caudally, allowing a good view of the pancreas and important lymph nodes.

The same principle greatly

improves visualization of the kidneys and hilum of the liver, which move with respiration (see below).

Please use clear breathing instructions such as: "Take a deep breath with your mouth open [pause] and
now please hold your breath." Remember to instruct the patient immediately to exhale after an
adequate pause (maximum of 20 seconds) or as soon as you have frozen the image. This instruction is
not nearly as trivial as you may think.

Good breathing instructions are not only well received by the patient, they also avoid undue strain on
the patient's respiratory system and expedite the examination of the upper abdomen. These maneuvers
are superfluous when examining the lower abdomen.

Untuk memvisualisasikan ginjal dan hilum hepar bisa terlihat Dengan mengintruksikan pasien untuk
menraik nafas dan menahan nafas. Teknik ini dilkukan untuk melihat perut bagian atas.

Before you work through this page, please complete the exercise on page 19 to familiarize yourself with
spatial orientation in sagittal planes. You should only proceed here when you are completely familiar
with this orientation and the physical principles discussed on pp. 6-18. From here on, you will be
assumed to have this basic knowledge.

The goal of examining the retroperitoneum goes beyond evaluation of the retroperitoneal vessels. It is
also intended to exclude disorders such as aortic aneurysm or thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. An
additional goal is to become familiar with the vascular anatomy of this region because obliquely imaged
vessels can easily be mistaken for oval lymph nodes, which are also hypoechoic. Correct identification of
the individual vessels also greatly facilitates spatial orientation and provides landmarks to aid in
identifying other structures later.

Imaging Planes

• Images can be produced in any plane of the body by adjusting the direction of the probe. By
convention, two common imaging planes are used.

• The sagittal or longitudinal plane is obtained along the long axis of the body or body part being
scanned and is viewed with the patient’s head toward the left and feet toward the right. The upper part
of the image is more superficial or closer to the transducer and the lower part of the image is deeper
and farther from the probe (Fig. 19.2A).

• The transverse plane is obtained perpendicular to the long axis of the body or body part being scanned
and is conventionally viewed with the patient’s right on your left side and the patient’s left on your right
side (Fig. 19.2B).

GAMBARAN ORGAN.

Gambar organ dapat diproduksi di setiap bidang tubuh dengan menyesuaikan arah probe. Dengan
konvensi, dua pencitraan umum yang digunakan :

1. Bidang sagittal atau longitudinal diperoleh di sepanjang sumbu panjang tubuh atau bagian
tubuh yang dipindai dan dilihat dengan kepala pasien ke arah kiri dan kaki ke arah kanan.
Bagian atas gambar lebih dangkal atau lebih dekat ke transduser dan bagian bawah gambar
lebih dalam dan lebih jauh dari probe (Gambar 19.2A).
2. Bidang melintang (transversal) diperoleh tegak lurus terhadap sumbu panjang tubuh atau
bagian tubuh yang dipindai dan secara konvensional dilihat dengan kanan pasien di sisi kiri
Anda dan kiri pasien di sisi kanan Anda (Gambar 19.2B).

• The frequency of the soundwaves used in any given US study plays an integral role in the resolution of
the US images.

• Higher frequencies result in higher resolution images and more detail. However, the higher the
frequency, the shorter the penetration distance. Therefore, although higher frequencies will provide
more detail, they cannot display deeper tissues because of their shorter penetration

• US transducers are designed to produce inherently different frequencies of sound waves, usually
labeled on the probe. Choosing the proper transducer for the type of study is important in order to
provide as much detail as possible while providing enough penetration to reach the desired tissue.

• In general, higher frequency transducers are appropriate for superficial structures or those that
require fine detail and lower frequency transducers are appropriate for deep structures.

• Several types of US are used in medical imaging. They are described in Table 19.2
Frekuensi gelombang suara yang digunakan dalam setiap studi AS yang diberikan memainkan peran
integral dalam resolusi gambar AS.
 Frekuensi yang lebih tinggi menghasilkan gambar resolusi yang lebih tinggi dan lebih detail.
Namun, semakin tinggi frekuensinya, semakin pendek jarak penetrasi. Oleh karena itu,
meskipun frekuensi yang lebih tinggi akan memberikan lebih banyak detail, mereka tidak
dapat menampilkan jaringan yang lebih dalam karena penetrasinya yang lebih pendek.
 Transducer USG di rancang untung menghasilkan gelombang suara yng berbeda. Memilih
transducer yang tepat penting untuk memberikan penetrasi yang cukup untuk mencapai
jaringan yang diinginkan.
 Secara umum, transducer frekuensi yang lebih tinggi sesuai untuk struktur superfisial atau
membutuhkan detai halus dan transducer frekuensi yang lebih rendah sesuai untuk struktur
yang dalam.

Types of Ultrasound

A-Mode Simplest ; spikes along a line represent the signal amplitude at a certain depth; used mainly in
ophthalmology.

B-Mode Mode most often used in diagnostic imaging; each echo is depicted as a dot and the sonogram
is made up of thousands of these dots; can depict real-time motion.

M-Mode Used to show moving structures, such as blood flow or motion of the heart valves

Doppler Uses the Doppler effect to assess blood flow; used for vascular US. Pulsed Doppler devices emit
short bursts of energy that allow for an accurate localization of the echo source.

Duplex ultrasonography Used in vascular studies; refers to the simultaneous use of both gray-scale (or
color Doppler) to visualize the structure of, and flow within, a vessel and spectral (waveform) Doppler to
quantitate flow

Jenis Ultrasound

 A-Mode Paling Sederhana; paku sepanjang garis mewakili amplitudo sinyal pada kedalaman
tertentu; terutama digunakan dalam oftalmologi.
 Mode B-Mode paling sering digunakan dalam pencitraan diagnostik; setiap gema digambarkan
sebagai titik dan sonogram terdiri dari ribuan titik-titik ini; Dapat menggambarkan gerakan real-
time.
 M-Mode Digunakan untuk menunjukkan struktur bergerak, seperti aliran darah atau gerakan
katup jantung
 Doppler Menggunakan efek Doppler untuk menilai aliran darah; digunakan untuk vaskular AS.
Perangkat Pulsed Doppler memancarkan semburan energi pendek yang memungkinkan
lokalisasi sumber gema yang akurat.
  Ultrasonografi dupleks digunakan dalam studi vaskular; Mengacu pada penggunaan simultan
dari kedua skala abu-abu (atau warna Doppler) untuk memvisualisasikan struktur, dan aliran di
dalam, kapal dan spektral (bentuk gelombang) Doppler untuk kuantitas aliran.

Before you work through the next few pages, you should again review the transverse imaging planes:
Where is the liver (on the patient's right side) visualized on a correctly oriented transverse scan? On the
right or left side of the image? If you are not completely sure of the answer, please go back to page 19
and review the relative anatomic location of the organs in the transverse planes with the aid of the
coffee filter (the solution is found on page 122).

Anatomi dasar

In addition to evaluation of the pancreas, the goals of this examination include evaluation of the
perivascular lymph node groups. To image the transverse planes of the upper abdomen, rotate the
transducer 90° counterclockwise and place it horizontally on the upper abdomen. The patient is
instructed to inhale deeply, and the upper abdomen is systematically scanned by sweeping the
transducer slowly and steadily through a cranio caudal arc (Fig. 27 .1 ). In this manner, vessels can be
easily evaluated over their entire length and differentiated from focal masses.

ANATOMI DASAR PADA PEMERIKSAAN USG.

1. Posisi probe transversal pada abdomen.

Selain evaluasi pankreas, tujuan pemeriksaan ini untuk melihat kelenjar getah bening perivaskular.
Untuk gambar bidang melintang dari perut bagian atas, putar transduser 90 ° berlawanan arah jarum
jam dan letakkan secara transversal di perut bagian atas. Pasien diinstruksikan untuk menghirup dalam,
dan perut bagian atas secara sistematis dengan menggeser transduser perlahan kearah kaudal cranial
(Gambar 27.1). Dengan cara ini, pembuluh darah dapat dengan mudah dievaluasi sepanjang panjangnya.

The problem for the examiner is that these imaging planes show numerous arteries, veins, bile ducts,
and lymph nodes in close proximity to each other, all of which must be differentiated from each other
despite similar echogenicity (blood vessels are anechoic to hypoechoic, as are lymph nodes). Do you
remember where the left renal vein crosses to the contralateral right side and whether the right renal
artery courses anterior or posterior to the inferior vena cava on its way to the right kidney? Refresh your
knowledge of basic anatomy by labeling all the numbered structures in Fig. 27.2 in the blanks below the
figure, initially without consulting the legend or an anatomy book. This approach may appear somewhat
cumbersome at first, but your retention will be significantly better than if you were to simply reproduce
a labeled drawing. Next, compare your answers to the legend on the back cover flap and make any
necessary corrections. Please repeatthisexercisewithalittledeterminationonseparatesheets of paper until
you are able to label every numbered structure in Figs. 27.2 and 27.3 correctly. Only then should you
proceed to the following pages, as both the concept of this workbook and the structure of our practical
ultrasound courses absolutely require this knowledge.