ISBN:978-620-3-
74780-5 , Project ID 115449, Translation Published by Sciencia Scripts
ISBN:987-620-3-74782-9 , Project ID: 115451, ISBN:978-620-3-74783-
6, Project ID: 115452.
https://issuu.com/vijayangurumurthyiyer/docs/published_ebook
https://issuu.com/vijayangurumurthyiyer/docs/978-620-3-74781-2
9. ISBN: 978-620-3-74779- ³&DVH VWXG\ DQG verification of the
GHYHORSPHQW RI VXVWDLQDEOH PDQDJHPHQW RI IRUHVWV DQG RFHDQV ³)UHQch
eBook. Project ID: 115448.
27
10. Spanish eBook ISBN: 978-620-3-74778-2, Project ID: #115447, Case
study and verification of the development of sustainable forest and ocean
management.
11. 9LMD\DQ *XUXPXUWK\ ,\HU ³&DVH 6WXG\ DQG 9HULILFDWLRQ RI WKH
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620-3-74778-2), Project ID # 115447.
12. This book is a Spanish translation from the original published under
ISBN: 978-620-3-86970-5 Published by Sciencia Scripts , OmniScriptum
S.R.L.Publishing Group.
13. Other Thirty five books published in multilingual electronic media by
M/S Lap Lambert, Germany.
14. https://issuu.com/profdrvijayangurumurthyiyer2509/docs/project_id_1154
47_spanish_isbn_978-620-3-74778-2_
15. ,\HU9LMD\DQ *XUXPXUWK\ ³ Sustainable Forest and Ocean
Management Development Case Study & Check( ISBN: 978-620-3-
74784- ³ (GLWRU ,MDUGDQ %RRN Project # 218810, Publisher: LAP
LAMBERT Academic Publishing ( OmniScriptum S.R.L. Publishing
Group), PP.97, This book is Russian Translation from the Original
Published under ISBN: 978-620-3-86970-5, Published by Sciencia
Scripts, OmniScriptum S.R.L.Publishing Group.
16. Project ID: 115446, https://www.sciencia-scripts.com
17. Russian Language Russian eBook_ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɤɟɚɧɚɦɢ ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ_978-620-3-74784-
3_ȼɢɞɠɚɹɧ Ƚɭɪɭɦɭɪɬɢ _Ⱥɣɟɪ_Russian eBook_30th May 2021.
https://issuu.com/vijayangurumurthyiyer/docs/russian_ebook_
18. Vijayan Gurumurthy Iyer ³'HYHORSPHQW RI D VXVWDLQDEle forest
and marine management Case study & Check (ISBN: 978-620-3-74777-
5), Project ID: # 115446.
19. This book is German Translation from the Original Published under
ISBN: 978-620-3-86970-5, Published by Sciencia Scripts , OmniScriptum
20. 9LMD\DQ *XUXPXUWK\ ,\HU ³'HYHORSPHQW RI VXVWDLQDEOH
management of forests and oceans Case study and Control (ISBN: 978-
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21. This book is Italian Translation from the Original Published under ISBN:
978-620-3-86970-5. Published by Sciencia Scripts , OmniScriptum
28
22. ,\HU9LMD\DQ *XUXPXUWK\ ³ Sustainable Forest and Ocean
Management Development Case Study & Check(ISBN:987-620-3-74782-
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978-620-3-86970-5.
24. Publisher: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing ( OmniScriptum S.R.L.
Publishing Group), PP.97. https://www.sciencia-scripts.com, Translation
Published by Sciencia Scripts .
25. https://issuu.com/vijayangurumurthyiyer/docs/ebook_in_polish_poland_1
_isbn_978-620-3-74782-9_1
26. yer,Vijayan Gurumurthy (27LWOHRIHERRNHQWLWOHG³&RYLG-19 Crisis
and Environmental Law-2SSRUWXQWLHVIRU,PSURYHPHQW´DQGVXEWLWOHRI
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OmniScriptum Publishing , www.scholars-press.com
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study and check ,
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28. Iyer,Vijayan Gurumurthy 6KRUW WLWOH HQWLWOHG ³ Sustainable
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entitled Honorary Doctoral Degree in Business Administration / Public
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620-3-87022-³(GLWRUDFRVFLXF%RRNProject ID # 218880 Publisher:
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29. ,\HU9LMD\DQ *XUXPXUWK\ H%RRN 7LWOH HQWLWOHG ³Strategic
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# 219008, Category: General Natural Sciences, Date of Publication: 14 th
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(OmniScriptum S.R.L. Publishing Group). https://www.lap-
publishing.com/
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30. https://issuu.com/vijayangurumurthyiyer/docs/life_science_ebook_978-
620-3-91144-2_2_
References
Vijayan Iyer G., Book of the Properties of Covering Materials of Roller Used in
Cotton Roller Gin, Lap Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH &
Co.KG, Germany 160 (1), 1, (2011)
Vijayan Iyer G., Journal of Textile Association (India) 66 (3) 265, (2005).
Vijayan Iyer G., Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 13, (1), 33, (2006).
Vijayan Iyer G., WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 2,
(4),425, (2006).
Vijayan Iyer G., Journal of the Textile Association (India), 71 (2), 60, (2010).
Vijayan Iyer G., Journal of the Textile Association (India), 59 (7), 87, (1998).
Vijayan Iyer G., Journal of Textile Association(India), 65(3),265, (2005).
Vijayan Iyer G., Journal of Textile Association (India), 67 (3), 255, (2007).
Vijayan Gurumurthy Iyer. ³Environmental Impacts on the Design and Arts
(QYLURQPHQW )RU ,QGXVWU\ &RWWRQ 5ROOHU *LQQLQJ 3URFHVV´ 1HZ
Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences
(e.ISSN 2547-8818) , Open Journal Systems (OJS), Volume 08,
Number 1 (2020) PP.22-34 (13 Pages), https://un-
pub.eu/ojs/index.php/pntsbs/article/view/5788, 9 th World Conference
on Design and Arts (WCDA-2020) , Date of Publication 4 th June
2021, Publishers: Birlesik Dunya Yenilik Arastirma ve Yayincilik
Merkezi. The Academic Event Group (TAEG) , BD Center, Turkey.
https://doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v7i4.5788, PP. 22-34.
https://issuu.com/vijayangurumurthyiyer/docs/bd_center_humanities_and_social
_sciences.
9LMD\DQ *XUXPXUWK\ ,\HU ³6WUDWHJLF (QYLURQPHQWDO $VVHVVPHQW 6HD
Process Towards Sustainable Environmental Bio-Polymers and
%LRSODVWLFV0DWHULDOV7RZDUGV6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW´-RXUQDORI
Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS)
(ISSN: 2141-7016) , Volume 11, Number 2 :26-40, © Scholarlink
Research Institute, 2021. scholarlinkinstitute/jeteas.org, JETEAS
impact factor for the year 2019 is 3.145. Index Copernicus (IC) ,
Poland. Online database. Scientific journal impact factor (SJIF) of
JETEAS sjifactor.com in 2018 is 7.397.
30
https://www.scholarlinkinstitute.org/jeteas/issuesview.php?id=064&iss
ue_name=Volume%2011%20Number%202
9LMD\DQ*XUXPXUWK\,\HU³(YDOXDWLQJ*LQ5ROOHU&RYHULQJ0DWHULDOVIRU
CoWWRQ'RXEOH5ROOHU*LQV´:RUOG-RXUQDORI7H[WLOH(QJLQHHULQJDQG
Technology, Volume 7 , (E.ISSN ± 2415-5489 , ISSN: 2415-5489)
Open Journal Systems (OJS), © 2021 Scientific Array,NSCKU.
https://doi.org/10.31437/2415-5489.2021.07.7 , PP-49-62.
S.Gordon and Y-/+VLHK³&RWWRQ6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\´,6%1-13:
978-1-84569-248-9 (eBook) The Textile Institute, Wood Head
Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, England , pp. 192-193 .
31
Chapter III:
Sustainable Arbitration Engineering Education and Research;
Knowledge and Skills as an arbitrator
Acknowledgments
The author of this eBook is thankful to Dr.Wolfgang Philipp Muller ,
Managing Director of M/S LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing for
publication sponsorship support . Thanks to the International Publishers M/S
Sciencia Scripts, OmniScriptum S.R.L. Publishing Group for the forty seven
(47) multilingual publications and other eBooks published by LAP LAMBERT
Academic Publishing, www.lap-publishing.com
Summary
Sustainable arbitration engineering education and research was attempted. An
arbitration engineer is a person who has power to judge an engineering dispute
in an impartial manner in order to settle dispute with random choice. Sustainable
arbitration engineering education and research is considered the strategic
environmental assessment (SEA) process. SEA process can be broadly defined
as a study and check of the potential sustainability and environment impacts
(effects) of a proposed project, program, plan, policy, or legislative action for
information technology in education towards sustainable development. The
significance of the research work is mainly the confirmatory SEA process for
achieving sustainable development that aims to incorporate environmental and
sustainability considerations into arbitration planning and decision-making
processes, and to formulate sustainable projects, policies, plans, programs, and
legislative actions. Study and check on the mechanical industrial environment
were attempted. "Environmental health impact assessment" (EHIA) can be
defined as the systematic identification and evaluation of the potential
environmental health impacts (effects) of the proposed projects, plans, policies,
programs, or legislative actions relative to the physical-chemical, biological,
biochemical, toxicological, bio-physical, radioactive, cultural, socio-
economic, and anthropological components of the total environment. The
primary purpose of the EHIA process is to encourage the considerations of
environmental health in project planning and decision-making process and to
arrive at actions that are more sustainable environmentally compatible. Three
most of the significant terms are " Environmental health inventory ",
"Environmental health impact assessment," and "Environmental health
32
statement´7KHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWOHJLVODWLRQLVWKH(QYLURQPHQWDO+HDOWK,PSDFW
private interest. The environmental health protection process should include the
integrated considerations of technical or scientific, economic, environmental,
social, and other factors. The most important of these considerations can be
referred to as " the three Es" (technical, economics, and environment) in the
planning and decision-making process. The past five decades have been
characterized by the passage of legislation dealing with the environment
including the legislation of control of water, air, and land pollution, solid and
hazardous waste management, resource conservation and recovery protection
(RCR), and soil and groundwater remediation. It is concluded that SEA process
for information technology in education is helpful for sustainable development.
The SEA treaty protocol pertains to federal and official Government procedures
are helpful for making much earlier decision than the EIA process. Case study
and check on evaluating gin roller covering materials for cotton double roller
gins for the sustainable seed-cotton science and technological development are
discussed . &DVH VWXG\ DQG FKHFN HQWLWOHG ³ 6\QHUJLVWLF $XJPHQWDWLYH
Environmental Health Modelling Approach to find Environmental Health
(IIHFWVRI8QVDIH&KURPLXPLQ&KURPLXP5HVRXUFH%DVHG,QGXVWULHVLQ,QGLD´
in cotton ginning industries is provided .
33
34
Chapter IV:
Synergistic (Augmentative) Environmental Health Modelling
Approach to find Environmental Health Effects of Unsafe
Chromium in Chromium Resource Based Industries in India1
Acknowledgments
The author of this eBook is thankful to Dr.Wolfgang Philipp Muller ,
Managing Director of M/S LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing for
publication sponsorship support . Thanks to the International Publishers M/S
Sciencia Scripts, OmniScriptum S.R.L. Publishing Group for the forty seven
(47) multilingual publications and other eBooks published by the International
Publishers M/S LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing , www.lap-publishing
.com
Abstract
Sustainable arbitration engineering education and research was attempted. An
arbitration engineer is a person who has power to judge an engineering dispute
in an impartial manner in order to settle dispute with random choice. Sustainable
arbitration engineering education and research is to be considered the strategic
environmental assessment (SEA) process. SEA process can be broadly defined
as a study and check of the potential sustainability and environment impacts
(effects) of a proposed project, program, plan, policy, or legislative action for
information technology in education towards sustainable development. The
significance of the research work is mainly the confirmatory SEA process for
achieving sustainable development that aims to incorporate environmental and
sustainability considerations into arbitration planning and decision-making
processes, and to formulate sustainable projects, policies, plans, programs, and
legislative actions. The present study has been done to present research
investigations pertaining to environmental health effects of chromium and its
compounds exclusively used in chromium resource based industries in India
namely, chromite mining industries, cotton chrome roller ginning industries,
chromium leather tanneries, cotton textile industries , chemical dyeing
1
This book chapter has been adopted from the discussions based an Interview held on 30.12.2011 (AN) with the
author of this eBook in his house by Danish reporters M/S Lawrence Chun-Yu.hai & Herr Peter Bengtsen/Head
of Investigations of M/S Danwatch.dk, Norregade 15, 5. DK-1165, Copenhagen, Denmark (Non-profit media &
Research Center and Member of the Association of the Danish specialized press) HQWLWOHG³HQYLURQPHQWDOKHDOWK
HIIHFWVRIFKURPLXPGXHWROHDWKHUWDQQHULHVLQ,QGLD´IRU'DQZDWFKUHSRUWV
35
industries, ferrochrome industries, color pigments, metallurgical industries,
chemical industries and photography. Characterization and assessment of
unsafe chromium pollution and contamination from these industries have been
done. A heath survey has been carried out. A model has also been presented to
assess and evaluate the environmental health impacts due to hexavalent
chromium in these industries. Research investigations have also presented
pertains to sources of chromium, health effects chrome dust, chrome leather
processing, risk impact assessment, cotton textile processing and air pollution
monitoring and control . It has been realized that chromium pollution modelling
must be needed in solving real life problems. This paper realizes basic
fundamentals by applying sample of systems modelling to find the
environmental health effects. A specific case study on cotton roller ginning
industries has been identified. The most significant legislation is the
Environmental Health Impact Assessment Act that is EHIA process Act is
proposed in this article during the study and check consideration of
environmental sustainability as well as quality guidelines, regulations and
procedures in order to ensure that balanced decision making regarding the
environment and sustainability occurs in the public and private interest.
Keywords: arbitration, assessment, analysis, chromium, effects, evaluation,

ginning, health, modelling.
1. Introduction
Chromium is the 21 st element in earth crust in relative abundance. It belongs to
Group VI B (Atomic Number 24). It is a hard white metallic transition element
occurring naturally as chromate. It is a salt in which an ion contains both
chromium and oxygen. It is a biologically inert metal. Chromium occurs in the
Valence States of +2, +3 and +6. The +2 and +3 states are basic whereas +6 is
acidic, forming are ions of the type chromate and dichromate. Chromium and its
compounds are exclusively used in many industries such as leather tanning,
textiles, ferrochrome, pigments, and electroplating, photography and chrome
roller ginneries. Chromate (Basic chromium sulphate ) is the only economically
important salt of chromium and almost all chromium based industries originate
from chromate. Chromium based industries generate considerable quantity of
pollutants containing toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr+6).
36
2. Problem Formulation
The workers working in chrome based industries have been exposed to
chromium and this can occur through the three major routes, via. Absorption
through the skin, by direct ingestion and by inhalation of chromium containing
particles. The oral LD 50 of Na2Cr2O7 (sodium chromate) in humans has been
reported to be 50 ppm [11].
The absorption of chromium is largely dependent on the oxidation state of
the metal and the physical characteristics of the compound itself. Cr+6
compounds can penetrate the skin more readily than trivalent forms, and uptake
is enhanced with increases in the pH of the chromium containing substances.
The absorbed Cr+6 is quickly reduced to Cr+3, which binds strongly to the skin
and its proteins. The absorption of Cr+6 may be increased through broken skin or
local actions (dermatitis), as occurs frequently with workers bearing chromium
induced dermal ulcerations.
Some specific effects of higher blood levels of chromium include lung
cancer, skin ulcers, brain damage, encephalopathy symptoms, necrosis-localized
death of a cell or cells in the living body tissues, pneumoconiosis-a lung disease
caused by the inhalation of dust particles around the lungs, organoleptic
problems, emphysema, bronchitis, carcinoma.
Chromium compounds are responsible for a wide range of respiratory
effects. Regarding carcinogenicity of chromium, several Cr+6 compounds like
chromate are quite potent carcinogens. The incidence of lung cancer increases
due to long term exposure to low to high levels of sodium chromate. Cr +6 has
been found carcinogenic and is well documented by experiments with animals.
There is some evidence to establish that the insoluble portion of Cr +6 is more
responsible for cancer incidence [9]. Cr+6 in high dose has been implicated as the
cause of digestive tract cancer. There is an increase in risk of lung cancer for
workers, who are exposed to high levels of chromium. Cr +6 is highly corrosive
and cause chronic ulceration of skin surfaces and perforation of the nasal
septum. It has been reported that large doses of Cr+3 in impure chromium
compounds cause short term mutagenic damages. In addition, the effects of Cr+3
are the causative factor through easy reducibility of Cr+6 by organic tissues in the
body. The size of Cr+6 ion radius is in the range as the perforation size in human
cell walls. After entering the cells, the ion is reduced to Cr +6 . Since, Cr+3 being
higher radius is retained in cell walls. These degenerative responses occur
rapidly and are dependent of the dose and any hypersensitivity reactions.
37
Physiological disorders arising out due to prolonged exposure of Cr+3
have been reported (3). Contact dermatitis occurs as a result of exposure to both
Cr+3 and Cr+6 although ulceration is exclusively related to Cr+6. Systemic toxicity
may occur with both of the oxidation states (mainly from increased absorption
of chromium through the broken skin), resulting in renal toxicants, liver failure,
and eventually death. Cases of acute systemic poisoning are rare; however, they
may follow deliberate or accidental ingestion. Chromium poisoning effects
include skin disorders, liver damage, gastric distress, olfactory sense
impairment, nosebleeds and yellowing of the tongue and teeth [29].
The tetrogenicity of Cr+3 has been demonstrated in animal studies [3].
This includes malformations and open eyelids as well as increased evidence of
skeletal defects. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity occur due to Cr+6 and Cr+3. This
is powerful in most prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell systems.
2.1 Acute toxic effects

The lethal oral dose for soluble chromium compound is considered to be
50-ppm body weight. Short duration exposures to airborne, liquid or solid
chromium compounds lead to the clinical symptoms of acute toxicity on human
which are vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhagic diathesis and blood loss into the
gastrointestinal tract causing cardiovascular shock. Other diseases are allergic
contact dermatitis, skin ulcers, nasal membrane inflammation, nasal ulceration,
glycosuria, liver, necrosis, nephritis, aortic plagues, atherosclerosis, serum
albumin, globulin, necrosis and desquamation of the epitheliums in the kidney,
diarrhea, cyanosis, tail necrosis and gastric ulcers[6].
2.2 Chronic toxic effects

Prolonged exposure to airborne or solid, liquid chromium compounds lead
to chronic toxic effects on humans. The diseases are nasal septum perforations,
ulceration's of skin surfaces, rhinitis, liver damage, pulmonary congestion,
edema, nephritis, intestinal lung and gastric cancers, irritation of gastro-
intestinal mucosa, chronic tortal parental nutrition, (Symptoms like weight loss,
hypoglycemia), respiratory effects, congestion and hyperemia, chronic rhinitis,
congestion and hyperemia, chronic rhinitis, congestion of larynx polyps of the
upper respiratory tract, inflammation of lungs, emphysema, bronchitis,
bronchopneumonia, lung tumors, malignant tumour, cutaneous and nasal
mucous, membrane ulcers. Table gives chromium toxicity effects on human
organs.
38
Occupational exposures occur during the various stages of production in
chromium-based industries. Because chromium can be used for many purposes,
there is the potential for exposure in a variety of industries. The risk of exposure
is through inhalation of chromium bearing aerosols. Additionally, there are wide
variations in the possible aerosol characteristics such as the relative proportions
of the major oxidation states of the chromium bearing particles as well as
varying solubility within these fractions.
Cr+6 is readily absorbed from the respiratory system, whereas Cr+3 is not.
Under normal exposure conditions (that are atmospheric chromium), absorption
of chromium from the respiratory tract has been estimated to be less than 1
micro gram/day. Absorption from the lung is dependent on the characteristics of
the aerosol, including the size, shape, hygroscopicity, and overall electric charge
of chromium containing particles. Other factors that may influence the
absorption of these particles include ambient temperature, solubility in body
fluids and reactions with other air-borne agents. In the gastrointestinal tract,
only 1% of an ingested dose of Cr+3 is absorbed, whereas absorption of Cr+6 is 3-
6 %. The poor absorption of the Cr+6 may be related to its rapid reduction to the
trivalent form by components of saliva and gastric juice. Once chromium has
entered the bloodstream, it is reduced to Cr+6 by components normally present in
the blood such as ascorbic acid and glutathione. The oxidation state of
chromium is the determining factor for its transportation via. the blood stream.
Cr+3 is mainly transported via. the serum, bound to the iron-binding transferrin
39
and E-globulin fraction of serum proteins; however at high concentrations Cr+3
binds to serum albumin or D1- or D2-globulin. In contrast to Cr+3, Cr+6 can
readily cross the erythrocyte membrane and bind to the glubulin portion of
hemoglobin following oxidation of the heme group (6). Inside these cells, Cr+6 is
reduced to Cr+3 by glutathione and then becomes trapped intracellularly.
Consequently, the degradation products of erythrocytes may explain, in part, the
high concentration of chromium found in the spleen and the slow excretion of
chromium from the body. Urinary excretion is generally less than 10 micro.g
chromium/day in the absence of excess exposure.
The genotoxicity of chromium compounds has been documented. The
+6
Cr ion is readily taken up into eukaryotic cells by anion-carrying proteins,
after which it is reduced to Cr+3 by a number of cytoplasmic reducing agents.
The final cellular form of Cr+3 becomes trapped intracellularly because it has
low cell membrane permeability. This shift from Cr+6 to Cr+3 allows a
concentration gradient to be established such that a continual influx of Cr +3 ions
raises intracellular chromium levels until the metal burdens become lethal[23].
Most Cr+6 salts were mutagenic and Cr+3 salts are relatively non-
mutagenic. chromium to be capable of inducing chromosomal aberrations and
enhancing cells transformation. Although both the valence states of chromium
are able to interact with DNA, Cr+3 ions are responsible for decreasing the
fidelity of DNA replication. In addition, both Cr+3 and Cr+6 exhibit a clastogenic
potency; however, Cr+6 possesses the greater activity and is powerful mutagen in
many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell systems. These properties of Cr +6 support
the claim that Cr+6 compounds are likely to be active carcinogens, although it is
more likely that the ultimate species responsible for the carcinogenic/mutagenic
effects observed in vivo is the intracellularly derived Cr+3 form [27].
Particulate from coal-fired power plants has been shown to contain
chromium in the range of 2.3-31 ppm; however, these levels are reduced to 0.19-
6.6 ppm by fly ash collection processes. Chromium in ambient air originates
from industrial source (that is steel manufacturing and cement production) and
the combustion of fossil fuels; the content in coal and crude oil varies from 1-
100 micrograms /l and 0.005 to 0.7 micrograms/l respectively. In rural areas,
chromium levels in the air are usually less than 10 micrograms / m3, whereas the
concentration varies from 10-50 ng/ m3 in industrial cities[18].
Epidemiological studies of the incidence of cancer in occupationally
exposed individuals have indicated that cancer mortality rates in the workers
were 5-40 times higher than expected. An excess incidence of lung cancers had
40
been reported in workers in the chromate plants. Cancer of the nasal cavities as
well as of the larynx is reported in a small exposure population. A survey of
chromate plants showed an increased risk of cancer in two of the plants
(Probability of 0.66). An increased gastric cancer has been observed among
metal finishers. There were five incidences instead of three cases expected.
Overwhelming epidemiological evidence shows a considerable excess of
chromium-compounds-induced occupational cancers, with a pre-dislocation to
the lung, nasal cavity, sinuses, and larynx. It is found that 70% of the cases had
lent periods between 11 and 30 years. The table 2 illustrating the degree of
cancer hazard of chromium exposure to humans.
Table-2
Lung Cancer Among Chromium Exposed Workers
________________________________________________________________
Country Morbidity ratio Lung cancers/100000
Expected Observed General Chromium exposed
population workers
________________________________________________________________
United States 1.9 31.9 16.7 470.8

England 1.3 7 -- --
Germany 1 43 -- --
India 5.0 150 57 3500
________________________________________________________________
2.3 Sources and Health Effects of Particulate Matter

Particulate matter in the air usually refers to small solid particles of material
found in the atmosphere in addition to gases. The particles of organic or
inorganic composition that is suspended may be individual elements and / or
compounds. Particle size diameter (PSD) may be used to classify the types of
sources. For example, particles having PSD less than 1 Pm are mostly products
of condensation and combustion. Large particles having PSD above 10 Pm
result from physical actions, such as wind erosion and grinding or spraying
operations[18]. Those particles between 1 and 10 Pm of PSD tend to be fugitive
dusts, process dusts and combustion products. Suspended particulate matter
(SPM) in the air refers to particles, which are too fine to have an appreciable
falling velocity and therefore tend to stay suspended in atmosphere for a
41
considerable time. Metallic fumes, fibrous materials, heavy metals, all micro-
organisms, various allergens and many organic carcinogens are present in air in
the form of SPM having the PSD up to 100 Pm. Air contaminant dust in the
size-range of 0.25-10.0 Pm is called respirable suspended particulate matter
(RSPM). RSPM of different range series are absorbed forcibly against any
surface through the principle of impaction.
2.3.1 Health effects

The SPM is the dust entirely consisting of coarse particulate, which are
quickly eliminated in the respiratory system and hence are not very harmful.
The coarser dust collected as part of the SPM creates nuisance, soiling of
surfaces and some visibility problems but is unlikely to contribute significantly
to respiratory and other health effects associated with air pollution.
Generally, health effects are caused primarily by RSPM in the PSD range
of 0.25-10 microns emissions from industries. Particles having PSD less than
0.25 microns are retained in lung alveolar regions. Particles greater than 10
microns are lodged in the upper tract and do not reach the bronchi. Various air
pollution sources produce lung damaging size range particles.
2.3.2 Heath effects of RSPM cotton dust

7KHGDQJHURXVGXVWIURPWKHFRWWRQZRUNHU¶VSRLQWRIYLHZIDOOVXQGHUWKH
category of RSPM. This invisible fine dust enters the air passages and produce
physiological changes leading to the byssinosis (8).
Particles size analysis carried out show that the PSD of the cotton dust
particles varies between 1 to 40 microns and higher. Particles with PSD varying
from 5 to 50 microns result in respiratory troubles, as human nose cannot
effectively filter the particles and lead to allergic symptoms like asthma.
Byssinosis is a disabling lung disease caused due to inhalation of cotton fibre
dust over long periods of time (8). It is accompanied by chest tightness with
respiratory troubles[30].
2.3.3 Health effects of leather dust

The leather dust is the carrier of chromium in all its forms and makes it
mobile and dangerous. The fine leather dust whose size varies from less than
one micron to higher values is easily absorbed through skin and is inhaled. The
fibres are usually from 10 to 120 microns in length and 0.5 to 50 microns in
42
diameter. It is of insidious nature and fibrous minute particles being powdered
during the ginning process report to cause lung cancer, mesothelioma, chest
pain, cough and asthma [4,5].
3. Problem Solution
The environmental impacts on human by the pollutants can be assessed by the
modelling is given in figure-1.
43
3.1 An Environmental System Modelling Approach for Finding Health
Impacts
An approach for explaining the combined synergistic (augmentative) health
effect is given in this formal model. The model is a simplified formulation that
mimics real-world phenomena so that complex situations can be comprehended
and prediction made [13]. It is designed to simulate some real situation for
decision making regarding impact of the natural environment on man. In
simplest form, models may be verbal or graphic, that is, consisting of concise
statements or picture graphs. There are informal and formal models. Formal
models are such formulations going to play an increasing role in decision-
making problems[17].
3.2 Procedure
In its formal version a working model of a synergistic and health effects
of dust-producing, grinding CCLC roller ginnery situation would, in most
cases, have four components, as listed below (with certain technical terms listed
in parentheses).
1.Properties (state variables)
2.Forces (forcing functions), which was outside energy sources or casual forces
that drive the system
3.Flow pathways, showing where energy flows or materials transfers connect
properties with each other and with forces
4.Interactions (interacting functions) where forces and properties interact to
modify, or amplify or control flows.
On this model (Figure-1) were shown six properties P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6
which interacted DW µ,¶ WR SURGXFH RU DIIHFW WKH IRXUWK SURSHUW\ 3 7, when the
V\VWHP ZDV GULYHQ E\ IRUFLQJ IXQFWLRQ µ(¶ )ORZ SDWKZD\V ZHUH VKRZQ ZLWK
F1, F2« DQG VR UHSUHVHQWLQJ LQSXW DQG RXWSXW IORZ-paths receptively for the
system overall[19].
P1 was chromium , P11 as Cr+6 and P22 as Cr+3
P2 was cotton dust
P3 was CCLC powder
P4 was micro dust including light trash
P5 was pesticides and insecticides applied to seed-cotton in the field
P6 was other foreign matter
Where, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6 were the six pollutants emitted from the
dust-producing, grinding CCLC rollers during the ginning process. Under the
44
driving force of four factors namely sunlight (photo energy), temperature,
humidity and air movement, these interacted to SURGXFHµFKURPHVSHFLILFGXVW¶
µ37¶,QWKLVWKHLQWHUDFWLQJ IXQFWLRQµ,¶ZDVDV\QHUJLVWLFRUDXJPHQWDWLYHRQH
which was more serious as a pollutant than P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6 acting
independent of each other[20].
3.3 Health Study

1. To study the health effects and socio-economic impact of environmental
pollution in ginneries and textile mills, an endeavor was made. Local ESI
centers, State Government hospitals, private clinics and nursing homes were
contacted to assess physiological disorders and chromium based diseases.
2 Field studies and rough estimates of the morbidity rates, hospital admissions
and absenteeism with normal values, ESI beneficiary records and workers
health record have shown that there was high risk of health damaging
potential in and around the ginneries. This was readily gauged from the fact
that there were large number of private clinics and nursing homes in and
around the above towns. The incidence of chrome-based diseases and related
health effects on the people around this factory was noticeable. Field studies
shown that the ginneries have employed women in the age group 21 to 40
years and workers in the age group of 18 to 50 years.
3. Ginneries were located in and around seed-cotton growing areas, and
employed women for menial jobs. The women often came along with their
children for performing their jobs, like (i) feeding kapas into the gins, (ii)
collecting the lint, seed and floor sweeping, (iii) cleaning and grading the
kapas and (iv) light activities. The children were exposed directly with CSD.
4. The percentage incidence of chromium based diseases and related health
effects on the people around this factories was noticeable. They were noted
based on the field study made on chromium based diseases as per
epidemiological evidences .
45
Table-3
Study of Chromium Based Diseases as per Epidemiological Evidences
ACUTE EFFECTS CHRONIC EFFECTS

Allergic contact dermatitis, skin ulcers, Nasal septum perforations,
nasal membrane inflammation, nasal Ulcerations of skin surfaces rhinitis, liver damage,
ulceration, glycosuria, liver necrosis, pulmonary congestion, edema, nephritis, intestinal
nephritis, aortic plagues, death in man, lung & gastric cancers, irritation of gastro-
athrosclerosis, serum albumin, intestinal mucosa, chronic total parenteral
D1 or D2 globulin, necrosis and nutrition (symptoms : weight loss,
desquamation of the epithelium in the hypoglycamea), respiratory effects, congestion &
kidney, diarrhea, cyanosis, tail nacrosis, hyperemia, chronic rhinitis, congestion of larynx
gastric ulcers polyps of the upper respiratory tract, inflammation
of lung, emphysema, bronchitis,
bronchopeumonia, lung tumors, malignant
tumour, cutaneous & nasal mucous membrane
ulcers
5. Identified the workers engaged in cotton ginneries and textile mills. Prepared
case history and monitored chromium in work environment.
6. Field sampling and estimation of chromium in blood/urine samples in
chromium affected workers were attempted.
5. Conclusions
The present study has been done to present research investigations pertaining to
environmental health effects of chromium and its compounds exclusively used
in chromium resource based industries , namely, chromite mining, cotton
chrome roller ginning industries, chrome leather tanneries, cotton textiles,
dyeing industries, ferrochrome industries, pigments, metallurgical industries,
chemical industries and photography. Reports on a heath survey has been
provided in order to characterize and assess chromium pollution in these through
systems modelling . The most significant legislation is the Environmental Health
Impact Assessment Act that is EHIA process Act is proposed in this article
during the study and check consideration of environmental sustainability as well
as quality guidelines, regulations and procedures in order to ensure that balanced
decision making regarding the environment and sustainability occurs in the
public and private interest. As per health study report , occupational health
impacts to chromium leather tanning workers have been identified and
investigated. The chromium-based industries have been polluting and
46
contaminating the environment as per the solution found out from environmental
mathematical modelling . It is necessary to adopt eco-friendly tanning process in
leather tanning industries.
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48
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49
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Biographical Data
Dr. VIJAYAN GURUMURTHY IYER

Late S. Gurumurthy Iyer
10.06.1964
57 years
Dr.Vijayan Gurumurthy Iyer,
A-2/31, III Floor, Kendriya Vihar-II,
Poonamalle Avadi Main Road,
Paruthipattu, Avadi, Chennai-600 071
Mobile /Landline: 9444812401, 9445810045/35, 044-29560473
Emails vijayangurumurthyiyer@rediffmail.com
vijayaniyergurumurthy@hotmail.com
vijayaniyergurumurthy@gmail.com
Skype ID: Vijayan Gurumurthyiyer
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2443-6573,
https://issuu.com/vijayangurumurthyiyer
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kendriya+Vihar+Avadi/@13.0873896,80.
1093562,15z
Mobiles; 9444812401,9445810035, 6300799708,7989876443
https://issuu.com/vijayangurumurthyiyer
6. Nationality and Home Town : Indian; Mayuram Tamil Nadu .
7. Sex ; Marital Status : Male ; Married ; One Son
8. Community / Religion : Hindu, Brahmin
9. PAN: AIZPG9735D, GSTIN/UIN: 33AIZPG9735D1ZW,
Aadhaar Number/UIDAI:6871 8531 4697
10.Details of Educational Qualifications in Chronological Order:
Course Institution / University Award/Marks/Per Year of Field of Specialization
Passed centage Passing
Honorary The Yorker International Honorary Doctor
Doctorates; University (YIU). of Science and Engg.,D.Sc.
D.Sc.(Engg.). www.nyuniversity.info/ 29.11.2010 2010 Envionmental Sustainability
BGL.,LL.D.. Annamalai U./YIU. 03.05.2011 ¶93¶11 BGL,Hon.Doctorate of
Laws
Hon.DL. International Biographical 03.02.2017 2017 Hon.Doctorate of Letters
Centre,Cambridge,England The Letters of the Envt. Law
Elaborated World Scientific and Sustainable Science, Engg &
Post-Doctoral Engineering Academy and Management
Research. Society, (WSEAS). 30.06.2010 2010 Envtl.Science and Engg,
Post-Doctoral WSEAS, GREECE. 17.07.2006 2006 Sustainable Development
51
Fellow Ecosystems and Energy.
(PDF).
FIMA, All India Mgt.Association 04.08.2007 2007 Professional Mgt.
Fellow Indian School of Mines,
Ph.D., Doctor IIT, Dhanbad. 26.03.2003 2003 Environmental Science and
of Philosophy Engineering.
M.Tech. Indian School of Mines, 67.8%, OGPA 1998 Environmental Science and
IIT, Dhanbad. of 3.39/ 5 , II Engineering.
P.D.A.E. Maharashtra State Board, First; 64.2%, 1992 Automobile Engineering
VJTI, Bombay. 947/1475
A.M.I.E.(I) Associate Membership 6HF¶$¶ 1986 Mechanical Engineering
Examinations of The Sec.¶B¶,52.75% 1990
Institution of Engineers
(India), Kolkata
D.P.M. Annamalai University, II; 54.5%, 1988 Production Management
Chidambaram 226/400
D.M.E. Ramkrishna Mission First; 75% 1982 Mechanical Engineering
Tech.Inst., Chennai.
S.S.L.C. National HSS, Mayuram. 77% 1979
11. Details of Past Service Experience and Present Employment in

Chronological Order:-
Name of the Institution Served and Address Designation Service Period: From -To
12.Entrepreneurship Development Inst. of DEBM Co-ordinator, 01.01.2009-Till date
India OLPE Cell, Counsellor,
Engineering Council of India(ECI) Co-ordinator Jan 2020 ± Till date
Centre.
Techno-Economic-Environmental Study Director Jan 2021-
and Check Services
Consultancy,GSTIN:33AIZPG9735D1ZW
Shri Vishwakarma Skill Adjunct Faculty (EVS)
University,Gurgaon Envtl.Sustainability
11.University of Madras,Envtl. Guest Lecturer 07.11.2020-30.04.2021

Indl.Toxicology
10.CRPF Integrated Tech.Inst., Avadi, Principal Ad hoc 30.09.2019-31.12.2019
Chennai
9.Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Professor 23.05.2018-02.02.2019
Foundation (KLEF) Deemed to Be
University,Vaddeswaram, Guntur,
Andhra Pradesh
8.Narasaraopeta Professor & Dean (R &D) 21.09.2015 -31.07.2016
Engg.College(Autonomous) Professor 01.08.2016-07.04.2018
Narasaraopet, AP, (Affiliated to Jawaharlal (AICTE Faculty ID Scale of Pay: PB-4
Nehru Technological University, Kakinada) 1-295343825) Rs. 37400-67000/- + GP
7.Haramaya University, Professor (Environrmental 17.01.2014- 10.02.2015

(Institute of Technology) Dept. of Water Sc and Engg.). 1 year and 20 days
Resources and Envtl.Engg. (WREE), (Expatriate Staff)
Alemaya, Ethiopia (Federal Democratic
52
Republic of Ethiopia), East Africa.
Anna University Affiliated Colleges; - Principal/ Prof. 09.04.2001-11.01.2014
Chennai. Principal/ 12 years, 9 months
6.RVS Padhmavathy College of Engg & Chief Suptt. 17.09.2013 ± 11.01.2014

Tech. (1118/139) A.U. Faculty ID: 19855 Principal /
5.Prince Dr.K.V. College of Engineering Chief Superintendent 12.11.2010 ±16.04.2013
&Technology, Chennai. TNEA Principal
code;1442 Chief Superintendent
Expert Visiting Committee (EVC) (Examinations ) 07.07.2013 ± Till date
Member, All India Council for Tech.
Education, AICTE.
Post-Doctoral Fellow (PDF) at Main Researcher, 01.05.2005-30.05.2006
World Scientific and Engineering Academy
and Society (WSEAS), Athens, Greece.
Research Elaboration in WSEAS. Research Elaboration 01.09.2009-30.06.2010
Scenario Integration As on 17.08.2019
ResearchGate
4. Dr.M.G.R. Educational & Research Professor 31.05.2006-19.08.2010
Institute, and Chief Project
(Dr.M.G.R. University) and Co-ordinator.
Entrepreneurship Development Cell (EDC),
(AICTE) , Chennai.
3. MNM Jain Engineering College, Professor & 20.06.2005 ± 30.05.2006
Chennai.
AICTE Emeritus Fellow
Indian Society for Technical Education Visiting Professor Acad. Sessions 2004-2005
1.Hindustan College of Engineering, Professor 09.04. 2001 ± 11.09.2002
Chennai. (Hindustan University, Chennai). and
Vice Principal, Academic
Indian Council of Agricultural Research Technical Officer, 22.05.1985±10.02.1998.
(ICAR)/ Government of India, (Cotton Ginning 12 years, 08 Months.
Department of Agricultural Research & Technology) (Gr.T-5).
Education (DARE) , New Delhi.
(ii) Central Institute for Research on Cotton Relieved on 31.12.1989-10.02.1998
Technology (ICAR), Matunga, 10.02.1998(AN) as T.O.(G)
Mumbai.
(i) Central Inst. of Agricultural Engineering 22.05.1985-30.12.1989
(ICAR), Nabibagh, Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh
II.ACE Machines and Tools P Ltd, CBE Supervisor. 17.08.1984 ± 18.05.1985
I.Panosonic Carbon Company India
Ltd.PCCL. (Indo Matsushita Carbon Co. Supervisor. 02.08.1982 ± 31.01.1984
Ltd., Tada,AP).
12. Professional Membership Details;
Name of the Institution Membership status Membership No. Since when
Engineering Council of India Professional Engineer PE/01406/16 26.10.2016
Fellow (Category : 27.05.2005
The Institution of Valuers India Machinery & Plant) F: 9448 05.12.2004
FIV(I)
Approved valuer
Associate Member AM- 74998/5 12.02.1992
53
The Institution of Engineers Fellow FIE(I) F-110329/2 15.02.2005
(India) Member, MIE(I) M-106639/5 10.06.2004
Chartered Engineer[India] F-110329/2 19 th August
Professional Engineer (India) PE:0710 2005
Arbitration Engineer F-110329/2 6 th August
ARB/MC/2021/21 2021
Income Tax Department Registered valuer Register of valuers 29.11.2010
Ministry of Finance Plant & Machinery Sl.No.753
Greater Chennai Corporation Registered Engineer Grade-I RE101542019 03.09.2019
Works Department
State Bank of India Approved Valuer CONCELL/67 31.01.2014
Plant and Machinery
All India Management Association Member ,MIMA M-200621306 01.10.2006
Fellow FIMA F-200620434 04.08.2007
Madras Management Association
Fellow FMMA F-200620434
Textile Association (India) Associate, ATA BOLM 3556 16.12.1993

Fellow, FTA BOLM 3556 05.12.2004
0LQLQJ (QJLQHHUV¶ $VVRFLDWLRQ RI Member, MMEA 2520 20.05.2005
India Fellow , FMEAI F-062 29.06.2008
Ministry of Finance Surveyor Loss Assessor SLA-32635/91- 13.06.1991

Insurance Act,1938 96/EXP02/06/96.
The Aeronautical Society of India Member M-15503 08.06.2002
MAeSI
The New India Assurance Surveyor Fire, Motor and KS/43/03 27.09.1991
Company Limited . Engg.
The oriental Insurance Company Surveyor Fire and Engg. GEN/BCS/915/92 28.08.1992
Limited
Bioinformatics Institute of India Life Member L-1244 26.06.2002
Corporation of Chennai/ Licence of Surveyor Number 225 14.10.2004
Greater Corporation of I Class /
Chennai Registered Engineer, Gr.-I/ RE101542019 03.09.2019
The Institution of Engineers, Member M-18828 28.01.2004

Bangladesh .
Indian Society for Technical Life Member LM 35358 2003
Education
Indian Society for Training & Member 1-73/2006/Mar2007 om 2006
Development
Consultancy development Centre Member 31000/2002 14.11.2002
(DSIR),Ministry of Science and
Tech
American Chemical Society Member 30137476 12,
November
2010
Indian Society of Agricultural Life Member LM-10411 30.06.2007
Engineers
International Society for Research Fellow F3140900135 23.11.2014
54
and Development
American Society of Mechanical Member Membership #: 2007

Engineers 9255217
Loss prevention Association of Member AL 22 204 0586 27.06.2002

India Ltd.
Hong Kong Society of Robotics Member 61050149 02.02.2020

and Automation
ResearchGate COVID-19 Research RG Score 11.5 Since 2016
https://www.researchgate.net/profi Community Member
le/Vijayan_Iyer
55
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A spiritual feelings of my dedication to my late loving parents.

Keywords: act, arbitration, education, engineering, environment, health,

Keywords: arbitration , covering, chromium, culture, eco-friendly, health, seed-

Chromium is a carcinogenic substance. The chromium leakage is so alarming

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Roller Construction, Covering, Testing, and Maintenance

CCLC roller is pressed against the stationary knife at considerable pressure.

Table 1 : Values of Hardness of Various Roller

3. Results and Discussions

3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Mitigation Study

3.2 Evaluation of Different Roller Coverings Materials on a Roller Gin

Table -2: Roller Covering Materials and Construction

Table-3: Roller Covering Materials and Construction

3.4 Evaluating Eco-Friendly Tanned Leather Roller Covering

Physical Characteristics of Various Trial Rollers

Table-5 : Roller Covering Materials and Construction

Table-6 : Roller Covering Materials And Construction

3.7 Evaluating Rubberized Cotton Fabric (RCF) Roller Covering Material

Based on the design and development of various rollers with subsequent

The research was done to compare the ginning performance of a felt

Multilingual eBooks of High Impact SCI /SSCI Published by International

Keywords: arbitration, assessment, analysis, chromium, effects, evaluation,

2.1 Acute toxic effects

2.2 Chronic toxic effects

United States 1.9 31.9 16.7 470.8

2.3 Sources and Health Effects of Particulate Matter

2.3.1 Health effects

2.3.2 Heath effects of RSPM cotton dust

2.3.3 Health effects of leather dust

3.3 Health Study

ACUTE EFFECTS CHRONIC EFFECTS

Dr. VIJAYAN GURUMURTHY IYER

11. Details of Past Service Experience and Present Employment in

11.University of Madras,Envtl. Guest Lecturer 07.11.2020-30.04.2021

7.Haramaya University, Professor (Environrmental 17.01.2014- 10.02.2015

6.RVS Padhmavathy College of Engg & Chief Suptt. 17.09.2013 ± 11.01.2014

Textile Association (India) Associate, ATA BOLM 3556 16.12.1993

Ministry of Finance Surveyor Loss Assessor SLA-32635/91- 13.06.1991

The Institution of Engineers, Member M-18828 28.01.2004

American Society of Mechanical Member Membership #: 2007

Loss prevention Association of Member AL 22 204 0586 27.06.2002

Hong Kong Society of Robotics Member 61050149 02.02.2020

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