‘he idea of matrices was given by br Cayley. an English mathematician tisinteeth century who first developed, Arey of Matrices” in 1858. Qi. Define the following terms. ) Matrix “a rectangular array or a formation dlacdion of real numbers, say 0, 1, 2, fami 7, such as: } 3 and then ‘evlosed by brackets ‘| J’ is said to form a 1 3 4] F : 4 $4]: Simitany [2 a) caer mats The matrices are, denoted aavenioeally by the capital Setters ABCuuMN ete. of the English ait. (Order of a Matrix ‘The number of rows and columns inamatix specifies its order. If a matrix Mias m rows and 2 columns then M is soto he of onder, m-by-n, For example, 2 a1 We 2) (ii) Equa! Matrices mit is onler 2-by-3, Exer 1. Mind the order of the following matrices. ol ‘| ghromterof A is 2-by-2 j2 a} . ml sl order of B is 2-by-2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS Let A and B be two matrices, Then A is said to be equal to B, and is denoted by AB, if and only if; ) The order of A = The order of B ii) Their corresponding entries are equal. @ A ja al and B [a 2 are equal matrices We see that (a) The order of matrix A = The order of matrix B (b) Their corresponding clements are equal. Thus A=B . 2 3 ai) a 5] are not equal matrices. We see that: order of L = order of M but entries in the second row and second column are not same, so L # M. Sa 23 234 (ii) ele 2 and o-[?, 2 4 are not equal matrices. We see that onder of P ¥ order of Q.s0P#Q onder of Cis I-by-2 onder of D is 3-by-1order of Bis 3-by-2 order of Bis 1-by-1 0 3 | order of G is 3-by-3 5 23 . {i 0 ‘| order of His 2-by-3 2. * Which of the following matrices are equal? A=[3], B-[3 5],C=[5 - 2] p=[s a8 2} n-{) 342] 6 fe Eel 2-2 Bea Equal inattices are A=C Bel BsH=J F=G 3. Find the values of a, b, ¢ and d which satisfy the matrix equation. ate at2b]_[o 7] c-1 44-6] 13 2a] atesO od) 244 } Ans, a+2b= Gil) c sevssses-liii) 4d 6 = 24 ......liv) From (iii) c=3el From (iv) 4d-2d=6 Put vain —4+2b=-7 Qbe7+4 2b =-3 ‘Types of Matrices (e) Row Matrix. A matrix is called a row matrix if j hhas only one row. e.gs the matrix M=(2 9-1 7] is « row matrix of order I-by-3-— ant M=[1 -1] is'a row matrix of order i by-2. (i) Column Matrix. ‘A matrix is called a column mattis i if it has only one column eg., we)2 ani N=[0} are column matrices of. order i 2by-1 and 3-by-1 respectively. () Rectangular Matrix, A matrix ig catled rectangular if, the number of rows of M is not equal to tle number of columns of M. 12 eg A=] 1 23 ee *| def {7 8 | are all rectangular matrices, The 10. ader of A is 3-by-2, the order of B is 2- by-3, the order of C is I-by-3 and order of Dis 3-by-1, which indicates that in each matrix the number of rows # the number of columns, ©) Square Matrix. A inatrix is called a square matrix if its number of rows is cqual to its number of columns. : C={1 23) and D= 24 2 ~1 cal? adh 3 Blan . oO 1 3 C=[3] are square matrices of orders »Pby-2, 3-by-3 and 1-by-1 respectively. ©) Null or Zero Matrix, A matrix M is called a null or zero matrix if each of its entries is 0. vefo oh (oh fos9) 0 0 0 and }0 © 0) are null matrices of 00 0 orders 2-by-2, I-by-2, 2-by-1, 2-by-3 and 3-by-3 respectively. Null matrix is represented by 0. (vi) Transpose of a Matrix. A matrix obtained by interchanging the rows into columns or columns into rows of a matrix is called transpose of that matrix. If A is a matrix then its transpose is denoted by A‘ 12 3 eg, @ If Ast2 1 9 14 2 102 +1 - then A‘=[2 1 4 3.0 -2 Note: if a matrix A is of order 2-by-3 then order of its transpose At is 3-by-2 (vil) Negative of a Matrix. Let A be a matrix. Then its negative, —A, is obtained by changing the signs of all the entries of A, ie., 1 2 IAs [3 A (viii) Symmetric Matrix. A square mateix is symmetric if it is equal to its transpose ie., matrix A is symmetric if A'=A. en ~1 2 3 eg @ if Ms|2 -1 4 3 4 0 ia square matrix, then 1 2 3 M'=)2 -1 4|=M. Thus M is a 3.4 0 symmetric matrix. 213 Gi) Ie 2); 13 2 then A'=|1 2 1/#A 3\) 20m Hence A is not a symmetric matrix. () Skew-Symmetric Matrix. ‘A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if A'=—A. 0 [Bios eg, If =|-2 0 1), then 3 -1 0 02 2-3 fife 33 310} |. +) 0 o 23] =-|-2 0 1 3 -1 0 Since A‘ = —A, therefore A is a skew-symmetric matrix. (x) Diagonal Matrix. A square matrix A is called a diagonal matrix if atleast any one of the entries of its diagonal is not zero and non- diagonal entries must all be zero. 10 0 1 0 0 eg,A=/0 2 0|,B=|0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 and C=/0 1 0} are all diagonal 00 3 matrices of order 3-by-3. m-|2 °] ana n=|! ° Oo 3 Oo 4 are diagonal matrices of order 2-by-2. (xi) Scalar Matrix. A diagonal matrix is called a scalar matrix, if all the diagonal entries are same k 0 0 and non-zero, For example }0 k 0 oo k where k is a constant #0, 1. 20 0 3.0 Also A=|Q 2 0|, B= land 0 3 o 0 2 C=[5] are scalar matrices of order 3-by- 3, 2-by-2 and I-by-1 respectively. (xii) Identity Matrix. A diagonal matrix is called identity (unit) matrix if all diagonal entries are 1 and it is denoted by I. 10 0 eg, As|O 1 0) is a 3by-3 oo 1 identity matrix. 1 0} % 2, x B=). | isa2by-2 identity maui. cs[i] ig a L-by-1 identity matrix.Ans, (a) Ligier From the following matrices, fientify unit matrices, row matrices, cohmn matrices and null matrices. 0 0 . Ans. af al: Null matrix B=[2 3 4], Row matrix 4 C=|0], Column matrix 6 1 0 D=| , Unit matrix o 1 E=(0], Null matrix 5 F=|6 Column matrix 7 From the following matrices, identity (a) Square matrices (0) Rectangular matrices (©) Row matrices (@) Column matrices (e) Identity matrices () Null matrices Square Matrices: ii) fe 3 (3-2, flo ™ Lo 4 Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. {b) © (@ () 1 24 Wii) j|-1 2 0 [o 0 1) Rectangular Matrices: , 827 a 120 | 3 Gi fo i fi 2 w [34 56 Row Matrices: w) B10 -I Column Matrices: 3 Gi) fo ul fa wid [0 0 Identity Matrices: . 1 0 @) 14 | Null matrices: 00 Gxy [00 003. From the following matrices, identify diagonal, scalar and unit (identity) matrices. 4 0) A= 0 2 0 1 oi 3 0] o of 5 Ss 0 E= 0 J+1 Ans, Scalar matrices: 4 0 Az . 8 Oo 4) 1+] Unit Matrices: 1 0 c= o 1 Diagonal Matrices: 4 0 2 A= iBe ° , Oo 4 0 mg. [1 c= ¥ .D= aa o 8 o 0 E- 5-3 0 0 141 4. Find negative of matrices A, B, C, D and E whe 1 A=|0), -1 Ans. -A=/ 0 1 i Ans. : Al “| Ans. ah —2 Ans. he | 5 Ans. | 3 5, Find the transpose of each of following matrices: Ans. () 0 A=|1|,> At=[o 1 2] -2 5 B=[5 1 -6]= BY=[1 6 12 . Ca|2-1) = \2 > 2-1if a cay iB dns, (ANTS A LHS =(A'* aelt 2 “(01 1/1 9] = A -) H| A(t 2 ay-{h 3] (A)! =A SRHS, Hence LHS =R.HS, Ans, Gi) LHS= (BY! of (BY =B =RHS Hence = =LH.S =R.HS. Addition and Subtraction of Matrices Define Addition of Matrices. Let A and B be any two matrices with real number entries. The matrices A and B are conformable for addition, if they have the same order 230] -234 in AZ } and B= are 10 6| 123] conformable for addition. Addition of A and B, written A+ B is obtained by adding the entries of the matrix A to the corresponding entries of the matrix B. [230] [234 ce, Aen; bells ; 3] 24(-2) 343 044 [ 14 0+2 643 Define Subtraction of Matrices. Tf A and B are two matrices of same order then subtraction of matrix B from mateix A is obtained by subtracting the entries of matrix B from the corresponding entries of matrix A and it is denoted by A—B. 234 022 eg, A= and B= are iI 50 -143 conformable for subtraction, 234) [0 22 ic, A-B= — 150 las -| 2-0 3-2 7) I-CD) 5-4 0-3 Muttiplication of a Matrix by a Real Number Let A be any matrix and the real number k be a scalar. Then the scalarmultiplication of matrix A with k is obtained by multiplying cach entry of matrix A with k. It is denoted by kA. t -l1 4 Let A=| 2-1 0] be a matrix of -1 3 2 order 3-by-3 and k=-2 be a real number. Then KA=(-2)A i. -1 4 =(-2) 2 -1 0 -t 3.2 21 DED C247 =| 22) BCH (20) (2-1 2)8)— ©2)(2. 22 8 =|4 20 2 6 4 Commutative and Associative Laws of Matrices (a) Commutative Law under Addition If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then A + B = B + A is called commutative law under addition. 3.0 ‘Then 2 3 2 5 AIB=|/5 6 404 2 1 3) |4 2 ) 5 2 243° 3-2 045 s =|5-1 6+4 I+ ]=|4 10 6 244 142 3-4 30-1 Similarly a 42 25 23 0 BtA=|-1 4 Ti+/S 6 1 4 2 -4)[2 1 3 5 1 5 =|4 10 2 6 3 -1 Thus the commutative law of addition of matrices is verified, A+B=Bta (b) Associative Law under Addition If A, B and C are three matrices of same order, such that (A+B)+C=A+(B+0) is called associative law under addition. 230 Let A=|5 6 1], 2 1 3 30-2065 B=|-1 4 1 4 2 4 and 1 3 0 4then | 3 : 2 5 (A+ByeC=|/5 6 ilef-1 4 1 W213 4 2-4 fl 23 200 4 120 [243 3-2 O45 2 s\S-1 644 Let + 0 4 24 142 3-4 20 51 102 3 =14 10 2 lel 2 04 6 3 [1 2 0 63 8 2-10 6 1 = 23 0 ArBiQ=|5 6 1 ZiL 8 fB 2 sjft 23 Hil 4 Lief og fy 2 -4] [1 2 0 23 0] f34t 242 543 =|5 6 t/4-1-2 440 144 2 1 3) | 44t 242 440 [23 olf4 0 8 |S 6 14-3 4 5 21 3,15 4 -4 6 3 8 =|2 10 6 73-1 Thus the associative law of addition is verified: (A+B)4C = Aa(B40) Additive Identity of a Matrix If A and B are two matrices of same order such that A +B = Ba then matrix B is called additive identity of matrix A. For any matrix A and zero matrix O of same order, O is called additive identity of A as A+tO=A=O4+A sort 2} spt o+a-l? ,f ayn 21a o of sf [as Additive Inverse of a Matrix If A and B are two matrices of same order such that A+B =O=B+A then A and B are called additive inverse of each other. Additive inverse of any matrix A is obtained by changing the signs of all the non zero entries of A. 12 4 Letta=|0 1 -2 301 0 then 102 1) fa -2 = B=(-A)=-|0 +1 s]o 1 2 3 1 of [3 4 0 is additive inverse of A. It can be verified as:0+0 D+) +3) +0 0 0 0 =|0 0 ol=0 o 0 0 -1 2-1 [ies (2)+(-2) a +0 D+ o+0 1 2 I B+A=| 0 1 2/410 -1 2 [3-1 0 a-[3 i flo 1-2 -1 0 ey 32 =| 141 -4 342 241 2 1 A= and =i 9 “| 2+1 C=/2 -1], p=) [3 1 0 O+O CD)+Q Ch+0) =| 0+0 M+) (2)4+(-2) 3)+8) +a) 0+0 0 0 0 =|0 0 O|=0 o 0 0 Since A+B=O=B+A Therefore B is additive inverse of A. 1. Which of the following matrices are conformable for addition? ih 3 Ans. (i) E are conformable for addition, 3 | p-| i i 3 i] are conformable for addition. 10 (ii) 12 a 2 =|2-1fand F=| 1+) 4 342 241 are conformable for addition. 2, Find the additive inverse of following matrices. Additive inverse of Matrix A is oils a]1 o 4 Gi) B=|2 0-23 3 2 1 Additive inverse of Matrix B is I Oo -l ot 2 3 1 0 1 — 2-1 4 iii) C= 2 3] Additive inverse of Matrix C is dahl lo @y) D=)-3 2 24 Additive inverse of Matrix D is Lo 10 —D=-|-3 -2 2-0-3 A 2-1 Additive inverse of Matrix E is af eee » ele o |" i Additive inverse of Matrix F is oe ett a 3 If asl? 2) pel! . “{2 a7 =|} 1 c=[1 -1 yo-| > 3} find, yap 4 wif? @ 1 A Gi) 3 -102 Gi) cH[2 1 3 i Dt pio fy) 2A Vv) ” 201 Wi) CIB (wii) 2)C (viii), 3D fix) 3 ‘Ans. (i) alt ‘] “a it an walls 3 ‘Gh 16 ‘al-L2] Gi) CH[2 13] =[I -1 2+ [2 1 3] =[I-2 -141 243] =[-1 0 5] . 0 1 0} aoe 0 1| 1 140 244 043] _[1 ok 142 040 of) = [! @) 2A= A; 1 iF [3 4] (i) -1(B)= col! iF wii) Cac=(-2[I 1 J =[-2 2-4] ca apo 1 0j|_[o 3 0 oan w=qe 4 9-(0 2 9) 2 isGx) 3C=3f1 -1 2] =[3 -3 6] ; 102 37 f1aid 4. Perform the indicated operations (vy fol =I =I) +/2 2 2 and simplify the following. O 1 2) [333 i 10} fo 2) prot 141 241 341 @ fr hs ot 7 = |-t2 “142 -142 . 1 oj] fo 2) f 4 043 143° 243 Gi + = o 1 [3 o} |: 0 234 Gi) [2 3 a = hie +([L 0 2j-[2 2 2) aos fe a 22 f 2 3)]1 a1 w) 2 3 t|+/-2 -1 0 (iv) }-1 = -tf+]2,0 20 2 3 1 2} /o 2 o a 2 3°93 3 a» fl 21,f2 11fir o [ib oh] _ 14041 OF241] _ 2. 3] 1424+) 24141 - 04341 140+0] ~ 4) = eat nest ‘4 107 fo 2) fit # fo S15 )-f a] = [33] 22 = [oan Sena 0+3-1 140-0 5. For the matrices - ig Hl f 2 j 2 A=/2 30 1), Gi) [2 3 Y+((1 0 2-2 2 2) 1-100 = [23i]+fl-2 0-2 2-2] toa = [2 3 14+[-1 -2 o} n 2 ] and = {2-1 3-2 1+0] 301 3. fii q]-1 0 0 C=|0 -2 31 verify the 1 1 2 following rules. @) A+C=C+A Gi) = A+B=B+A (ii) B+C=C+B (vy) A+(B+A)=2A+B () (C-B)+A=C+(A-B) (vi) 2A+B=A+(A+B) (vii) (C-B)-A=(C-A)-B (iit) (A+B)+C=A+(B+C) (x) A@-C)=(A+C)+B (x) 2A+2B=2(A+B) Ans, @ AtC=C+aA LHS=A+C 12 2 -1 0 0 =|2 3 1}4)0 2 3 1-1 0 112 1-1 2+0 3+0 =}24+0 3-2 143 141 -14+1 042 023 =|21 4 202 14h 0+2 043 O+2 -2+3 3+1 Itt 1-1 042 =|2 3 1-11 Lj+}2 2 2 ’-t o} [3 1 3 141 2+2 143 24 u u ae 1 0 1 wt 1 =}2 -2 2 Boll 3 141 242 S42 a =|4 1 [4 0 LHS.=RHS i 2-1 341 3-2 142 -l+1 043 } 12 3 +423 1 Lik. 6 +2 a we —24+3 2+) 1-1 3+0 4 3 3 iy) | B+C=C+B LHS=B+C i] =| 2+0 Stl IL 1-1 -1 0 0 2 2 2/+,0 2 3 Si 3 11 2 2-2 243 ~-1+0 140 141 342fo -14 =|2 4 5 425 RHS=C+B fal 0 0 =| 0 -2 3 la i 2 [-l+t 0-1 sc] =| 04#2 2-2 342 L143 Tet 342 fo -1 17 =| 2 4 | 42 3] LHS=RH: (ivy A+(B+A)=2A48 LHS = A+(B+A) 12 3) f214 =|2 3 1f441 Ll ~1 0} [40 1+2 241 344] =) 244 341 143 44-140 043 | [3 3 7] 644 “13 RHS=2A+B five 37 fi iry =2)2 F-1]4{2 2 2 i -rof la 1 34 {2 4 6) 71 a4 =]4 6 2/2 -2 2 2 2 0} |3 4 3) 241 4-1 6+t =| 442 6-2 242 337 =6 4 4 5-13 LHS= RHS () (C-B)+A=C+(A-B) LHS. = (CB) +A -1 0 0) fi = C-B =|)0 2 3]-/2 -2 2 toro2) ia 1 3] -1 G+l 0-1 =| 0-2 242 3- 1-30 1-1=} 040 245 3-1 li-2 1-2 2-3 “13 2 =]0 3 2 LIS = RLS. (i) 2A+B=A+(A+B) LHS=2A+B 123) fi a 1] aa+B=2)2 3 1/ 4/2 2 {1 a0] {3 1 3 f-1+0 043 =| =“ wn 37 6 4 4 5-13 RAS. = A¥(A+B) 123 AF(A+B) 3 34+ Liha of } 142 241 344 [244 34i 143 144 -140 043 RHS. 0 1 oh O+1 242 1-1 1 2 -2 304 oa] 3-2 | 2-3 | 1“2-2 3) fi -t 1 (C-A)-B=|-2 -5 2/-)2 2 2 0 2 2) [3 1 3 -2-1 -2+1 -3-1 2 -54+2 2-2 0-3 2-1 2-3 3-14 3-4-3 0 3 1 -l L.H.S = R.H. (vill) (A+B)+C= A+(B+O0) LHS = (A+B) +C 123) fi-1t AtB=|2 3 1]4/2 2 2 [1 -1 0} [3.13 141 2-1 341] [21 4 =|24+2 3-2 14+2/=|4 1 3 143 -1+1 0+3) [4 0 3 1-1 -1+0 140] [O -1 1 240 -2-2 24+3/=/2 4 5 3+1 1+) 243) [4 2 5 140 2-1 341 =[24+2 3-4 145] [1+4 -145 0+5 RUS=RES fix) | A+(B-C)=(A-C)+B LHS=A+(B-C) 1 -1 1] [-1 0 0] B-c =|2 -2 2/-|0 2 3 391 3) [1 1 2 I#1 -1-0 1-0] [2 -11 =| 2-0 -242 2-3 {=|2 0 -1 3-1 I-1 3-2} [2 0 1] 1 2 3) f2 -1 1] A+@o =)2 3 L420 -1 1-10} }2 01 i420 2-1 341) =|2+2 340 1-1 142-140 O41 1 47 22 {(A-C)+B=| 2 0 241 2-1 341 =| 242. 5-2 -24+2 [043-241 -243] 301 47) =a 3 ol [3 -1 1| LHS.=RHS, (x) 2A+2B=2(A+B) LHS, =2A42B123 1-11 ap =2]2 3 i +2)2 2 2 1 -10 3°13 24 6) f2 22 =|4 6 2/44 4 4 220} |6 2 6 242 4-2 642 =| 444 6-4 244 2+6 -2+2 046 428 =|8 26 806 RHS= 2 (A+B) 12 37f1 a1 YA+B)=2]]2 3-114) 2 2 2 1-10} [3 13 i#l 2-1 341 =2}/2+2 3-2 142 1+3 -1+1 043 2 4 14 =24 1 40 6 If al) 3 find () 3A-2B Gi) 2A'— 3B, Ans. @ 1 -2 07 -2B= - 3A-2B i; z| A’, a bolls is) [3-0 -6-14 “946 12-16 3-20 3 4 Gi) 2a'-38t 1-2 A [3 al 1 fi 3 ald =| 7 1) then find a and b. 1 am 3 theft] [5 aa) ‘les “]-Li 7[ae een "| ~6424 2a-12] [18 1 [rs lel "| 18 20-12} [18 3 => 843b= 2a-i2= From (i) 3b=10-8 3b= 2 3 From (ii) 2a=14+12 13 2 8. if aol i ae[) ‘} then verify that w@ (A+B)' = ASB (A-B)' = A‘—Bt A+A! is symmetric A-A‘ is skew symmetric B+B' is symmetric B-B* is skew symmetric (A+B)! = AYBE LHS =(A+B)! (ave)-[) ik 4 “(ots H)-E F (A+By -[3 ‘| RES = A'+ Bt at ef) 2) wi) typrafl OLf 2 eB! “l) teh 9 uf 141 042 “| 2+1 140 Ei] LHS. =RHS. di) (A-B)'=a'—Bt LHS. = (A-B)! ft 2]_pfia aml) ii 3] (a-m=[J"! ra |o-2 1- fo 4 (a-p-[ 9, 1) owl a R.HLS = A‘- BS :_fto welt] 2 fl 2] wt ol 10] fi: Bs “3 TEL ( {tH 0-2 “(2-1 1-0] {9 -2 Th LHS=RHS Gi) A+ AS is symmetric _fi 2 a=[5 |fi 0 at cf) 2 fo acate[o TS +h 240 0+2 14h 22 22 avant] So, A+ A‘is symmetric, fv) AA‘ is skew symmetric =-(4—a') is skow symmetric (9) B¥B' is symmetric nepal? 1 ft 2)_[141 142 |2 o/b of7|241 o+0 El (B+B') “3 al = (B+B') is symmetric (vi) B-B'is skew symmetric ror ft 2]_fit i ow |) oH Fle bol 0 4 [i 0! 0-1 Tie] fot (8-8) = = -10 =~ (B—B') is skew symmetric Multiplication of Matrices. Two matrices A and B are conformable for multiplication, giving product AB if the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. it A=|! 2 ap-|* Here eg, tet A=], 9) and Boi |. number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. So A and B matrices are conformable for multiplication. Examples @ WA! 2] and a Hi then AB=[L aI; | =[1x242x3 1x0+2x1] =|2+6 042]=[8 2] ILis a matrix of order 1-by-2.ap) “pt 2 2 -37 13 2 _[ xep4+3x31x0+3x2 | © [2-D+C3)3) 2x0+(-32) ae a (4 ‘l = = isa {-2-9 0-6] |-1 -6 2-by-2 matrix. Associative Law under Multiplication If A, B and C are three matrices conformable for multiplication then associative law under multiplication is given as (AB)C=A(BC) 23 oon wettaf? Lap? jac py) C= , [2 a) LHS. = (AB)C (2b OE [Shea cocoal 4a [me col] fa J 9x245x(-1) 9x24+5x0 Ox24+(-Dx(-I) 0x2+(~1)x0. 18-5 18+0] [13 18 041 040] [1 0 ti xuis=aco=[7 al Hi ‘) _[ 2 3]fox2+ix-) 0x2+1x0 “Lt 3x2+1x(-1) 3x2+1x0 [2 374 0 “3 als ‘| _ A-1+3x5 [crores _[-2+t5 0+18 “[ 140 0+0 13° 18 [P Sjawe 2x0+3x6 —1x0+0x6. 7 The associative law under multiplication of matrices is verified. Distributive Laws of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction (a) Let A, B and C be three matrices. Then distributive laws of multiplication over addition are given below. @ — A(@B+C)=AB+AC (Left distributive law) (i) (A+B)C=AC+BC (Right distributive law) 2 3 oo. Let A= » B= -1 0 31 _f2 2 and C= -1 0 LHS.=A(B+C) Lab aM a) Ls ) {id 042 142 3-1 14+0 then in (i)[2 372 3 hook a 2x243x2 —-2x343x1 “ee ea _[4+6 6+3] [10 9 {N Sel [s | RHS.=AB+AC J2 als He ala | “1 os 1f"[-1 of-1 2x043%3 2x1 +3x1 “ -1x040x3 aod 4| 2X243xC 1) 2x24+3x0 -1X2+0x(-1) -1x2+0x0 9 4 oaks 3 941 544) _f10 ae es Which shows that A(B+C)=AB+AC; b tat asl i LHS Or and c=]? |) then in iy 7 i 1 2) thening LHS.=A(B-C) 2 3if{-1 1 241 od oi 2) 2 3\({-1-2 1-1 SoS oa) 2 3-3 0 eile 4] JOHD+O10) 20) +3-2) | “| OM-3)+1x0 — 0x0+(1N-2) _[-6+0 0-6] [+ + en tole 4] RHS.=AB-AC 2 3-1 1) f2 392 1 “pole He ih | 2-1 +30) 20) +3(0) [te 1) +10) aps | 2x243x1 2x143x2 rare octatet| | lek ai oo] 28 Which shows that A(B-C)=AB-AC Commutative Law of Multiplication of Matrices ot Consider the matrices A ch ‘| and root wf So apel? ‘ft 0 i2 3)[0 -2 _[oxi+ixd — 0x0+1-2) © [2x143x0 2x043-2) fo 2 “12 ~6 and 1 olfo 1 BA =| o -2)12 3 _f 1x0+0x2 1x4 +0x3 OxO+(-2)x2 Ox1+3(-2)fo on 4 J Which shows that. AB # BA. Note: Commutative law under multiplication in matrices does not hold in general ie., if A and B are two matrices then AB ¥ BA, Commutative law under multiplication holds in particular case. 2 0 eg. I A=|) and B= then 2 off3 0 AB ah ‘| [ 0 ‘] [ee 3)+0x0 the. Ox(-3)41x0 OxO-HD<4 th 4 0 3 andBA =| 0 1 __[-3x2+0x0 -3x0+0x1 ~LOx2+4x0 — Ox0+4x1 {° ‘I Which shows that AB = BA. Multiplicative Identity of a Matrix. Let A be a matrix. Another matrix B is called the identity matrix of A under multiplication if AB=A=BA 1 2 1.0 As . B= sth waft 2meft Yt as If] fl Which sh« Verification of (AB)' © | Ox1+-3)x0 _|i« ~ |Ox1+1x0 1x1+2x0 1x0+2x1 | 0x0+(-3)(1) 1 2 “lo -3 lr ile Sl 1+0x0 1x240x(—3) Ox2+1«(-3) i) 2 o -3 ows that AB = A =BA. =BA\ If A and B are two matrices and A’, B' are their respective transpose, then (ABY' eg, A=|" 8, A=| 5 =BA aloof Gl LHS. = (AB) tt “Loxt+(-Dx(-2) 2 t]f1 3] 0 -1|/2 0 2x1+b<(-2) 2x341x0 | 0. 0x34 (I) DD -2 6+0] fo of 10+2 040) [2 0. 0 2 6 0 RES. =Bi AY,Pras E 0 3 oi a _Jixa+eayxt 1x0+(-2y-1) “| 3x2+0x1 3x0+0x(-1) [2-2 0+2 [640 0+0 0 2 =| =LHS ed LHS=RHS ‘Thus (AB)'= B' A‘. [Essig tra 1, Which of the following prodnet of matrices is conformable for sultiplcation? me felt] Number of Columns = Number of Rows “product is possible. 1 —1if2 —_ w (i 0 Ti 3 | Number of columns = Number of Rows. product is possible. eh ‘Number of columns # Number of Rows. product ig not possible. 12] fy /o a [ 9 7 4 alo 12 Namber of columns = Number of Rows. product is possible. Ww 2 3 0 0 z ond A | 23) Nomber of Colts = Number of Rows. *. Prostuct is possible, [3 0] , {6 2 If a? ap o-{\. find (i) AB (ii) BA (if possible). omg [8 38 =|-1(6)+2(5) ssh Gi) BA= ie 2 Product is not possible. Because number of columns # number of rows.Gi) (iii) iv) ) Find the following products. ® pay) =[1(4)+2@)] =[4+0] =[4] A] =[16) +24] =[5-8] =23] [3 al] =[-34)+0(0)]=[-12} oa =[6(4)+(0(0)]=[24] t a Saka 6 [be + 1(4)+200) (5) +2(-4) =| 34)+00) 36) +04) 6(4)+-10) 65) + (1-4). 440 5-8 =)-12+0 -15+0 2440 3044 4 3 =|-12 -15 24 34 4, Multiply the following matric wy |r iff a al o 2 0 12 © : 2 3] 4 45 6) | 1 2 © % 4 2 3] “1 i456 5 a [ IP 4 6 4), 4 -1 2]f0 0 . F ‘lle | 2 3 Ans, (a) {1 if; al 0 2 =| 1(2)+1(3) 1(-1) +1(0) 0(2)+(-2)(3) 13-2 =|5 -1 6 0 1 ) [! 2 3] 3 4 45 6 fe +33) 2(-1) +300) ] O(-1) +(-2) 0) =/ 1 +2G)+3-D 1(2)+204) 434) “(AM +158)46-D 4(2)+5(4) +601) 146-3 24843 4415-6 842046=| 30)+4(4). 3(2)4+46) 3) +4(6) -10) +104) -U(2) +165) -18) +106) fo 12 15 =|19 26 33 333 5 @ [ ‘l 2-3 6 4), 4 {2} 509 2) +4(4) ost 1(2)+2(5) sot 8(2)+5(-4) Pn 644-4) 6} _[16-20 -20420] _f-4 0 w [12-16 -15+16] [4 1 oT ah a -1(0)+ 200) -1€0) +200) “Lose 10)+ 3(0) 1 1 2 fp dels eft i Verify whether 13 @) AB=BA. (ii) A(BC) = (AB)C (iii) A(B4+C)=AB+AC (iv) A(B-C)=AB-AC Ans. @) ABBA, To check whether AB -BA Or not fet 3] fi 2 ABH! é [3 3 10) +3(-3) —1(2)+3(-5) 21) +O(-3) (2) + O(-S). 4 [1-9 -2-45 “la-0 440 _fa0 -17 “L2 4 fi 2][-1 3 pa-|!, 4b a| _f 16-9422) 1)+2(0) =a +-5(2) -38) + -5)0), _[-l+4 340). =|3-10 -9+0 [3 3 “|-7 9. So AB¥BA (i) A(BC) = (ABC LHS = A(BC) 1 2721 BO=| "5 aii 5] 1(2)+20) 1) +2) “|-32)+-50) -3)+-SG), _[2+2 146 *|-6-5 -3-15 J4o7 *\-11 18 “4134 7 AGO) =| 4 ah Isl _f-1@) +31) 107) +318) “| 2¢4)+0(-11) 2(7)+0(-18) _[-4-33 -7-54 “| 840 1440[37 -6r “L814 RS =(AB)C =! 3)f1 2 am fF alls 3] =[IO+3C-3) ~12)43¢-8y “| 2)+0¢-3) 2(2) 407-5) =/A-9 ~2-15 “L240 440 =| 10 -171f2 1 cape] adits + 102)-+(~17)) hae” L 22+4¢) 20) +43) =|720-17 10-517 OL 444 2412 | ~/-37 Hit “L8 14] Hence A(RC) = (AB)C (i) A(B+0) = ABs ac LHS =A(B+C) [2 27 meow) 21pm ={-10 =17 “12 4 [JO Wine 2040-3) 2(2)+-0¢-5) al!-9 -2-15] _f-10 —}7 “(240 440 | 7] 9 4 ace{7! 3]f2 1] “12 off1 3 =/7K2)430) 109.4303) me ~L 22) +00) 20) +013) J" fq “10 -17 18 rracaf® Pfr g ~[-1041 -1748 -[? [244 442 “16 6 6. For the matrices. anf! 2 2 m2 3)” a an Sl nal 1 6 of Ls -9 Verify that()(AB)'= Bt A‘GBO)' = CRE Ans, (i) — (AB)'= Bt A‘ LHS = (AB)! 1311 2] wet alls 3) I) 43-3) -1(2)43¢-5) 2(1)+0(-3) 2(2) + 0(-5) 1-9 -2-15 240 440 i 7) roofs yf 2 ww GY =| CD+(-3}@) 1(2)+(~3)(0) ~2ED+(-3)a) 2(2)+5(0) [ee He i 72-15 4 Flay 4 LHS=RHS Hence (AB)'= Bt A! 8 2 ‘] | ]f) @ci=CB LHS =(BC' [i 22 6 «4 315 S| [1-2428) G+ 2-9) =) 3-24-58) (6) 4-5-9) fae 6-18 =le-15 18445 4 3701 3 6 92 4 _[-20)43(2) -2(-3)43-5) =[6a)+2(-9) 6(-3)+-9-5). [246 6-15 “\6-18 -18 +45 [4 -9} “[-12 al LHS=RHS Hence (BC)'= C' BY Determinant of a 2-by-2 Matrix. a b . Let | il be a 2by-2 c squce matrix. The determinant of A, denoted by det A or IA! is defined b as|Al=det A= det (: | c a -be=he Rez Let B-| 1 ’ ‘b ‘Then [Bi-det B =1x3-(-2)(1)=3+2=5 If ul? Sleep oo. p det M =! =2x3-1x6=0 let \t ar ee x6 Singular and non-singular matrix. ‘A square matrix A is called singular if determinant of A is equal to zero. i.e., AIO. 1 2 For example, aly al is a singular matrix, since det A = Lx 0-02=0 A square matrix A is called non-singular if the determinant of A is not equal to zero. ie, LAL #0 For example aly 1 is non- singular, since det A=1x2—0x1=2#0. Note that, each square matrix with real entries is either singular or non-singular. Adjoint of a Matrix. b Adjoint of a square matrix A oe | is c obtained by interchanging the diagonal entries and changing the sign of other entries, Adjoint of matrix A is denoted as Adj A. ie., Adj a|s ~ | -c a 1 2 eg.if A= , then 3.01B [; | ten Ad BS 4 3. -4 3.2 Multiplicative inverse of a non-singular matrix, Let A and B be two non-singular square matrices of same order. Then A and B are said to be multiplicative inverse of each other if o 2 Adj A=| vl AB=BA=1 The inverse of A is denoted by AT, thus AAT=A7A Inverse of a matrix is possible only if matrix is non-singular. Inverse of a Matrix using Adjoint b Let M -(: abe a square ¢ matrix. To find the inverse of M, i.e. M™', first we find the determinant as inverse is possible only of a non-singular matrix. Then |Al=-6-(-=6+1=-540 IAT asa Te ATs 3 a] 5 5 61 2.2] =|5 5 35°5 ae 1.6 “3ts 55] Verification of (AB)? = BLA 0 - Let a-{? al and a-{s a Then det A=3x0-(-I)xl = 140 And det B = 0x2 ~ 3-1) =3#0 Therefore, A and B are invertible i.e., their inverses exist. Then, to verify the law of inverse of the product, take AB 3 1}fo -1 a alls 2 3x041x3— 3x(-I41x2 =i cnebron| al? ~ “ls | = ae cany=p 3#0and LHS. =(ABY 1 i RHS= BIA", where Bt “f _if2 tt “3-3 off apy ah ! (By In 0-1 13 Exerci 1 Find the determinant of the Iollowing matrices. Ans. (i) Fl i bey 10)-20) =0-2=-2 i 1 3 wy al) 4} [B| =-2)-26) D]=3(4)-1(2) =12-2=10 “af 2x0+ix1 — 2x(-I+1x3 [pepe eat _1fO+l -2+3 =3{ 0 3 | i] 4 aj (a) 2 = | 3 3|=(aBy? Hilo 1 ‘Thus the faw (AB) “' = B’ A‘ is veritied. 1 0 se i.5 2 Find which of the following matrices are singular or non-singular? . 36 ® ap) ‘l apg =3(4)~2(6) =12-12 singular Ans. 4 | i=5 =4(2)—30) =8-3=5 a. {7 9 w off J] -9| e-f s| =7(5)-3(-9) =35+27 =62#0 non-singular non-singular5 -10 (iv) D [ 4 | . 2 5-1 pl 3 4 =5(4)—(2)(-10) = 20-20 =0 singular 3. __ Find the multiplicative inyerse (if it exists) of each, 2 0 Wf d =-1(0)—2(3) |; 3] -2 6 ay 4 =-2(-9)-3(6) =18-1850 C does not exist. E i 3 (ivy) D=|2 4 26 2 3 A(Adj A)= (Adj A) A= (det A JI (i) BB'=I=B'B Ans. (i) A(Adj A)=(Adj A) A = (det A JI Ji 2 Ma ol [6 2 asia-[6 t| ACAdjA) [i als “ll | MO)+2(-4) 1-2) +21) “|4O)+6C-4) 46-2460), [6-8 -242 “124-24 846 [2 0 “Lo -2 sow asina-| 6 Tk 4 | 0D +-2(4) 6(2)+-2(6) “| -40) +14) 42) +106) _[ 6-8 12-12 “|-4+4 -8+6 (eS) Also (det AY weft fate Ib 6 =1(6)-2(4) =6-8=—2 (ut ayi=-2) q-(2 4 Hence: A(AdjA) = (AdjA) A = (det AJL [3 -1 di) al 3 det “| 2 Bp a = 2)-2-1) =-642=-470 peti AgB 1: 5] Bad age Bi a1f2 ‘ape -1 ~-4[-2 3)°4]2 3 11/3 -1][2 -1 lee a2 ale 3] “bse HQ) 3-D+e-De 422422) ADVE | 1f6-2 343] “4l4~4 246 1f4 0 310 4 ioe Similarly: pipe {2-13 -7 Pana alle 2] -1P2G+-Q 2-)+-DE 42G+(3Q) 2WY+(3) “do a] 5. Determine whether the given matrices are multiplicative inverses of each other. Ans. (i) [\ | and (2, 33 5/[7 -5 4 7\|-4 3 [3D +54) 31-5) +503) “a+ 7-4) 4(-5(+78) [21-20 -15+15]_[1 07_) (28-28 -20+21]7|0 1 . Given matrices are multiplicative inverse of each other. 7 1 alo 2 go Sama 1 2\f-3 2 2 3).2 -1 | W-3)+2(2) 1(2)+2(-1) “[2(-3)+3(2) 2(2)+3(-D). [34 2-2] [1 Oy “L646 4-3|"]0 1 4 0 4 6 If A= » BS [5 aha b= 3 plete verify that 2 @ = (ABy'=B°A7 Gi) (Ay =At Dt Ans, (@) (ABY'= BT At LHS = (AB)? 4 off-4 -2 4B i at 7 -| 44400) 4(-2)+0-1) =1-4)+20) -1-2)+2(-1) _f-16 -8 “L6 0 L16 [AB {4 al =-16(0)—6(-8) = 044824840 Agi AB) ad (ABY! =; Adj(AB) a [Bl--4-1)-1-2)=4+2=6 12 io] sajpot B= AdjB= a ] ‘Bl 1-4 ali 3] fs $-4@)-cn0=8 wtadagas ie ‘| AE “act allt 4] -4l —1(2)+ 20) | BIA =12)+-40) -1(0) + -4(4), ato 8 |- oF “a8l-6 -16] |-6/ -16 48” 7/48, 1 % KW LHS=RHS Hence: (AB)' = BATi @Ayt=At DT LHS = (DAY m [2a 3] _| 441CD | -2(4)+2(-D 20) +12) —2(0) + 2(2), fi2-1 O+2]_f 1 2 “|-8-2 O+4} [-10 4 i pal tio 4 =11(4)—(-10)(2) =44+20 = 64 agioa)-| re Adj(DA) 4 |_| 64 10 64 I Zl=Slb [P\=3(2)-(-2)(1) 642=8 Toe 7) —if2 0 -l 5 3 ] apicf2 oj a2 = -t oe =i ‘ih a; 31 wos? a: “| 641 4\i2 3 eae Asie D AdjD © 64] 1(2)+4(2)— 1(-1)+4(3) i 440 -2+0 © 64[248 -1412 [22 -1f§ 2\l 6 64fi0 | tO 64 645 ge =|16 32 age 32 64 LHS=RHS Hence: (DA)! = A“D™ Solution of Simultaneous Linea Equations System of two linear equations in two variables in general form is given as ax+by=mcx+dy=n Where a, b, c, ¢, m and n are real numbers, This system is also called simultaneous linear equations. We disc the following E a methods of solution. (i) Matrix inversion method, Gi) Cramer’s rule @ Matrix Inversion Method Consider the system of linear questions Gi) Cramer’s Rule. Consider the following system of linear equations, ax+by=m extdy=n We know that AX = B, where af? ¢ “ft or Example 1 Solve the following system by using matrix inversion method. 4x —2y =8 axty=—4Step? 4 ‘The coefficient matrix wl} sonsingulr, since daM=4x1-3(-2)=4+6= 1040.80 Mis possible, Siep3 fa "> EH > x=Qandy=—4 Example 2 Solve the foliowing system of ineer equations by using Cramer's rule. 3x-2y=1 2x 43y =2 Solution 3x2y 2x4 3y Wehave 3 2 fi 3 | 301 wa al tala tnigo Example 3 ‘The length of a rectangle is 6 em less than three times its width. The perimeter of the rectangle is 140 om. Find the dimensions of the rectangle, (by using matrix inversion method) Solution If width of the rectangle is x cm, then length of the rectangle yem According to first condition =3x~6, According to 2™ condition ‘The perimeter = 2x + 2y = 140 => mt 0 & and 3x—y=6 Tn the matrix form 1 |/x|_[70 3 -1lly} Lé r u i ae j = 3-1 BH =1x(-l-3x1=-1-3=-4#0 We know that: a) Gi) a Adi A X=A* Band Ata ialtenes y =f “4 1. the -1)[70 ie! 16 ~10-6 j4 |_[is in “| 204 [31 Use matrices, if possible, to solve following systems of _ linear equations by: @ di) @ the matrix inverse method the Cramer’s rule, 2Qn-2y=4 Bxt2y=6 Matrix inverse method =2(2)-(-2)(3) =44+6=1040 As IAI 4 0 so solution is possible Adj a2 ‘| 58 ‘Thus, by the equality of matrices, width of the rectangle x = 19 cm and the Iength y = 51cm. Putting the values of A“ and B in equation (i) 1f2 24 10|-3 2) 6 x1 | 24 +206) ~ 10| ~3¢4) +206) 8412 10| 12412, > {ey} ={(2,0)} 2,0)} i) Qety=3 6x+5y=1 In matrices formAs|A\#0, so solution is possible 5-1 AGA = 6 2 “a ae 1/5 ats ls 2| xe Puting the value of A”! & B in equation i. x=Aa'B 8 21 5G+CDO 4| -6G)+2d) -j[iscal “Aen (iii) \ won ols als, bow SO ae ore |i i ee y & i win ys-4 Solution set sso{{t - -4)} 4x+2y=8 3x-y=-i ‘Tn matrices form bh =4(-1) ~32) =-4-6 \Al=-10#0 As |Al#0, so solution is possible1-2 Ag a “5 ‘| 1 A= —xAdjA lAl wee 5 a =10|-3 4 Putting values of A' & B in equation. X-A'B 1 f-1 2178 rl apa 1 [er | -3(8)+4(-1) 1 [842 10|-24-4 ~=10 In matrices form [aba =3-2)-O)2) =-6+10 |Al=440 As |A|#0, so solution is possible Adj a. Putting the values of A & B in equation i. ‘x]_1f-2 2 Bae l= [x)- -2(- er y, —5(-6)+3(-10) 1 “ds 2+(-20) 30-30=> x2 y=0 SS ={(-2,0} @ San 2y=4 “6x+4y=7 In matrices form Ue Bib] A) ~ (6) (2) 2-12 =0 As|A|=0, so solution is not possible wi) axty=9 -Bx-ye5 Jn matrices form (3 EH) Let =4-1)-(-3)0) a4+3 140 As |Al#0, so solution is possible _ fet -t Adj A=| 304 Patting the values in equation (i) of At and B X=A'B 1f-1 -[9 3 44/55 _ 1 [1@)+-DCS) “=i 3)44(-5) i 945, “T4\ 27-20(vii) 2x-2y: ~Sx-2y=-10 Im matrices form =2-2)-(-5)(-2) =4-10 |Al=-l4 40 As Al #0. so solution is possible IN Ate cagja lal 1-2 2 =—x a4 [5 2 Putting the values of A” and B in equation @ X=ale 1 ails aL] Adj A 1 f-2)42(-10)] =14] 5(4)+2C-10) | __1 [8-20] 4 a—p| 1 [-28 —14) 0 > re2 y=0 SS={2,0)} (iit) Bx-4y=4 x+2y=8 Tn matrices form [3 -4][x]}_[4 la 2jiyf 48 3-4 af 4 AX=B > Xsa's. 4) 2 = 32) C4) <6+4 |4|=10%0 Let [3 Ma) As |A#0, so solution is possible24 Adj A=| , Li 4 a_i ATS cAdjA qe ol i 24 Ata. 10 1 31 Putting the values of A! & Bin equation (i) X=AtB xl ale x— Lf 2a+4e) © 10-14) +308) xa lf 8432 10|-4+24 Xx: => x=4 yar SS={(4D} ‘Cramer’s rule di) 2x-2y=4 3x42y=6 In matrices form b ICH 3 2 =2(2)-3(-2) =4+6 |4|=1040 As |Al#0, so solution is possible. Ax; - (Determinant No. 1) In determinant 1 we change first column to constant matrix. 4-2) 6 2 =4(2)-6(-2) =8+12 |A,|=20 [Adl _20_ “TA 107 x=2 |A,|( Determinant No.2) In determinant 2 we change 2 column to constant matrix, 2 3 6 =2(6)—3(4) =12-12 Aro \4 [Ass $.S={(2, 0)} .ans.Gi) 2xty=3 6x+5y=1 In matrices form GPU) 2 1 | | 6 5 =2(5)-6() =10-6 lAl=4 #0 As |A|#0, so solution is possible. 3 A 1 5) =35-10, |A,|=15-1 A, |=14 iii) 4xt+2y=8 Bx-y=-1 ea ef ptt) IAE 4(-1)-302) =-4-6 |4l=-1040 As |Al#0, so solution is possible. ia) ls 5 4 8 ais =4-)-G®)tiv) In matrices form is alls] “ps als ea] 5 72 y -10 3 -2| 5-2] =3-2)-5-2) =-6410 |4l-4#0 ae) As |Al#0,, so solution is possible. 6 | I-10 -2| =0-2)— (2-10) =12-20 |Add \A 3 id s ~10 =3-10)~(S) (6) =-30+30 (y) y=0 S5.={(2,.0} 3x-2y=4 —oxt4y=7 In matrices form oth; =34)-(-6-2) =12-12 lAl=0 As |4|=0, so solution is not possible wi) 4axt+ Bx~y=-5 In matrices form 3 ID) =4-1)-C3)) S443 |Al=-1#0 As|A|#0, so sotution is possible.(vii) =%-D-K-5) =4 xalad_ #4 ja) AL S.S={(4,-7} 2x-2y=4 —Sx—2y=-10 In matrices form [5 SEH Let 2 -2 [x 4 fs pte) i 4 wr 15 2) = 2(-2)~(-5)(2) =-4-10 \Al=-14 20 As |A|#0, so solution is possible, =4(-2)~(-10)(-2) =-8-20 (viii) =-28 old 420 ial A x=2 204 Ls -10 =2(-10)-(-5X4) 20+20 | y=0 S.8 ={(2,0)} ans. 3x-4y=4 x42y=8 In matrices form “han of Slot MeP =32)-1-4) =644 |Al=10 20 As |A}#0, so solution is possible. 4 8 2 =4(2)-8-4) = 8432 =40 4,S.S.={(4,2)} ans. Q2. The length of a rectangle is 4 times its width. The perimeter of the rectangle is 150em. Find dimensions of the rectangle? Let width of rectangle =x. and length of rectangle = y According to first condition yadx AY =Daee According to 2 condition Perimeter =150cm. xt y) =150 2 xty STB aes (ii) An matrices form 1 14x] [7s (EH! AX=B = X=a'B 14 wl 4 -l =I) =a) -1-4 540 we al ay ~3i4 4 — eK AUB x 11/75 B) ne All] 1(75) +10) Faambe a cr Se mS viceQ.3. Two sides of rectangle differ by 3.Scm, Find the dimensions of the rectangle if its perimeter is 67em, Let required sides of rectangle are x and y. According to first condition 3.5 —Ai) According to 2“ condition Perimeter =67 Axty) =67 ek =33.5—9(ii) In matrices form pa ‘We have a atid Ap 33] +) a 33.5 1 i =| =1)-1CD =1+1=220 1A x os a x=18.5, yel5 QA. The third angle of an isosceles triangle is 16° less than the sum of the two equal angles. Find three angles of the triangle. Let third angle of triangle = y and two equal angle of triangle =x we know that x+x+y — =180° 2xt+y = 180". According to given condition. y=2x—16 2x-y=l6 In matrices form (i) F[ie| [a] =2(-1)-20)= X=A'B x] afl a liso vy} ~4|2 2] 16 -f 180) +106) | 4| 2080) +(-2)016) _U180416 ~ 4360-32 2196 ~ 4/328 x] _fa9 yl [82 Hence: x =49° , y=82" Required angles are 49°, 49°, 82°. QS. One acute angle of a right triangle is 12° more than twice the other acute angle. Find the acute angles of the right triangle? Let acute angles of tight angled triangle are x and y We know that x+y=90° (i) According to given condition xa2y+12° x~2y=12? —> (ti) In matrix form 1 1 1fx]_J90 aH We have i a 90 1 = .Ap= 4 [i 4] 2 es | 1 90 A, = - I of [ | Now A =| y +2 |Al =1-2)-10 = 202)= 112) olly =26" Required angles are 26° and 64° => xs64° = y=26? Q6. Two cars that are 600 km apart are moving towards each other. Their speeds differ by 6km per hour and the cars are 123 km apart after 44 hours. Find the speed of each car, Solution: Let required speed of two cars are x and y According to given condition x-y=6 oa 2" 2 y=600-123= 477 In matrix form Hel tae Now JA) =19)~(-1)(9) 1 The order of matrix [2 1} is (a) 2-by-1 bby (6) Ieby-L () Xby2 v2 0], | 2 is called .. -- Matrix. 0 v2 =949=0 =1840 6-H [Ad _ 954_ 9) my Al L491 {al 18 = GOVD OSH) _ 5449541008 _ so. 18. I8 18 zal x 954) = = O98 sour 18 (a) zero (b) unit (©) scalar (@) singular 3. Which is order of a square mattix ? (a) 2by-2 (b) Lby2 (©) dby-1 (a) Beby24, Which is order of a rectangular matrix? (@) 2by-2 (b) A-by-4 () 2-by-1 (@) 3-by-3 201 5. Order of transpose of 0 1 | is ..: 3.2 (a) Sby-2 (b) Dby-3 {c) L-by-3 (d) 3-by-1 fi 6. Adjoint of sino @ [° 1, [o | 1 2 © ib 4 @ 4 1 Ke =0, then x is equal to: ot ‘ (b) 6 © 6 @ 9 8. Product of [xy] (I) is fa) [2x+y] to) [x=2y] © Px-y] @ — [x+2y] 9. xe 0 then xisequal to... bal (a) 2 0 2 0 lo 2 i 10. The idea of a matrices was given by: (a) Arthur Cayley (b) Dr. Aslam (c)Dr. Ali (d) Dr. Khalid 11. The matrix M=[2 -1 7]is a— matrix, (a) Row (>) Column (©) Square @) Nall 2 12. The matrix N= f is a____ matrix. (a) Row (b) Column (©) Square (d) Null 13. The matrix las [alia o] as b 16 fala {al isftal 9] al 20 b 2 |b | 22}! 23 Te | 24 tal 25 a | 26 |b | 27 Te | 28 [a | 29 [a] 30 b 3ifaitt Complete the following: 0 0 is called ..... matrix. 0 90 Null / Zero matrix 1 . is called ....... ool Identity /Unit matrix Matrix. 1 =2 Additive inverse of || | aiaae [? i] In matcix multiplication, in general, AB ...... BA. # Matrix A + B may be found if order of A and B is ...... Same A matrix is called .... matrix if number of rows and columns are equal. Square a aft 412 4), 6 b-l [6 2 then find a and b. Ans, => From (1) a From (11) 4 A [i 1 find the following, Ans. @ 24438 23 [3 -4 +3 a] [2 A aav3B=2, _[4 6] fas -12 “12 0 "6 3 _faeis 6-12 [2-6 0-3 _fi9 -6 [4 3. ii) ae anaalt a3 a 1 of L-2 +t fio -8 a 2, [so Ki E “3-4 0-2 4-17 74 (iil) —3 (A+2B) avan-|t lal’ a 10 Pe =I oS 3] [70 33k 3] 12 -5]_[-36 15 caver <8 S18 1 7) 20a -3B) 23) 5 4 2A-3B =2 -3 “— [i a ie 5] laslla -al4-15 6412 ne | “tL 18 {a3 Fea- a2 7 3 8 3 22 36) [22 1p |? ee |: ee 3 3 5. Find the value of x, if 201 4.2 [ae a sels 3 Bi 1 -2| 2) f2 1 Gk al 2-1) _f2 3 ee Fall a oo1 ~! 6. IfA= Bs 2 , 2 = Sey then prove that i) = ABBA ‘Ans. AB#BA ap -|; alls ‘| 2 -3\[5 2 _ fF 0C-3)416) 064) +12) | 2-3) 4-35) 2(4)+-3-2) Len | [Fale | -30)44Q) 3444 [fo 203 5) 4-24 8-15 5 | AB#BA 7. Ifa i; ? id i = an 1-1 2 B 41 then verify that @ (ABy'= BAY Gi) (ABy=BT AT ‘Ans, (i) (AB)'= eA LHS =(ABy 3 2|f2 4 ew [als 4 _f 32) 2-3) 3(4) + 2(-5) © (102) +-1(-3) iets) 6-6 12-10 [ond aa 0.2 53 q (ABY -[; | RHS=B' A‘ 2 [ial 2 -3773 1 |; 3 [: ‘ _f2G)4+-32} 2) +-3-1) “aes worse w[6-6 243 “ [12-10 445 jos (2 9 LHS=RHLS Hence: (AB)' = BY At fi) (AByT= Bt AT ac? 2]pe[2 4 “ty -ap [3 =s. LHS = (ABy' eel” 22 4 “ =|} 3-5, < 3(2)+2(-3) 3(4) + 2(-5) © 1Q)+=1-3) 14-1065) _[6-6 12-10 “(243 445 _fo 2 “(5 9 capyt= | adja [ABl lo 2) { | =0(9)-5(2)=-1020 = 4 179 2] 1/4 2 10 py = Lg hS wal as a ils al 1 ¥ ‘al oul RHS=B" At alt a] {Al =3(-1)-1(2)=-3-2=-540 1 = “1 AdjA -| B=27-5)-39.H =-104+12=240 1 Bl=— AdjB Bl _if-5 4 ~2[3 2 tf Ll -4]f-1 -2° wa -( BLE 24-1 34 1 [-SeD+-4-1) -5(-2)+-4@) B-N+2A- 3-2) +28) af 5+4 10-12] 1 [9 2 ~1ol-3-2 -6+6}°-10/-5 0 9 2 10 =10 LHS =RHS. Hence: (AB) =BUAT